Skip to main content
Download PDF

An openEHR based approach to improve the semantic interoperability of clinical data registry

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making volume 18, Article number: 15 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Clinical data registry is designed to collect and manage information about the practices and outcomes of a patient population for improving the quality and safety of care and facilitating novel researches. Semantic interoperability is a challenge when integrating the data from more than one clinical data registry. The openEHR approach can represent the information and knowledge semantics by multi-level modeling, and it advocates the use of collaborative modeling to facilitate reusing existing archetypes with consistent semantics so as to be a potential solution to improve the semantic interoperability.

Methods

This paper proposed an openEHR based approach to improve the semantic interoperability of clinical data registry. The approach consists of five steps: clinical data registry meta-information collection, data element definition, archetype modeling, template editing, and implementation. Through collaborative modeling and maximum reusing of existing archetype at the archetype modeling step, the approach can improve semantic interoperability. To verify the feasibility of the approach, this paper conducted a case study of building a Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) registry that can interoperate with an existing Electronic Health Record (EHR) system.

Results

The CCTA registry includes 183 data elements, which involves 20 archetypes. A total number of 45 CCTA data elements and EHR data elements have semantic overlap. Among them, 38 (84%) CCTA data elements can be found in the 10 reused EHR archetypes. These corresponding clinical data can be collected from the EHR system directly without transformation. The other 7 (16%) CCTA data elements correspond to one coarse-grained EHR data elements, and these clinical data can be collected with mapping rules. The results show that the approach can improve semantic interoperability of clinical data registry.

Conclusions

Using an openEHR based approach to develop clinical data registry can improve the semantic interoperability. Meanwhile, some challenges for broader semantic interoperability are identified, including domain experts’ involvement, archetype sharing and reusing, and archetype semantic mapping. Collaborative modeling, easy-to-use tools, and semantic relationship establishment are potential solutions for these challenges. This study provides some experience and insight about clinical modeling and clinical data registry development.

Background

Clinical data registry, also known as clinical registry, patient registry, disease registry, and outcomes registry, is increasingly being developed and used around the world. The National Institutes of Health describe registry as “a collection of information about individuals, usually focused on a specific diagnosis or condition.” [1]. National Quality Registry Network defines clinical registry as “a clinical registry records information about the health status of patients and the health care they receive over varying periods of time.” [2]. Gliklich RE et al. [3] define clinical registry as “an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure and that serves predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purpose(s).”. All of these definitions of clinical registry have one or more of the following features: (1) aiming at one or more objectives or purposes; (2) having a specific criteria to certify the eligibility of patient data; (3) providing a real-world health care view; (4) having a broader patient population.

The stakeholders of clinical registry include clinicians, health care organizations, patients, researchers, device or drug manufactures, etc. So far, a large number of clinical data registries have been developed for different goals, such as benchmarking and outcomes evaluation [4–7], drugs [8, 9], complications [10, 11], comparative effectiveness [12, 13], clinical treatments [14–17] and reports [18–21]. There are more than 3000 registries listed in the Registry of Patient Registries (RoPR) [22].

Data integration is necessary when some studies are conducted based on a broader population across various clinical registries and other data sources. As most clinical data registries are developed and maintained by specific vendors based on various private information models. The private information model has two major problems: (1) the same data element has different names; (2) the same data element name has different definitions. Without semantic interoperability, the data integration between two different clinical data registries will be a tremendous workload, which hinders the data utilization of clinical data registries. Given that collaborations are conducted between clinical data registries, semantic interoperability is a challenge for clinical data registry.

The openEHR community initiated its approach with a set of specifications published by the openEHR Foundation [23]. The openEHR approach can improve semantic interoperability [24, 25]. It is a multi-level modeling approach, and has already been implemented in several countries (e.g. United Kingdom, Australia, and China, etc.) [25–37]. The multi-level model consists of a Reference Model (RM), archetypes and templates. RM is a formal and stable information model that defines logical structures of health information, to support the syntactic interoperability. Archetypes enable both syntactic interoperability and semantic interpretability, which are two necessary components of semantic interoperability. An extra benefit is that archetypes can be defined and understood by domain experts. Another important aspect of semantic interoperability is archetype reusing by collaborative modeling. In this regard,several tools and platforms supporting the archetype collaborative modeling have been developed.

