Content deleted Content added
Undid revision 1158619486 by Foofighter20x (talk) becomes fully vested as a member of the Supreme Court when he or she takes the oaths of office as a Supreme Court justice. |
|||
(31 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Period of the US Supreme Court from 1874 to 1888}}
{{Infobox SCOTUS CJcourt| court_name = Waite Court| previous = [[Chase Court]]| next = [[Fuller Court]]| image = Chief Justice Morrison Waite.jpg| image_upright = .75| alt = | caption = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Morrison Waite]]| start = March 4, 1874| end = March 23, 1888| duration = ({{age in years and days|1874|03|04|1888|03|23}})| location = [[Old Senate Chamber]]<br>[[Washington, D.C.]]| positions = [[Judiciary Act of 1869|9]]| decisions = [[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court|Waite Court decisions]]}}
The '''Waite Court''' refers to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] from 1874 to 1888, when [[Morrison Waite]] served as the seventh [[Chief Justice of the United States]]. Waite succeeded [[Salmon P. Chase]] as Chief Justice after the latter's death. Waite served as Chief Justice until his death, at which point [[Melville Fuller]] was nominated and confirmed as Waite's successor.
The Waite Court presided over the end of the [[Reconstruction Era]], and the start of the [[Gilded Age]]. It also played an important role
During Waite's tenure, the jurisdiction of federal [[circuit court]]s (as against that of the [[State court (United States)|State court]]s) was expanded by the [[Jurisdiction and Removal Act of 1875]], which gave the [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal judiciary]] full jurisdiction over [[Federal-question jurisdiction|federal questions]]. As a result of the change, caseloads in the federal courts grew considerably.
==Membership==
{{see also|List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States}}
[[File:The Waite Court, February 1886, by George Loren Prince (1848-1929).jpg|thumb|upright=.95|The Waite Court, February 1886]]
The Waite court began with the appointment of Morrison Waite by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to succeed Chief Justice Salmon Chase. Grant had previously nominated Attorney General [[George Henry Williams]] and former Attorney General [[Caleb Cushing]], but withdrew both nominations after encountering opposition in the Senate. The Waite Court began with eight holdovers from the Chase Court: [[Nathan Clifford]], [[Noah Haynes Swayne]], [[Samuel Freeman Miller]], [[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]], [[Stephen Johnson Field]], [[William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)|William Strong]], [[Joseph P. Bradley]], and [[Ward Hunt]]. Clifford, Miller, Field, Strong, and Bradley served on the 1877 Electoral Commission.
Davis resigned from the court in 1877 to serve in the [[United States Senate]], and President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] successfully nominated [[John Marshall Harlan]] to replace him. In 1880, Hayes successfully nominated [[William Burnham Woods]] to replace the retiring Strong. In 1881, President [[James Garfield]] nominated [[Stanley Matthews (judge)|Stanley Matthews]] to replace the retiring Swayne. President [[Chester A. Arthur]] added [[Horace Gray]] and [[Samuel Blatchford]] to the court, replacing Clifford and Hunt. Woods died in 1887, and President [[Grover Cleveland]] appointed [[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II]] to the court.
