Nasal administration: Difference between revisions

'''Nasal administration''', popularly known as '''snorting''', is a [[route of administration]] in which [[drug]]s are [[insufflation (medicine)|insufflated]] through the [[nose]]. It can be a form of either [[topical administration]] or [[systemic administration]], as the drugs thus locally delivered can go on to have either purely local or systemic effects ibuprofen or Tylenol for headaches along with pains such as severe toothaches. Nasal sprays are locally acting drugs such as [[decongestant]]s for cold and allergy treatment, whose systemic effects are usually minimal. Examples of systemically active drugs available as nasal sprays are [[Migraine#Management|migraine drugs]], rescue medications for overdose and seizure emergencies, [[hormone therapy|hormone treatments]], [[nicotine nasal spray]], and [[nasal vaccine]]s such as [[live attenuated influenza vaccine]].

Sharing snorting equipment (nasal spray bottles, straws, banknotes, bullets, etc) has been linked to the transmission of [[hepatitis C]]. (Bonkovsky and Mehta) In one study, the University of Tennessee Medical Center researches warned that other blood-borne diseases such as [[HIV]], the [[AIDS]]-causing virus, could be transmitted as well.<ref>{{Citation | year=2016 | title=Sharing Drug "Snorting Straws" Spreads Hepatitis C | url=https://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/hepatitis-news-373/sharing-drug-snorting-straws-spreads-hepatitis-c-713114.html}}</ref>

The area of intranasal medication delivery provides a huge opportunity for research – both for specifically developed pharmaceutical drugs designed for intranasal treatment, as well as for investigating off label uses of commonly available generic medications. Steroids, and a large number of inhalational anaesthetic agents are being used commonly. The recent developments in intranasal drug delivery systems are prodigious. Peptide drugs (hormone treatments) are also available as nasal sprays, in this case to avoid drug degradation after oral administration. The peptide analogue [[desmopressin]] is, for example, available for both nasal and oral administration, for the treatment of diabetes insipidus. The [[bioavailability]] of the commercial tablet is 0.1% while that of the nasal spray is 3-5% according to the SPC ([[Summary of Product Characteristics]]).<ref>FerringPharmaceuticals. SPC: Minirin nasal spray, Minirin Freeze-dried tablet and Minirin tablet, 2005.</ref> Intranasal Calcitonin, calcitonin-salmon is used to treat Hypercalcaemia arising out of malignancy, Paget's disease of bone, post menopausal and steroid induced osteoporosis, Phantom limb pain and other metabolic bone abnormalities, available as Rockbone, Fortical and Miacalcin Nasal Spray. GnRH analogues like nafarelin and busurelin are used for the treatment of anovulatory infertility, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed puberty and [[cryptorchidism]]. Other potential drug candidates for nasal administration include anaesthetics, antihistamines (Azelastine), antiemetics (particularly metoclopramide and ondansetron) and sedatives[[sedative]]s that all benefit from a fast onset of effect.<ref>H.R. Costantino, L. Illum, G. Brandt, P.H. Johnson, and S.C. Quay. Intranasal delivery: physicochemical and therapeutic aspects. Int J Pharm. 337:1-24 (2007).</ref> Intranasal midazolam is found to be highly effective in acute episodes of seizures in children. Recently, the upper part of the nasal cavity, as high as the cribriform plate, has been proposed for drug delivery to the brain. This "transcribrial route" published first in 2014 was suggested by the author (Baig AM. ''et al'',) for drugs to be given for Primary Meningoencephalitis <ref>Baig AM, Khan NA. Novel chemotherapeutic strategies in the management of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014 Mar;20(3):289-90. doi: 10.1111/cns.12225. Epub 2014 Jan 24</ref>

[[Snuff (tobacco)|Snuff]] is a type of [[smokeless tobacco]] [[List of tobacco products|product]] made from finely ground or pulverized [[tobacco]] leaves.<ref name="OSHFT">

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