The openEHR approach provides the basis for semantic interoperability via the multi-level modeling. However, it lacks specific solutions for developing openEHR based clinical data registries. To address this challenge, this study develops a novel approach to boost the semantic interoperability between clinical data registries. A case study using maximum reuse of existing archetypes is presented to validate the feasibility of our proposed approach.

Methods

Approach description

Combining the openEHR approach and clinical data registry user’ guide [3], we proposed a five-step openEHR based approach to develop clinical data registry, including meta-information identification, data elements definition, archetypes modeling, templates editing, and clinical registry implementation. The flowchart of the approach is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

The flowchart of an openEHR based approach to develop clinical data registry

Full size image

Identify meta-information of clinical registry

In this step, we designed a questionnaire to collect the meta-information from the owner and users of the clinical data registry. The questionnaire contains the purposes, key stakeholders, governance, data scope, and target population of the clinical data registry. The meta-information affect the choice of the registry type, the data elements to be captured, the process of data collection, and the patterns of data utilization [3].

Define data elements

Then the data elements were defined by the stakeholders of a clinical registry. They can be recorded in paper and electronic format. The data elements determine the scope, structure, and granularity of data collection. They are the representation of data requirements of clinical data registry and the resource for archetype modeling. The definition of each data element includes data elements name, data type, description, and value set.

Develop archetypes

The process of developing archetypes was illustrated in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

The flowchart of the archetype modeling method

Full size image

1. The one who is responsible for archetypes retrieving compares data element against each element in existing archetypes. This work can be done manually, or with the tools, such as Clinical Knowledge Manager(CKM) [38].

2. If a match was found, the corresponding archetype can be reused.

3. If a match was not found, clinical experts decided whether the semantically related data elements exist.

4. If the semantically related data elements were found, the data element was added into the corresponding existing archetype.

5. If the semantically related data elements were not be found, a new archetype should be developed.

Stakeholders, especially clinical experts, were encouraged to involve in the process of new archetype developing, considering that they may be ultimate users of the clinical data and know the semantics of clinical data.

While developing new archetypes, some pinciples [39], archetype modeling methods [30, 35, 40, 41] and tools [42–44] are provided to guide and assist archetype modeling. Yet, clinical experts cannot participate in the modeling process easily. To facilitate clinical experts playing a leading role in archetype modeling, we proposed a new archetype modeling method and developed an online archetype modeling tool named Domain-involved Archetype Editor(DiAE). DiAE generates archetypes from mind maps based on mapping rules. This modeling method is an iterative process and consists of identifying data requirements, collecting data elements, organizing clinical concepts with mind maps, mapping clinical concepts into archetypes, and reviewing archetypes, which is shown in Fig. 3. In this method, mind maps are essential for the communication among stakeholders. By using DiAE, the stakeholders can define the data elements, and develop archetypes semi-automatically through editing mind maps with the drag-and-drop editing function. Archetypes can be generated from concepts confirmed by clinical experts through the archetype mapping module of DiAE. The archetype mapping module was developed based on rules of relationship mapping between clinical concept and archetype.

Fig. 3
figure 3

The flowchart of new archetype developing

Full size image

Without necessary coordination mechanisms, different modelers may build entirely different archetypes. Collaborative modeling can facilitate archetypes unified development and sharing. We used Health Archetype Collaboration (HAC) [45] facilitate the consistency of archetyping for clinical data registries, which is an online archetype collaborative modeling platform.

To improve the quality of archetypes, we organized experts panels to review archetypes based on HAC. The scope of review comprised three parts: meta-data review; content review; terminologies review. As clinical experts lack archetype knowledge and information technology knowledge, we used the mind map as the communication media during the process of review. The meta-data review covered concept name, description, use, misuse, keywords, and purpose of archetypes. The content review covered data item name, data item description, and logical relationship between elements. The terminologies review focuses on the reference and constraints of terminologies. If clinical experts approved the archetype, we would apply it into CCTA registry. Otherwise, this archetype would enter a new round of iterative process until it passes the review.