===Timeline===
{{blockindent|
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:775 height:auto barincrement:35
PlotArea = top:15 bottom:30 right:30 left:7
AlignBars = late
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:1874.17 till:1888.22
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:black unit:year increment:1 start:1875
Colors =
id:blackline value:rgb(0.212,0.192,0.173)
id:blank value:rgb(1,1,1)
id:plus value:rgb(0.200,0.800,0)
id:minus value:rgb(0.800,0,0.200)
id:JB value:rgb(0.678,1,0.184)
id:AL value:rgb(0.941,0.502,0.502)
id:UG value:rgb(0.392,0.584,0.929)
id:JG value:rgb(0.800,0.800,1)
id:CA
id:GC value:rgb(0.961,0.961,0.863)
PlotData=
width:22 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:m)
bar:1 color:UG from:1874.17 till:1888.22 text:Morrison Waite (1874–1888)
bar:2 color:JB from:1874.17 till:1881.56 text:Nathan Clifford (1858–1881)
bar:3 color:CA from:1882.02 till:1888.22 text:Horace Gray (1882–1902)
bar:4 color:AL from:1874.17 till:1881.06 text:Noah Haynes Swayne (1862–1881)
bar:5 color:JG from:1881.37 till:1888.22 text:Stanley Matthews (1881–1889)
bar:6 color:AL from:1874.17 till:1888.22 text:Samuel Freeman Miller (1862–1890)
bar:7 color:AL from:1874.17 till:1877.17 text:David Davis (1862–1877)
bar:8 color:RH from:1877.94 till:1888.22 text:John Marshall Harlan (1877–1911)
bar:9 color:AL from:1874.17 till:1888.22 text:Stephen Johnson Field (1863–1897)
bar:10 color:UG from:1874.17 till:1880.95 text:William Strong (1870–1880)
bar:11 color:RH from:1881.01 till:1887.36 text:William Burnham Woods (1881–1887)
bar:12 color:blank from:1884.40 till:1888.04 text:Lucius Q. C. Lamar (1888–1893)
color:GC from:1888.04 till:1888.22
bar:13 color:UG from:1874.17 till:1888.22 text:Joseph P. Bradley (1870–1892)
bar:14 color:UG from:1874.17 till:1882.07 text:Ward Hunt (1873–1882)
bar:15 color:CA from:1882.25 till:1888.22 text:Samuel Blatchford (1882–1893)
Linedata=
at:1888.22 width:0.5 color:blackline
}}
'''Bar key''': {{div flex row}} {{legend inline|#adff2f|Buchanan appointee}} {{legend inline|#f08080|Lincoln appointee}} {{legend inline|#6495ed|Grant appointee}} {{legend inline|#a9ba9d|Hayes appointee}} {{legend inline|#ccccff|Garfield appointee}} {{legend inline|#f8de7e|Arthur appointee}} {{legend inline|#f5f5dc|Cleveland appointee}} {{div flex row end}} }}
==Other branches==
Presidents during this court included [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Chester A. Arthur]], and [[Grover Cleveland]]. Congresses during this court included [[43rd United States Congress|43rd]] through the [[50th United States Congress|50th]] United States Congresses.
==Rulings of the Court==
Line 84 ⟶ 73:
Notable rulings of the Waite Court include:
*''[[United States v. Reese]]'' (1875): In a
*''[[Minor v. Happersett]]'' (1875): In a unanimous decision written by Chief Justice Waite, the court held that the Constitution did not grant women the right to vote. The ruling was effectively overturned by the ratification of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment]] in 1920.
*''[[United States v. Cruikshank]]'' (1875): In a
*''[[Reynolds v. United States]]'' (1878): In a decision delivered by Chief Justice Waite, the court upheld the conviction of [[George Reynolds (Mormon)|George Reynolds]]. Reynolds, a member of the [[
*''[[Pennoyer v. Neff]]'' (1878): In a decision written by Justice Field, the court held that a state can exert [[personal jurisdiction]] over a defendant if the defendant is served notice while physically present in a state.
*''[[Strauder v. West Virginia]]'' (1880): In a
*''[[Pace v. Alabama]]'' (1883): In a unanimous decision delivered by Justice Field, the court upheld Alabama's [[anti-miscegenation laws]]. ''Pace'' was later overruled by ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1967) on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause.
*The ''[[Civil Rights Cases]]'' (1883): In an
*''[[Elk v. Wilkins]]'' (1884): In a
*The ''[[Railroad Commission Cases]]'' (1886): In a 6-2 decision delivered by Chief Justice Waite, the court upheld state fixation of railroad prices as a permissible exercise of [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|police power]]. ''[[Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota]]'' (1890) later limited the effect of this ruling.
