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== Geography ==
[[File:27407-Luoyang, Longmen
[[File:
This complex is one of the three notable [[grotto]]es in China. The other two grottoes are the [[Yungang Caves]] near [[Datong]] in [[Shanxi|Shanxi Province]], and the [[Mogao Caves]] near [[Dunhuang]] in [[Gansu|Gansu Province]]. The valley formed by the Yi River enclosed by two hills ranges of Xiangshan (to the east) and Longmenshan (to the west) hills have steep slopes on the western and eastern slopes along the river. Yi is a north flowing tributary of the [[Luo River (Henan)|Luo River]]. The grottoes are formed in 1 km of the stretch of this river and were carved on both banks, in limestone formations creating the Longmen Caves. Most of the work was done on the western bank, while the eastern bank caves, of smaller numbers, served as residences for the large groups of monks.<ref name=List /><ref name=Asian />
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The Longmen Relics Care Agency was established in 1953 under the Ministry of Culture.<ref name=Evaluate /> A 1954 site inventory was undertaken by the newly established Longmen Caves Cultural Relics Management and Conservation Office. The State Council declared the Longmen Grottoes as a national cultural monument needing special protection in 1961. In 1982, it was declared as one of the first group of scenic zones to be protected at the state level.<ref name=Guide>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lmsk.cn/en/Aboutus.asp?ID=124&title=Serveice%20Guide|title=Serveice Guide|access-date=18 May 2011|publisher=Official website of Longmen Grottoes|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419021257/http://www.lmsk.cn/en/Aboutus.asp%3FID%3D124%26title%3DServeice%2520Guide|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Management and Conservation Office was renamed the Longmen Grottoes Research Institute in 1990; and the People's Government of Luoyang City became responsible for the management of the heritage monuments.<ref name=Evaluate /> The governing organization was renamed the Longmen Grottoes Research Academy in 2002.<ref>McNair, p. 2</ref>
During the [[Warring States period]], the general [[Bai Qi]] of [[Qin (state)|Qin]] once defeated the allied forces of [[Han (
== Panorama ==
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=== Guyangdong ===
Guyangdong, or Guyang Cave, or Old Sun Cave, is recorded as the oldest Longmen cave with carvings in the [[Northern Wei]] style. It is also the largest cave, located in the central part of the west hill. It was carved under the orders of [[Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei|Emperor Xiaowen]]. The earliest carving in this limestone cave has been now dated at 478 AD, during the period when Emperor Xiaowen is thought to have been moving his capital from Datong to Luoyang. The Buddhist statues in the niches of this cave are very well sculpted. Also found here are 600 inscriptions in fine calligraphy of writings in the Northern Wei style.<ref name=Sacred /> Many of the sculptures inside the cave were contributed by royalty; religious groups supported this activity. The cave has three very large images – the central image is of [[Sakyamuni Buddha]] with [[Bodhisattva]]s on either side. The features of the images are indicative of the Northern Wei style, typically of slim and emaciated figures. There are about 800 inscriptions on the walls and in the niches inside the cave, the most in any cave in China.<ref name=Evaluate /> There are two rows of niches on the northern and southern walls of the cave, which house a very large number of images; the artists have recorded their names, the dates, and the reasons for carving them.
=== Binyang ===
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| caption3 = South wall of [[Middle Binyang Cave]]
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Binyangzhongdong ({{zh|c=宾阳中洞}}) or the [[Middle Binyang Cave]], is carved in the
;Binyangnandong
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;Lianhua
The Lianhua or the Lotus Flower Cave ({{lang|zh|莲花洞}}), dated to 527, belongs to the Northern Wei period. The Grotto has a large lotus flower carved in high relief on its ceiling. Several small Buddhas are carved into the south wall. Also seen are shrines in the south and north wall in the niches.<ref name=Sacred />{{dead link|date=May 2024}}[[File:Lotus Flower Cave.jpg|thumb|Lotus Flower Cave]]
;Laolong
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== Temples ==
[[File:Xiangshan Temple, Luoyang.jpg|thumb|Xiangshan Temple]]
There are
=== Xiangshan Temple ===
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== See also ==
* [[Battle of Yique]]
* [[Chinese art]]
* [[Mogao Caves]]
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[[Category:5th-century establishments in China]]
[[Category:Northern Wei]]
[[Category:Sui dynasty architecture]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty architecture]]
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