Edit templates

Stakeholders edited templates with the template editing tools by reducing undesired data elements of archetypes and adding the required configuration information.Implementers usually develop them according to local requirements. The templates will be used to generate data storage structure, application program interfaces (APIs), and user interfaces (UIs).

Implement clinical data registry

After developing archetypes and templates, the data semantics of clinical registry was expressed completely. To achieve semantic interoperability, the RM was implemented as a software module, and the clinical data registry corresponding templates were consumed within the software module. The template-generated artifacts include data storage structure, APIs, and UIs.

Case design and verification

We conducted a case study to verify the feasibility of improving semantic interoperability based on this clinical registry development approach. First, we developed a CCTA registry. Then we collected specific clinical data into the CCTA registry from an existing EHR system.

Background of CCTA registry

The CCTA data registry is included in one of a National Key R&D Program, which is established to promote early detection and warning of coronary atherosclerosis. The CCTA data registry covers clinical information and CCTA imaging examination information. The coronary disease experts were in charge of data elements definition. The CCTA registry was designed to collect clinical data of patients who have undergone CCTA examination. Clinicians and health data analysis experts are the end users.

The development of CCTA registry

We initially organized an expert panel to identify the meta-information of CCTA registry and divided data requirements into four categories: patient demographic data, baseline data, CCTA parameter data, CCTA report data. Then, clinical experts defined data elements with DiAE, including name, description, terminology or constraints, data type, and reference source.

Based on these data elements, clinical experts initially drew clinical concepts in the form of mind map using the drag-and-drop function of DiAE. To improve semantic interoperability of CCTA registry, we reused existing archetypes. Given that the CCTA registry needed to extract specific clinical data from an EHR system, we developed archetypes based on the aforementioned approach through reusing existing archetypes implemented within the EHR system and CKM. If corresponding archetypes appeared in both EHR archetypes repository and CKM, we reused the EHR archetypes. If the corresponding archetypes only appeared in CKM, then we reused the existing CKM archetypes.

We edited templates according to the concrete requirements of the CCTA registry and built the CCTA registry by implementing them based on the relational database mapping (ARM) [37].

Specific clinical data collection from an existing EHR system

After developing CCTA registry, we extracted specific clinical data from the EHR system by invoking the APIs generated according to corresponding archetypes. The specific clinical data includes patient demographic data, diagnosis data, admission data, medication data, imaging examination data, and physical sign data.

Results

For CCTA registry, clinical experts defined 183 data elements, and 20 archetypes (Table 1), and ten templates. Among these archetypes, there were 17 reused archetypes. Among them 10 archetypes were from EHR archetype repository, 7 archetypes were from CKM. Beside these reused archetypes, 3 new archetypes were developed by clinical experts. 10 relational database tables were generated from these archetypes and templates. The data collected from the EHR system consists of demographics, diagnosis data, admission data, physical sign data, image examination data.

Table 1 Archetypes of CCTA clinical data registry
Full size table

Clinical experts are willing to use mind maps as the communication media during the archetype modeling process. For CCTA archetype modeling, clinical experts play a dominant role throughout the entire process, especially data elements collection, clinical concepts definition, and archetypes review. They consider the collaborative archetype modeling as a good mode that can improve semantic interoperability.

The archetypes reused directly include 5 demographic information related archetypes, 2 admission related archetypes, one diagnosis related archetype, one imaging examination archetype, one alcohol use summary archetype, one medication-related archetype, and four physical signs related archetypes.

The modified archetypes include a smoking summary archetype and a family history archetype. As the representation of the type and unit are different, we added new data items to record the specific content within “openEHR-EHR-EVALUATION.tobacco_smoking_summary.v1” and “op-enEHR-EHR-EVALUAT-ION.family_history.v2”.

We defined three new archetypes to represent the CCTA examination parameters, CCTA report, and physical exercise summary information.

Supported by the archetype modeling method proposed and the DiAE, clinical experts can involve in archetype modeling. But it is not easy to develop high-quality archetypes by clinical experts independently, since archetype modeling requires clinical knowledge, archetype knowledge, and technological knowledge simultaneously.

