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{{Short description|Chess tactic}}
{{for|the Russian cyber espionage group|Sofacy Group}}A '''pawn storm''', sometimes called a '''pawn avalanche''',<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=The Winning Academy 8: How to Stop a Pawn Avalanche |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/the-winning-academy-8-how-to-stop-a-pawn-avalanche |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Chess News |language=en}}</ref> is a [[chess]] [[chess tactic|tactic]] in which several [[Pawn (chess)|pawns]] are moved in rapid succession toward the opponent's defenses.<ref Name="Pandolfini ">{{cite book |title= Chess Thinking |last= Pandolfini |first= Bruce |author-link= Bruce Pandolfini |year= 1995 |publisher= Simon & Schuster |isbn= 0-671-79502-3 |page= [https://archive.org/details/chessthinking00pand/page/179 179] |url= https://archive.org/details/chessthinking00pand|url-access= registration |quote= Pawn storm. }}</ref> A pawn storm usually involves adjacent pawns on the flank of the board, such as the {{chessgloss|queenside}} (a-, b-, and c-{{chessgloss|files}}) or the {{chessgloss|kingside}} (f-, g-, and h-files). A pawn storm can also happen on the center of the board.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pawn Storm - Chess Terms |url=https://www.chess.com/terms/chess-pawn-storm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
When involving only two pawns, a '''pawn roller''' is a chess tactic in which two [[Connected pawns|connected]] [[passed pawn]]s are used to mutually defend each other to [[Promotion (chess)|promotion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-08-13 |title=Pawn Roller (Chess) |url=https://www.glossaria.net/en/chess/pawn-roller |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=webmaster@glossaria.net |language=es}}</ref> This allows the pawns to more easily travel down the board without possibly being [[Capture (chess)|captured]]. This differs from a pawn storm, as a pawn storm utilizes more than two pawns to travel down the board, and a pawn storm is typically used to attack or overwhelm an opponent's defenses.
An exact type of formation of a pawn storm/roller is a ''pawn phalanx'', which is when two or more pawns are next to each other on the same rank, allowing them to control more squares in front and support each other's advances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawn-structures: Why pawns are the soul of chess – CHESSFOX.COM |url=https://chessfox.com/pawn-structures-why-pawns-are-the-soul-of-chess/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaner |first=Billy |date=2020-12-10 |title=Chess Glossary : Section P |url=https://www.chess-game-strategies.com/chess-glossary-section-p/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Chess Game Strategies |language=en-US}}</ref>
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== Objective ==
One can launch a pawn storm for many reasons. Probably the most common of these is to initiate a mating attack, in which the pawns are used to open [[File (chess)|files]] for pieces, or less commonly to brick in the king and form a mating net before taking decisive action. Another common reason for launching a pawn storm is to simply activate one's pieces, especially the rooks, by opening files. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Herron |first=John |date=2013-04-01 |title=Total Chess: Rooks & Open Files |url=https://thechessworld.com/articles/total-chess/total-chess-rooks-a-open-files/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=TheChessWorld |language=en-US}}</ref> A pawn storm can also be used to lead to [[Material (chess)|material gain]] or a strategic advantage. Strategic advantages that can result from pawn storms include the creation of [[Outpost (chess)|outposts]], the weakening of the opponent's [[pawn structure]], or simply a space advantage. These benefits are especially typical in the case of a [[queenside]] [[minority attack]]. When a pawn storm is taking place on a wing, if the attacking pawns are advancing against a greater number of pawns than the ones that are being used to attack, it is called a [[minority attack]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minority Attack - Chess Terms |url=https://www.chess.com/terms/minority-attack-chess |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Pawn storms can also lead to the gain of several [[Tempo (chess)|tempi]] if the pawns can manage to repeatedly kick the opponent's pieces, but this is not a usual motive in itself.