*''[[Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois]]'' (1886):
*''[[Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.]]'' (1886):
*''[[Presser v. Illinois]]'' (1886): In a decision delivered by Justice Woods, the court affirmed its decision in ''Cruikshank'', saying that the First and Second Amendments do not apply to state governments. The decision overturned the conviction of Herman Presser, a member of [[Lehr und Wehr Verein]], a Chicago-based socialist military organization.
*''[[The Telephone Cases]]'' (1888): In a series of court cases related to the [[invention of the telephone]], the court upheld [[Alexander Graham Bell]]'s patents against the claims of [[Western Union]]. The court split,
==Judicial philosophy==
The Waite Court confronted constitutional questions arising from the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Reconstruction, the expansion of the federal government following the Civil War, and the emergence of a national economy linked together by railroads.<ref name="steph">{{cite book|last1=Stephenson|first1=D. Grier|title=The Waite Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|pages=xi-xiii|isbn=9781576078297|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-59Mj6m0dMC&
==References==
Line 106 ⟶ 95:
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry Julian|title=Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742558953}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beth |first1=Loren P. |title=John Marshall Harlan: The Last Whig Justice |date=2015 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=9780813149851}}
* {{cite book |last=Cushman |first=Clare |title=The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 |edition=2nd |publisher=(Supreme Court Historical Society, [[Congressional Quarterly]] Books) |year=2001 |isbn=1-56802-126-7}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book |last1=Goldstone |first1=Lawrence |title=Inherently Unequal: The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court, 1865-1903 |date=2011 |publisher=Walker Books |isbn=978-0802717924}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hall |editor1-first=Kermit L. |editor2-last=Ely
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hall |editor1-first=Kermit L. |editor2-last=Ely
* {{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Timothy L. |title=Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary |date=2001 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438108179}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hoffer |first1=Peter Charles |last2=Hoffer |first2=WilliamJames Hull |last3=Hull |first3=N. E. H. |title=The Supreme Court: An Essential History |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7006-2681-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=John R. |title=The Shifting Wind: The Supreme Court and Civil Rights from Reconstruction to Brown |date=1999 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791440896}}
* {{cite book |last1=Irons |first1=Peter |title=A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00iron_0 |url-access=registration |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9781101503133 |edition=Revised}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kens |first1=Paul |title=Justice Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from the Gold Rush to the Gilded Age |date=1997 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=9780700608171}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kens |first1=Paul |title=The Supreme Court under Morrison R. Waite, 1874-1888 |date=2012 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=9781611172195}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Charles |title=The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction |url=https://archive.org/details/dayfreedomdiedco00lane |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9781429936781}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Fenton S. |author2=Goehlert, Robert U. |title=The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-87187-554-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart }}
* {{cite journal|last= Pope |first=James Gray | title = Snubbed landmark: Why ''United States v. Cruikshank'' (1876) belongs at the heart of the American constitutional canon | journal = [[Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review]] | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 385–447 | publisher = [[Harvard Law School]] | date = Spring 2014 | url = http://harvardcrcl.org/archive/
* {{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=Michael A. |title=Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court during the Civil War Era |date=2003 |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=9780807129241}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schwarz |first1=Bernard |title=A History of the Supreme Court |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195093872 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsupreme00schw_0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Stephenson |first1=D. Grier |title=The Waite Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy |date=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576078297}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Tomlins |editor1-first=Christopher |title=The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |date=2005 |isbn=978-0618329694 |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatessupr00toml }}
* {{cite book |last=Urofsky |first=Melvin I. |title=The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Garland Publishing |year=1994 |isbn=0-8153-1176-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv }}
* {{cite book|last1=White|first1=Richard|
* {{cite book |last1=Yarbrough |first1=Tinsley E. |title=Judicial Enigma: the First Justice Harlan |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195074642}}
{{refend}}
{{SCOTUS Justices|chiefjustices}}
{{SCOTUS horizontal}}
{{Reconstruction era}}
[[Category:Waite Court| ]]
[[Category:1880s in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court history by court]]
|