জৈন ধৰ্ম

জৈনধৰ্ম (সংস্কৃতত: जैन धर्म) প্ৰাচীন ভাৰতৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তিত এটা ধৰ্মমত| বৰ্তমান বিশ্বৰ নানা দেশত এই ধৰ্মমতাৱলম্বীসকলক দেখা যায়| জৈনধৰ্মৰ মূল বক্তব্য হ’ল সকল জীৱৰ প্ৰতি শান্তি আৰু অহিংসাৰ পথ গ্ৰহণ| জৈন দৰ্শন আৰু ধৰ্মানুশীলনৰ মূল কথা হ’ল দৈৱ চৈতন্যেৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সোপানত স্বচেষ্টাৰ যোগেৰে আত্মাৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা| যি ব্যক্তি বা আত্মায়ে অন্তৰৰ শক্ৰক জয় কৰি সৰ্বোচ্চ অৱস্থা প্ৰাপ্ত কৰে তাকে জিন (জিতেন্দ্ৰিয়) আখ্যা দিয়া হয়| প্ৰাচীন ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থবোৰত জৈনধৰ্মক শ্ৰমণ ধৰ্ম বা নিৰ্গ্ৰন্থৰ ধৰ্মও বোলা হৈছিল| কথিত আছে, তীৰ্থঙ্কৰ নামে ২৪ জন মহাজ্ঞানী কৃচ্ছ্বসাধকৰ এটা দলে পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে জৈনধৰ্মক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল।^[1] ইয়াৰ মাজত ত্ৰাবিংশ তীৰ্থঙ্কৰ আছিল পাৰ্শ্বনাথ (খৃষ্টপূৰ্ব নৱম শতাব্দী) আৰু সৰ্বশেষ তীৰ্থঙ্কৰ আছিল মহাবীৰ (খৃষ্টপূৰ্ব ষষ্ঠ শতাব্দী)|^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] আধুনিক বিশ্বত জৈনধৰ্মাৱলম্বীসকলৰ সংখ্যা তুলনামূলকভাৱে অনেক কম হ’লেও এই ধৰ্ম বেছ প্ৰভাৱশালী| ভাৰতত জৈন ধৰ্মাবলম্বীসকলৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০,২০০,০০০|^[7] ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেওউত্তৰ আমেৰিকা, পশ্চিম ইউৰোপ, দূৰপ্ৰাচ্য, অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া আৰু বিশ্বৰ অন্য প্ৰান্তটো কিছু জৈনধৰ্মী দেখা পোৱা যায়|^[8]

জৈনসকলে প্ৰাচীন শ্ৰমণ অৰ্থাৎ, কৃচ্ছ্বসাধনাৰ ধৰ্মক আজিও বহন কৰি চলি আহিছে। ভাৰতৰ ওপৰত ইয়াৰ ধৰ্মমত, ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক ক্ষেত্ৰত এই প্ৰভাৱ বিশেষভাৱে পৰিলক্ষিত হয়| শিক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰটো বৃত্তিদানৰ এক প্ৰাচীন প্ৰথা জৈনসকলৰ মাজত আজিও বিদ্যমান; আৰু ভাৰতত এই সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ অত্যন্ত বেছি|^[9]^[10]

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

↑ Buswell, Robert E. "Encyclopedia of Buddhism" (2004) p. 391
↑ Larson, Gerald James (1995) India’s Agony over religion SUNY Press ISBN 0-7914-2412-X . “There is some evidence that Jain traditions may be even older than the Buddhist traditions, possibly going back to the time of the Indus valley civilization, and that Vardhamana rather than being a “founder” per se was, rather, simply a primary spokesman for much older tradition. Page 27”
↑ Varni, Jinendra; Ed. Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Translated Justice T.K. Tukol and Dr. K.K. Dixit (1993). Samaṇ Suttaṁ. New Delhi: Bhagwan Mahavir memorial Samiti. “The Historians have so far fully recognized the truth that Tirthankara Mahavira was not the founder of the religion. He was preceded by many tirthankaras. He merely reiterated and rejuvenated that religion. It is correct that history has not been able to trace the origin of the Jaina religion; but historical evidence now available and the result of dispassionate researches in literature have established that Jainism is undoubtably an ancient religion.” Pp. xii – xiii of introduction by Justice T.K.Tutkol and Dr. K.K. Dixit.
↑ Edward Craig (1998) Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor & Francis ISBN 0-415-07310-3 “One significant difference between Mahavira and Buddha is that Mahavira was not a founder of a new movement, but rather a reformer of the teachings of his predecessor, Parsva.” p. 33
↑ Joel Diederik Beversluis (2000) In: Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality, New World Library : Novato, CA ISBN 1-57731-121-3 Originating on the Indian sub-continent, Jainism is one of the oldest religion of its homeland and indeed the world, having pre-historic origins before 3000 BC and the propagation of Indo-Aryan culture…. p. 81
↑ Jainism by Mrs. N.R. Guseva p.44
↑ Indian Census
↑ Estimates for the population of Jains differ from just over four million to twelve million due to difficulties of Jain identity, with Jains in some areas counted as a Hindu sect. Many Jains do not return Jainism as their religion on census forms for various reasons such as certain Jain castes considering themselves both Hindu and Jain. Following a major advertising campaign urging Jains to register as such, the 1981 Census of India returned 3.19 million Jains. This was estimated at the time to be at least half the true number. There are an estimated 25,000 Jains in Europe (mostly in England), 21,000 in Africa, 20,000 plus in North America and 5,000 in the rest of Asia.
↑ Press Information Bureau, Government of India
↑ Census of India 2001