Pawn storms are typical in several openings. The first plan can be clearly seen in such sharp openings as the [[Sicilian Defense, Najdorf Variation|Sicilian Najdorf]] or the [[Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation, Yugoslav Attack|Yugoslav Attack]], among others. In both of these cases, many lines will see White and Black castle on opposite sides of the board, and play for [[checkmate]] by throwing everything they can at each others' king. In many lines of the [[King's Indian Defense]], White will take up a pawn storm on the queenside in order to win material, while Black will create a pawn storm on the kingside in order to begin a mating attack. The aforementioned minority attack can arise from a great many openings, a notable one being the Exchange [[Queen's Gambit Declined|Queen's Gambit]]. The Closed [[Ruy Lopez]] also frequently sees Black engage in a queenside pawn storm so as to gain space and subsequently gain play on that side. The [[Modern Benoni]] can also lead to pawn storms, typically in the centre for White, and on the queenside for Black.<ref name=":0" />
The objective of pawn rollers is typically to advance to promotion. However, some pawn rollers can also be used as a pawn storm; pawn rollers can be used to attack an enemy's defenses. Sometimes, [[Sacrifice (chess)|piece sacrifices]] are made in order to make a pawn storm effective or to make a pawn storm work, as they can help open up the position for other pieces or for the pawns themselves.<ref name=":2" />
== Weaknesses ==
Pawn storms and rollers can however become weak if not executed properly. [[Glossary of chess#overextended|Overextension]] can occur, where pawns are too far advanced without sufficient support, leaving the pawns vulnerable to attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sgircea |first1=Raluca |last2=Castellanos |first2=Renier |date=2019-12-06 |title=2 Rules of Pawn Storms: Avoiding Over-Extension |url=https://thechessworld.com/articles/middle-game/2-rules-of-pawn-storms-avoiding-over-extension/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=TheChessWorld |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=Pawn Storm in Chess (Overview) - PPQTY |url=https://ppqty.com/pawn-storm-chess/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=ppqty.com |language=en-US}}</ref> They can also be predictable, allowing the opponent to counterattack. When pawns advance, they cannot move backwards, so squares they leave undefended behind them can become weak.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sgircea |first1=Raluca |last2=Castellanos |first2=Renier |date=2015-05-23 |title=Weak Squares: How to Convert Positional Advantage |url=https://thechessworld.com/articles/middle-game/weak-squares-how-to-convert-a-positional-advantage/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=TheChessWorld |language=en-US}}</ref> Pawn storms can also weaken the [[pawn structure]] and allow the opponent to create [[checkmate]] threats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Atenclo |first=Peter |date=1998-03-29 |title=Bitoon wraps up RP chess non-GM crown |pages=18 |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZYVAAAAIBAJ&q=Pawn%20storm&pg=PA18 |access-date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Pawn storms can also be stopped by way of restraining their movement and blockading the pawns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Henebry |first=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJBXDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pawn+storm%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT94 |title=Chess Words of Wisdom: The Principles, Methods and Essential Knowledge of Chess |date=2011-10-10 |publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=978-1-936490-33-2 |language=en}}</ref>
When organized in a pawn phalanx, pawns do not defend each other, so they require other pieces for support to remain strong, or they will become weak and vulnerable to attacks.
==Examples==
{{Chess diagram
Often, a pawn storm will be directed toward the opponent's [[king (chess)|king]] after it has [[Castling|castled]] toward one side (e.g. Fischer vs. [[Bent Larsen|Larsen]], 1958<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1008373 Fischer vs. Larsen, 1958] [[Chessgames.com]]</ref>). Successive advances of the pawns on that side might rapidly cramp and overwhelm the opponent's position.▼
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|Anand vs. Kasparov, United States 1995
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|Position after 35.Kh2, demonstrated is Anand's pawns far advanced on the queenside. Kasparov resigned after the move.<ref>[https://www.chess.com/events/1995-kasparov-anand/09/Viswanathan_Anand-Garry_Kasparov Viswanathan Anand vs Garry Kasparov] [[Chess.com]]</ref>
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▲
In game 9 of the [[Classical World Chess Championship 1995]] between [[Viswanathan Anand]] and [[Garry Kasparov]], Anand played as the white pieces and Kasparov played as the black pieces. During the game, Anand was able to launch a queenside attack with a pawn storm, leading to his win against Kasparov in the round.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrne |first=Robert |date=1995-09-26 |title=Anand Crushes Kasparov Under a Pawn Avalanche |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/26/nyregion/anand-crushes-kasparov-under-a-pawn-avalanche.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
{{Chess diagram
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|Position after 43.Qc4<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044100 Fischer vs. Petrosian, Bled-Zagreb-Belgrade Candidates (1959)] [[Chessgames.com]]</ref>
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