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{{Short description|Group of track and field events}}
{{distinguish|hurling}}
{{About|the track and field event|the equestrian form|Hurdling
[[File:Leichtathletik Gala Linz 2018 men´s 110m hurdles Okafor-6401.jpg|thumb|Leon Okafor of Austria runs a hurdle at a
'''Hurdling''' is the act of jumping over an obstacle at a high speed or in a sprint.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/hurdling|title=hurdling {{!}} athletics|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2017-02-01}}</ref> In the early 19th century, [[hurdle]]rs ran at and jumped over each hurdle (sometimes known as 'burgles'), landing on both feet and checking their forward motion. Today, the dominant step patterns are the 3-step for high hurdles, 7-step for low hurdles, and 15-step for intermediate hurdles. Hurdling is a highly specialized form of [[obstacle racing]], and is part of the sport of [[athletics (sport)|athletics]]. In hurdling events, barriers known as [[hurdle]]s are set at precisely measured heights and distances. Each athlete must pass over the hurdles;<ref name="The Hurdles Book">{{cite book | title=The Hurdles, Contemporary Theory, Technique and Training | article=Hurdling Is Not Sprinting | publisher=Track & Field News | editor1-last=Jarver | editor1-first=Jess | last1=McDonald | first1=Craig | year=2004 | pages=12–52 | isbn=978-0-911521-67-2}}</ref><ref name="The Hurdles2">{{cite book | title=The Hurdles, Contemporary Theory, Technique and Training | article=Towards Better Hurdling | publisher=Track & Field News | editor1-last=Jarver | editor1-first=Jess | last1=Longden | first1=Bruce | year=2004 | pages=52–55 | isbn= 978-0911521672}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legacy.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf |title=Competition Rules 2012–2013 |publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations |pages=161–162 |access-date=2019-12-22 |archive-date=2020-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917215215/http://www.legacy.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> passing under or intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification.
Accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification, <ref name="IAAFrb">{{cite web |url=http://www.legacy.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf |title=Competition Rules 2012–2013 |publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations |pages=161–162}}</ref> but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous.<ref name="IAAFrb" /><ref name="britannica.com" /> In 1902 Spalding equipment company sold the Foster Patent Safety Hurdle, a wood hurdle. In 1923 some of the wood hurdles weighed {{cvt|16|lb}} each. Hurdle design improvements were made in 1935, when they developed the L-shaped hurdle. With this shape, the athlete could hit the hurdle and it will tip down, clearing the [[athlete]]'s path. The most prominent hurdles events are [[110-metre hurdles|110 meters hurdles]] for men, [[100-metre hurdles|100 meters hurdles]] for women, and [[400 meters hurdles]] (both sexes) – these three distances are all contested at the [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] and the [[World Athletics Championships]]. The two shorter distances take place on the straight of a [[running track]], while the 400 m version covers one whole lap of a standard oval track. Events over shorter distances are also commonly held at indoor track and field events, ranging from [[50 meters hurdles]] upwards. Women historically competed in the [[80 meters hurdles]] at the Olympics in the mid-20th century. Hurdles race are also part of [[Combined track and field events|combined events]] contests, including the [[decathlon]] and [[heptathlon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legacy.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf |title=Competition Rules 2012–2013 |publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations |page=214}}</ref>▼
▲Accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification, <ref name="IAAFrb">{{cite web |url=http://www.legacy.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf |title=Competition Rules 2012–2013 |publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations |pages=161–162 |access-date=2019-12-22 |archive-date=2020-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917215215/http://www.legacy.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous.<ref name="IAAFrb" /><ref name="britannica.com" /> In 1902 Spalding equipment company sold the Foster Patent Safety Hurdle, a wood hurdle. In 1923 some of the wood hurdles weighed {{cvt|16|lb}} each. Hurdle design improvements were made in 1935, when they developed the L-shaped hurdle. With this shape, the athlete could hit the hurdle and it will tip down, clearing the [[athlete]]'s path. The most prominent hurdles events are [[110-metre hurdles|110 meters hurdles]] for men, [[100-metre hurdles|100 meters hurdles]] for women, and [[400 metres hurdles|400 meters hurdles]] (both sexes) – these three distances are all contested at the [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] and the [[World Athletics Championships]]. The two shorter distances take place on the straight of a [[running track]], while the 400 m version covers one whole lap of a standard oval track. Events over shorter distances are also commonly held at indoor track and field events, ranging from [[50 metres hurdles|50 meters hurdles]] upwards. Women historically competed in the [[80 metres hurdles|80 meters hurdles]] at the Olympics in the mid-20th century. Hurdles race are also part of [[Combined track and field events|combined events]] contests, including the [[decathlon]] and [[heptathlon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legacy.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf |title=Competition Rules 2012–2013 |publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations |page=214 |access-date=2019-12-22 |archive-date=2020-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917215215/http://www.legacy.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In track races, hurdles are normally {{cvt|68|–|107|cm|in}} in height, depending on the age and sex of the hurdler.<ref name="The Hurdles">{{cite book | title=The Hurdles, Contemporary Theory, Technique and Training | publisher=Track & Field News | author=Jarver, Jess| year=2004 | pages=9, 63 | isbn=978-0911521672}}</ref> Events from 50 to 110 meters are technically known as high hurdles races, while longer competitions are [[low hurdles]] races. The track hurdles events are forms of [[sprint (running)|sprinting]] competitions, although the 400 m version is less [[anaerobic exercise|anaerobic]] in nature and demands athletic qualities similar to the [[800 meters]] flat race.▼
▲In track races, hurdles are normally {{cvt|68|–|107|cm|in}} in height, depending on the age and sex of the hurdler.<ref name="The Hurdles">{{cite book | title=The Hurdles, Contemporary Theory, Technique and Training | publisher=Track & Field News | author=Jarver, Jess| year=2004 | pages=9, 63 | isbn=978-0911521672}}</ref> Events from 50 to 110 meters are technically known as high hurdles races, while longer competitions are [[low hurdles]] races. The track hurdles events are forms of [[sprint (running)|sprinting]] competitions, although the 400 m version is less [[anaerobic exercise|anaerobic]] in nature and demands athletic qualities similar to the [[800 metres|800 meters]] flat race.