আৰু পঢ়ক

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Amiel,Pierre. Les Jaïns aujourd'hui dans le monde Ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2003 translated in English and printed under the title "Jains today in the world" by Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi,India, 2008
Amiel,Pierre.B.A.-BA du Jaïnisme Editions Pardès,Grez sur Loing,2008
Balbir, Nalini (Ed.) Catalogue of the Jain Manuscripts of the British Library. Set of 3 books. London: Institute of Jainology, 2006.
Bollée, Willem. The Story of Paesi Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 2. Mumbai: Hindi Granth Karyalay, 2005.
Bollée, Willem. Vyavahara Bhasya Pithika. Prakrit text with English translation, annotations and exhaustive Index by Willem Bollée. Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 4. Mumbai: Hindi Granth Karyalay, 2006.
Caillat, Colette "La cosmologie jaïna" Ed. du Chêne, Paris 1981.
Chand, Bool. "Mahavira-Le Grand héros des Jaïns" Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris 1998.
Hynson, Colin. Discover Jainism. Ed. Mehool Sanghrajka. London: Institute of Jainology, 2007.
Jain, DuliChand. English version of "Baghawan Mahavir ki Vani" - Thus Spake Lord Mahavir. Chennai, Sri Ramakrishna Math, 1998.
Jain, Duli Chandra (Ed.) Studies in Jainism. Set of 3 books. New York: Jain Stucy Circle, 2004.
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Joindu. Paramatmaprakasha. Apabhramsha text with Hindi tr. by Jaykumar Jalaj. Ed. Manish Modi. Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 9. Mumbai: Hindi Granth Karyalay, 2007.
Joindu. Yogasara. Apabhramsha text with Hindi tr. by Jaykumar Jalaj. Ed. Satyanarayana Hegde. Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 10. Mumbai: Hindi Granth Karyalay, 2008.
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বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

সাঁচ:Link FA

[1] Buswell, Robert E. "Encyclopedia of Buddhism" (2004) p. 391

[2] Larson, Gerald James (1995) India’s Agony over religion SUNY Press ISBN 0-7914-2412-X . “There is some evidence that Jain traditions may be even older than the Buddhist traditions, possibly going back to the time of the Indus valley civilization, and that Vardhamana rather than being a “founder” per se was, rather, simply a primary spokesman for much older tradition. Page 27”

[3] Varni, Jinendra; Ed. Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Translated Justice T.K. Tukol and Dr. K.K. Dixit (1993). Samaṇ Suttaṁ. New Delhi: Bhagwan Mahavir memorial Samiti. “The Historians have so far fully recognized the truth that Tirthankara Mahavira was not the founder of the religion. He was preceded by many tirthankaras. He merely reiterated and rejuvenated that religion. It is correct that history has not been able to trace the origin of the Jaina religion; but historical evidence now available and the result of dispassionate researches in literature have established that Jainism is undoubtably an ancient religion.” Pp. xii – xiii of introduction by Justice T.K.Tutkol and Dr. K.K. Dixit.

[4] Edward Craig (1998) Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor & Francis ISBN 0-415-07310-3 “One significant difference between Mahavira and Buddha is that Mahavira was not a founder of a new movement, but rather a reformer of the teachings of his predecessor, Parsva.” p. 33

[5] Joel Diederik Beversluis (2000) In: Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality, New World Library : Novato, CA ISBN 1-57731-121-3 Originating on the Indian sub-continent, Jainism is one of the oldest religion of its homeland and indeed the world, having pre-historic origins before 3000 BC and the propagation of Indo-Aryan culture…. p. 81

[6] Jainism by Mrs. N.R. Guseva p.44

[7] Indian Census

[8] Estimates for the population of Jains differ from just over four million to twelve million due to difficulties of Jain identity, with Jains in some areas counted as a Hindu sect. Many Jains do not return Jainism as their religion on census forms for various reasons such as certain Jain castes considering themselves both Hindu and Jain. Following a major advertising campaign urging Jains to register as such, the 1981 Census of India returned 3.19 million Jains. This was estimated at the time to be at least half the true number. There are an estimated 25,000 Jains in Europe (mostly in England), 21,000 in Africa, 20,000 plus in North America and 5,000 in the rest of Asia.

[9] Press Information Bureau, Government of India

[10] Census of India 2001

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