A total number of 45 CCTA data elements and EHR data elements have semantic overlap. Among them, 38 (84%) CCTA data elements can be found in the 10 reused EHR archetypes. These corresponding clinical data can be collected from the EHR system directly without transformation. The other 7 (16%) CCTA data elements corresponding to one coarse-grained EHR data elements, and these clinical data can be collected with mapping rules.

Discussion

The openEHR based approach to develop clinical data registry can improve the semantic interoperability through reusing existing archetypes. On one hand, RM represents the information semantics and supports syntactic interoperability. On the other hand, archetypes and templates represent the domain semantics and enable semantic interoperability. In this study, CCTA archetypes were developed by reusing existing archetypes of an EHR system, and the specific clinical data of EHR system can be reused by CCTA registry.

The formal and sharable archetypes are the premise of improving the semantic interoperability of health information system built with the openEHR based approach. If the existing archetypes are reused without modification, the corresponding health information can be exchanged and shared without transformation. If existing archetypes are reused with some modifications, the health information represented by the common elements of them can be understood and computed. In this study, some added data elements in CCTA archetypes have finer granularity than corresponding EHR data elements, and the corresponding clinical data cannot be collected from the EHR system directly.

Although there are hundreds of archetypes stored in several archetype repositories, it is inevitable to develop new archetypes to follow the evolving health knowledge. Given that archetypes represent the formal definitions of clinical content and express the health knowledge, clinical domain experts should involve in archetype developing and play important roles. Considering archetype is a kind of information artifact that can be computed by information technology, the opinions of information domain experts should not be omitted during the archetype developing process. How to make domain experts involve in archetype modeling is a challenge [46]. In this study, domain experts can take part in archetype modeling through drawing mind maps for generating archetypes with DiAE.

Broader archetype sharing and reusing would facilitate semantic interoperability. However, a broader archetype sharing and reusing is a challenge. Collaborative modeling can respond to this challenge by developing a set of formal archetypes. Collaborative modeling aims to utilize relevant resources to develop, manage, and share consistent archetypes. The resources that collaborative modeling can utilize include clinical experts, information experts, vendors, researchers, hospitals, and other archetype consumers. They play diverse roles, including requirements and/or knowledge provider, archetype developer, archetype manager, archetype reviewer, and archetype consumers. Based on the same storage, unified management, and open tools, diverse roles give specific contributions to develop and share formal archetypes.

Although the development of archetypes is constrained by RM and ADL, it is too flexible to keep a consistent structure among different developers. An archetype is constrained by the archetype type, data structure, data type defined in RM. Each archetype should include six components: archetype identification, concept, language, description, definition, and ontology. Different developers may develop various archetypes for the same clinical concept, which will hinder the semantic interoperability. The sharable archetype design pattern will be useful to guide various developers to develop sharable archetypes. These design patterns are the archetypes that define the basic content and structure of general concepts. They are a synthesis of mature experience and knowledge of archetype modeling. Based on the same design pattern, it is easier to develop formal archetype with consistent semantics.

Although reusing existing archetypes is an important principle of archetype development, some semantic granularity modifications are inevitable during the modeling process. Semantic mapping among different granularity data elements or archetypes is of great significance for semantic interoperability. In this study, the granularity of physical sign information is different in EHR archetypes and CCTA archetypes. Among EHR archetypes, there is a general archetype to represent all the physical sign information. While CCTA registry uses several fine-grained archetypes to represent specific kinds of physical sign information, including blood pressure, heartbeat, height, and weight. Although the general EHR physical sign archetype and these CCTA specific physical sign archetypes should have a semantic relationship, semantic interoperability between them cannot be achieved due to the lack of semantic relationship representation among these archetypes.

The process of archetype modeling for CCTA requirements provides experience and best practices for clinical information modeling. These archetypes will serve as a reference for formulating CCTA-related data standard, including data item and terminologies.

Conclusion

In this study, we proposed an openEHR based approach to develop clinical data registry for improving the semantic interoperability and verified its feasibility through the CCTA registry case study. This study also provides experience and insights about clinical modeling and clinical registry development. Although reusing archetypes can improve semantic interoperability, there are some challenges hindering the broader semantic interoperability, including domain experts’ involvements, archetype sharing and reusing, and archetype semantic mapping, etc. Collaborative modeling and easy-to-use tools can respond to these challenges. The establishment of a semantic relationship between archetypes can promote archetype semantic mapping. We will address these challenges in our future work.