A hurdling technique can also be found in the [[steeplechase (athletics)|steeplechase]], although in this event athletes are also permitted to step on the barrier to clear it.<ref name=IAAFrb /> Similarly, in [[cross country running]] athletes may hurdle over various natural obstacles, such as logs, mounds of earth, and small streams – this represents the sporting origin of the modern events. [[Horse racing]] has its [[Hurdling (horse race)|own variant]] of hurdle racing, with similar principles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.racingvictoria.net.au/asset/cms/Jumps/jumps%20review%20report_nov%202008.pdf | title=Horse Racing Victoria |website=racingvictoria.net.au| access-date=December 8, 2013}}</ref>
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|Both
|[[400 metres hurdles at the Olympics|1900–08 & 1920–present (men)<br>1984–present (women)]]
|[[IAAF World Championships in Athletics|
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The standard sprint or short hurdle race is [[110 metre hurdles|110 meters]] for men and [[100 metre hurdles|100 meters]] for women. The standard number of steps to the first hurdle should be 8. The standard long hurdle race is [[400 metre hurdles|400 meters]] for both men and women. Each of these races is run over ten hurdles and they are all [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic]] events.<ref name="IAAF Rulebook">{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/05/47/81/20091027115916_httppostedfile_CompRules2010_web_26Oct09_17166.pdf |title=IAAF Rulebook |website=iaaf.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011023632/http://iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/05/47/81/20091027115916_httppostedfile_CompRules2010_web_26Oct09_17166.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-11 }}</ref>
The men's 200 meters [[low hurdles]] event was on the Olympic athletics programme for the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] and [[1904 Summer Olympics]]. These low hurdles events were widely participated in the early part of the 20th century, particularly in North America. However, beyond these two Olympic outings, they never gained a consistent place at international competitions and became increasingly rare after the 1960s. This 10-hurdle race continues to be run in places such as [[Norway]].<ref name="Friidrett for barn og ungdom">{{cite web | url=http://www.friidrett.no/organisasjon/Documents/H%C3%A5ndbok2013.pdf | title=Friidrett for barn og ungdom
Other distances are run, particularly indoors but occasionally outdoors. The sprint hurdle race indoors is usually [[60 metre hurdles|60 meters]] for both men and women, although races 55 meters or 50 meters long are sometimes run, especially in the [[United States]]. A 60-meter indoor race is run over 5 hurdles. A shorter race may occasionally have only 4 hurdles. Outdoors, a long hurdle race is sometimes shortened to [[300 metres hurdles|300 meters]] for younger participants, who run over 8 hurdles. For example, high school and middle school athletes in California, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania run the 300 meter hurdles instead of running the 400 meter hurdles, like the majority of state competitors run today. The distance the hurdles are spaced is identical to the beginning of a standard 400 meter race which would have 10 hurdles. There are also 200 meter races for middle school and younger divisions over 5 hurdles (spaced in the same position as the last 5 hurdles of a standard 400 meter race).<ref name="hurdles101" />
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==Height and spacing==
There are five hurdle heights on most standard hurdles. The highest position (sometimes "college high" or "open high") is used for men's sprint hurdle races (60 m, and 110 m), which are {{convert|42|in|cm|1}}. The next highest, (sometimes "high school high"<ref name="hurdles101" />
) {{convert|39|in|cm|1}} is used by veteran men under age 50, and younger boys. The middle position of 36 inches (91.44 cm), (sometimes "intermediate") which is used for men's long hurdle races (400 m) plus some [[youth athletics|youth]] and veteran age divisions. The next lower position, {{convert|33|in|cm|1}} is called the "women's high"<ref name="hurdles101" /> used for women's short hurdle races. The lowest position, called the "low hurdle" {{convert|30|in|cm|1}} is used for women's long hurdles plus many youth and veteran races. Some races call for {{convert|27|in|cm|1|disp=or}} for youth or veteran events.<ref name="Regeländringar tävlingssäsongen 2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.friidrott.se/Regler/nytt14.aspx | title=Regeländringar tävlingssäsongen 2014
[[File:Hurdling.jpg|thumb|282px|left|A sequence of hurdling]]
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Instead of using batons, the runners waiting for their teammate to finish must wait until their teammate gets to a certain point to begin their part of the race. There will be an official looking to see if they take off too early. If they do so, then they will be disqualified; if they take off late then it will just hurt their time and chances of winning the event.
In the United States, the men's team of [[Aries Merritt]], [[Jason Richardson (hurdler)|Jason Richardson]], [[Aleec Harris]], and [[David Oliver (hurdler)|David Oliver]], set the world record in the 440m [[shuttle hurdle relay]] race at a time of 52.94 seconds (set on April 25, 2015).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.usatf.org/statistics/records/view.asp?division=american&location=outdoor%20track%20&%20field&age=open&sport=TF|title=USATF – Statistics – Records|website=
Shuttle hurdle relay was introduced at the [[2019 IAAF World Relays]], it consist of a race in which two men and two women on each team are running a [[110 m hurdles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/press-release/world-relays-2019-shuttle-hurdles-2x2x400|title=TWO NEW EVENTS ADDED TO IAAF WORLD RELAYS PROGRAMME|publisher=iaaf.org|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
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