Abbreviations

APIs:

Application programming interfaces

ADL:

Archetype definition language

CCTA:

Coronary computed tomography angiography

CKM:

Clinical knowledge manager

DiAE:

Domain-involved archetype editor

EHR:

Electronic health record

HAC:

Health archetype collaboration

RM:

Reference model

RoPR:

Registry of patient registries

UIs:

User interfaces

References

  1. National Institutes of Health. List of registries-frequently asked questions. [online] Available at: https://www.nih.gov/health-information/nih-clinical-research-trials-you/list-registries. Accessed 10 May 2017.

  2. National Quality Registry Network. What is a Clinical Trial?[online] Available at: http://www.abms.org/media/1358/what-is-a-clinical-data-registry.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2017.

  3. Gliklich R, Dreyer N, Leavy M. Registries for evaluating patient outcomes: a user’s guide. [online] Available at: https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/registries-guide-3rd-edition_research.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2017.

  4. McNally B, Stokes A, Crouch A, Kellermann AL. CARES: Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival. Ann Emerg Med. 2009; 54(5):674–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.03.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Maddox TM, Chan PS, Spertus JA, Tang F, Jones P, Ho PM, Bradley SM, Tsai TT, Bhatt DL, Peterson PN. Variations in coronary artery disease secondary prevention prescriptions among outpatient cardiology practices: Insights from the NCDR (National Cardiovascular Data Registry). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63(6):539–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Petersen ED, Dai D, Delong ER. Contemporary mortality risk prediction for percutaneous coronary intervention: Results from 588, 398 procedures in the national cardiovascular data registry. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia. 2010; 29(11):1767–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.005.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Armitage JN, Irving SO, Burgess NA. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the United Kingdom: Results of a prospective data registry. Eur Urol. 2012; 61(6):1188–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.01.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sherwood MW, Wiviott SD, Peng SA, Roe MT, Delemos J, Peterson ED, Wang TY. Early clopidogrel versus prasugrel use among contemporary STEMI and NSTEMI patients in the US: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014; 3(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.000849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Safley DM, Venkitachalam L, Kennedy KF, Cohen DJ. Impact of glycoprotein iib/iiia inhibition in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes: insights from the national cardiovascular data registry. JACC: Cardiovasc Interv. 2015; 8(12):1574–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.04.031.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cheng A, Wang Y, Curtis JP, Varosy PD. Acute lead dislodgements and in-hospital mortality in patients enrolled in the national cardiovascular data registry implantable cardioverter defibrillator registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56(20):1651–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chhatriwalla AK, Amin AP, Kennedy KF, House JA, Cohen DJ, Rao SV, Messenger JC, Marso SP, Registry NCD, et al. Association between bleeding events and in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA. 2013; 309(10):1022–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.1556.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cardarelli F, Bellasi A, Ou FS, Shaw LJ, Veledar E, Roe MT, Morris DC, Peterson ED, Klein LW, Raggi P. Combined impact of age and estimated glomerular filtration rate on in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (from the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103(6):766–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.11.033.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Daugherty SL, Thompson LE, Kim S, Rao SV, Subherwal S, Tsai TT, Messenger JC, Masoudi FA. Patterns of use and comparative effectiveness of bleeding avoidance strategies in men and women following percutaneous coronary interventions: An observational study from the national cardiovascular data registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61(20):2070–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.030.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Marso SP, Amin AP, House JA, Kennedy KF, Spertus JA, Rao SV, Cohen DJ, Messenger JC, Rumsfeld JS, Registry NCD, et al. Association between use of bleeding avoidance strategies and risk of periprocedural bleeding among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA. 2010; 303(21):2156–164. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cheyney M, Bovbjerg M, Everson C, Gordon W, Hannibal D, Vedam S. Development and validation of a national data registry for midwife-led births: The midwives alliance of North America statistics project 2.0 dataset. J Midwifery Women’s Health. 2014; 59(1):8–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mader TJ, Nathanson BH, Soares WE, Coute RA, McNally BF. Comparative effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insight from a large data registry. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag. 2014; 4(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1089/ther.2013.0018.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Li YH, Elshafei A, Agarwal G, Ruckle H, Pow-Sang J, Jones JS. Salvage focal prostate cryoablation for locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy: Initial results from the cryo on-line data registry. Prostate. 2015; 75(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.22881.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Swaminathan RV, Wang TY, Kaltenbach LA, Kim LK, Minutello RM, Bergman G, Wong SC, Feldman DN. Nonsystem reasons for delay in door-to-balloon time and associated in-hospital mortality: A report from the national cardiovascular data registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61(16):1688–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.073.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Masoudi FA, Ponirakis A, Yeh RW, Maddox TM, Beachy J, Casale PN, Curtis JP, De Lemos J, Fonarow G, Heidenreich P, Koutras C, Kremers M, Messenger J, Moussa I, Oetgen WJ, Roe MT, Rosenfield K, Shields TP, Spertus JA, Wei J, White C, Young CH, Rumsfeld JS. Cardiovascular care facts: A report from the national cardiovascular data registry: 2011. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62(21):1931–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.099.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lukasiewicz A, Bhargavan-Chatfield M, Coombs L, Ghita M, Weinreb J, Gunabushanam G, Moore CL, Lukasciewicz A, Moore CL. Radiation dose index of renal colic protocol CT studies in the United States: a report from the American College of Radiology National Radiology Data Registry. Radiology. 2014; 271(2):445–51. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14131601.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Moore JW, Vincent RN, Beekman RH, Benson L, Bergersen L, Holzer R, Jayaram N, Jenkins K, Li Y, Ringel R, Rome J, Martin GR. Procedural results and safety of common interventional procedures in congenital heart disease: Initial report from the national cardiovascular data registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64(23):2439–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Agencey for Healthcare Research and Quality. Regisrty of Patient Registries. [online] Available at: https: //patientregistry.ahrq.gov/search?freeText={\#}search?init=true{\%\&}{\_}suid=150556991020507825835345311809. Accessed 10 May 2017.

  23. openEHR Foundation. What is openEHR. [online] Available at: https://www.openehr.org/what_is_openehr. Accessed 10 May 2017.

  24. Garde S, Knaup P, Hovenga EJS, Heard S. Towards semantic interoperability for electronic health records–domain knowledge governance for open EHR archetypes. Methods Inform Med. 2007; 46(3):332–43. https://doi.org/10.1160/ME5001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bernstein K, Tvede I, Petersen J, Bredegaard K. Can openehr archetypes be used in a national context? the danish archetype proof-of-concept project. In: Proceedings of Medical Informatics in a United and Healthy Europe. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: IOS Press: 2009. p. 147–51. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-044-5-147.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Anani N, Chen R, Moreira TP, Koch S. Retrospective checking of compliance with practice guidelines for acute stroke care: a novel experiment using openehr’s guideline definition language. BMC Med Inform Decis Making. 2014; 14(1):39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-14-39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bacelar-Silva GM, César H, Braga P, Guimarães R. Openehr-based pervasive health information system for primary care: First brazilian experience for public care. In: Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems. Porto: IEEE: 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.2013.6627881.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dias RD, Cook TW, Freire SM. Modeling healthcare authorization and claim submissions using the openehr dual-model approach. BMC Med Inform Decis Making. 2011; 11(1):60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-11-60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Andrews L, Gajanayake R, Sahama T. The australian general public’s perceptions of having a personally controlled electronic health record (pcehr). Intl J Med Inform. 2014; 83(12):889–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.08.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Buck J, Garde S, Kohl CD, Knaup-Gregori P. Towards a comprehensive electronic patient record to support an innovative individual care concept for premature infants using the openehr approach. Int J Med Inform. 2009; 78(8):521–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2009.03.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kobayashi S, Kimura E, Yoshikawa T, Leslie H, Leslie H, Ishihara K, Yasukawa M, Kuroda T, Yoshihara H. Clinical data modeling using archetype technology for national surveillance of intractable diseases in japan. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conferences of the European Federation for Medical Informatics. Oslo: IOS Press: 2011. p. 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ellingsen G, Christensen B, Silsand L. Developing large-scale electronic patient records conforming to the openehr architecture. Procedia Technol. 2014; 16:1281–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Xiao L, Cousins G, Courtney B, Hederman L, Fahey T, Dimitrov BD. Developing an electronic health record (ehr) for methadone treatment recording and decision support. BMC Med Inform Decis Making. 2011; 11(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-11-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Mutiara A, Muslim A, Oswari T, Miharja R. A model of openehr based electronic medical record in indonesia. J Theor Appl Inf Technol. 2012; 58(3):558–63.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Späth MB, Grimson J. Applying the archetype approach to the database of a biobank information management system. Int J Med Inform. 2011; 80(3):205–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.11.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sundvall E, Nyström M, Karlsson D, Eneling M, Chen R, Örman H. Applying representational state transfer (rest) architecture to archetype-based electronic health record systems. BMC Med Inform Decis Making. 2013; 13(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-13-57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang L, Min L, Wang R, Lu X, Duan H. Archetype relational mapping-a practical openehr persistence solution. BMC Med Inform Decis Making. 2015; 15(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-015-0212-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. openEHR and Ocean Health Systems and Arcitecta. openEHR Clinical Knowledge Manager. [online] Available at: http://www.openehr.org/ckm/. Accessed 3 May 2017.

  39. openEHR Foundation. Archetype Definition Language 1.4 specification. [online] Available at: https://www.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/docs/ADL1.4/ADL1.4.html. Accessed 10 August 2017.

  40. Madsen M, Leslie H, Hovenga EJS, Heard S. Sustainable clinical knowledge management: An archetype development life cycle. Studies Health Technol Inform. 2010; 151:115–32. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-476-4-115.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Braun M, Brandt AU, Schulz S, Boeker M. Validating archetypes for the multiple sclerosis functional composite. BMC Med Inform Decis Making. 2014; 14(1):64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-14-64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ocean Informatics. Archetype Editor(AE). [online] Available at: http://www.openehr.org/downloads/modellingtools. Accessed 23 May 2017.

  43. Linköping University. LiU Archetype Editor for openEHR Archetypes. [online] Available at: http://www.imt.liu.se/mi/ehr/tools/. Accessed 13 May 2017.

  44. Maldonado JA, Moner D, Boscá D, Fernández-Breis JT, Angulo C, Robles M. Linkehr-ed: A multi-reference model archetype editor based on formal semantics. Int J Med Inform. 2009; 78(8):559–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2009.03.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. openEHRChina. Healthcare Archetype Collaboration. [online] Available at: http://openehr.org.cn:8080/healthcare-archetype-collaboration/. Accessed 10 August 2017.

  46. Christensen B, Ellingsen G. Evaluating model-driven development for large-scale EHRs through the openEHR approach. Int J Med Inform. 2016; 89:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.02.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Li Wang and Hailing Cai for the additional clinical business knowledge and technical support.

Funding

The publishing costs for this manuscript were provided by grant Chinese National Science and Technology Major Project (grant number 2016YFC1300300).

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

About this supplement

This article has been published as part of BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making Volume 18 Supplement 1, 2018: Proceedings from the 3rd China Health Information Processing Conference (CHIP 2017). The full contents of the supplement are available online at https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-18-supplement-1.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road, Hanghzou, 310027, China

    Lingtong Min, Qi Tian, Xudong Lu, Jiye An & Huilong Duan

Authors
  1. Lingtong Min
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Qi Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xudong Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jiye An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Huilong Duan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The five authors are justifiably credited with the authorship, according to the authorship criteria: LM, XL, JA and HD designed this study. LM proposed the modeling method and guided archetype development. QT implemented the CCTA registry and integrated clinical data from an EHR system. QT, JA, XL, and HD contributed substantially to the archetype developement process. LM wrote the first and final draft of the manuscript. All the authors read, revised and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xudong Lu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Min, L., Tian, Q., Lu, X. et al. An openEHR based approach to improve the semantic interoperability of clinical data registry. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 18 (Suppl 1), 15 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0596-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0596-8

Keywords

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

ISSN: 1472-6947

Contact us