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{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{infobox English county
| official_name
▲| image_main = {{multiple images
|border=infobox|perrow=1/2/2/2 |total_width=250px
| image1 = Central_Pier,_Blackpool_(Unsplash)_(cropped).jpg
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| image3 = Clitheroe - geograph.org.uk - 4067941.jpg
}}
| image_caption
▲| motto = <!--for non-English motto, use: ''Motto in italics''<br />("English translation")-->
▲ [[File:Lancashire UK locator map 2010.svg|250px]]
| established_date
▲| map_caption =
▲| coordinates = {{coord|53.8|-2.6|display=title, inline|region:GB_type:adm1st}}
▲| region = [[North West England|North West]]
▲| established_date = {{circa|1182}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highsheriffs.com/Lancashire/LancashireHistory.htm|title=Lancashire: county history|website=The High Sheriff's Association of England and Wales|date=2010|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185947/http://www.highsheriffs.com/Lancashire/LancashireHistory.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
▲| established_by =
▲| preceded_by =
| largest_city = [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]]
▲| origin = [[Honour of Lancaster]]
▲| MPs = [[List of parliamentary constituencies in Lancashire|16 MPs]]
▲| police = [[Lancashire Constabulary]]
| lord_lieutenant_name
▲| largest_town = [[Blackpool]]
| high_sheriff_name
▲| lord_lieutenant_office = Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire
▲| lord_lieutenant_name = [[Amanda Parker]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appointment of Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/appointment-of-lord-lieutenant-of-lancashire-4-april-2023 |date=4 April 2023 |website=Gov.uk}}</ref>
▲| high_sheriff_office = High Sheriff of Lancashire
▲| high_sheriff_name = David Taylor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.highsheriffoflancashire.co.uk/index.php/hs-2018-2019|title=Current High Sheriff David Taylor, CBE |publisher=highsheriffoflancashire.co.uk|access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref>
▲ {{Unbulleted list
| 82.2% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
| 9.2% [[British Asians|Asian]]
| 3.8% [[Black British people|Black]]
| 2.8% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|mixed]]
| 2.0% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
}}
| ethnicity_year = [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]
| unitary_council1
| unitary_council2
| joint_committees
| admin_hq
| iso_code
▲| gss_code = E10000017
▲| nuts_code = TLD43
▲| website = {{URL|lancashire.gov.uk}}
▲| districts_map = [[File:Lancashire numbered districts.svg|200px]]
▲| districts_key = {{Colorsample|#FEFE77}} Unitary {{Colorsample|#FEC1E9}} County council area
▲ {{Collapsible list
| title =
| liststyle = list-style-type:decimal;
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}}
}}
'''Lancashire''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|æ|ŋ|k|ə|ʃ|ər|}} {{respell|LAN|kə|shər}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ʃ|ɪər}} {{respell|-|sheer}}; abbreviated ''Lancs'') is a [[ceremonial county]] in [[North West England]]. It is bordered by [[Cumbria]] to the north, [[North Yorkshire]] and [[West Yorkshire]] to the east, [[Greater Manchester]] and [[Merseyside]] to the south, and the [[Irish Sea]] to the west. The
The county has an area of {{Convert|3079|km2|sqmi}} and a population of 1,490,300. After
The west of Lancashire contains flat coastal plains
Lancashire was founded in the 12th century; in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 much of what would become the county is treated as part of [[Yorkshire]] and [[Cheshire]]. Until the Early Modern period the county was a comparatively poor backwater, although in 1351 it became a [[County palatine|palatine]], with a semi-independent judicial system. This changed during the [[Industrial Revolution]], when the county rapidly industrialised; until 1974 it included both Liverpool, a major port, and Manchester, which with its surrounding towns dominated the [[Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution|manufacture of textiles]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 May 2010 |title=Rivals: Liverpool v Manchester |work=BBC Liverpool |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/liverpool/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8677000/8677547.stm}}</ref> The [[Lancashire Coalfield|Lancashire coalfield]] was also exploited, with many [[Coal mining|collieries]] opening. By 1971 Lancashire had a [[List of counties of England by population in 1971|population]] of 5,118,405, which made it the most heavily populated county in the United Kingdom after [[Greater London]].
==History==
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===Victorian era to late 20th century===
Since the [[Victorian era]], Lancashire has had multiple reforms of local government.<ref name=berrington>Berrington, E., ''Change in British Politics'', (1984)</ref> In 1889, the [[administrative counties of England|administrative county]] of Lancashire was created, covering the greater part of the county. Multiple [[county borough]]s were outside the [[county council]] control
During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urban with [[County Borough of Warrington|Warrington]] (1900), [[County Borough of Blackpool|Blackpool]] (1904) and [[County Borough of Southport|Southport]] (1905) becoming county boroughs, with many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs – [[Lees Urban District]] formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref name=maudwood>Lord Redcliffe-Maud and Bruce Wood. English Local Government Reformed. (1974)</ref> Lancaster, the historic [[county town]], became a city in 1937.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beckett |first1=John |date=2008 |title=Lancaster becomes a city, 1937 |url=https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/157-9-Beckett.pdf |journal=
The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. By the [[census]] of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK.<ref name="highsheriffs.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.highsheriffs.com/Lancashire/LancashireHistory.htm|title=High Sheriff – Lancashire County History|work=highsheriffs.com|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819222224/http://www.highsheriffs.com/Lancashire/LancashireHistory.htm|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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Some settlements within the historic county boundaries are in the ceremonial counties of [[West Yorkshire]], [[Cheshire]], [[Merseyside]], [[Greater Manchester]] and [[Cumbria]]:<ref name="George_D" />{{Full citation needed|date=October 2022}}<ref name="lga1972" /><ref name="lancs_ancient_boundaries">[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10173000&c_id=10001043 Vision of Britain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001412/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10173000&c_id=10001043|date=1 October 2007}} – Lancashire ancient county boundaries</ref><ref name="politics_uk" /><ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10097848&c_id=10001043 Vision of Britain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001023302/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10097848&c_id=10001043|date=1 October 2007}} – Lancashire boundaries 1974</ref><ref name="chandler">Chandler, J., ''Local Government Today'', (2001)</ref><ref name="Youngs">Youngs. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Volume 2. Northern England</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="
|-
! scope="column" | To ceremonial
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===Local government===
[[File:Arms of Lancashire County Council.svg|thumb|The [[coat of arms]] of [[Lancashire County Council]]]]
The ceremonial county of Lancashire is divided into fourteen [[Local authority district|local government district]]s. Twelve are part of the two-tier [[non-metropolitan county]] of Lancashire, which is administered by [[Lancashire County Council]] and twelve district councils. [[Lancashire County Council]] is based in [[County Hall, Preston|County Hall]] in [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], and has 84 councillors.<ref>"Opening of the new Town-Hall at Preston". ''The Times''. 15 September 1882</ref> The council has been controlled by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] since the [[2017 Lancashire County Council election|2017 Lancashire County Council elections]]; the [[2021 Lancashire County Council election|2021 elections]] they won 48 seats, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] won 32, and the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] and the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] won two each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Lancashire County |title=Previous elections |url=https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/elections/previous-elections/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Lancashire.gov.uk}}</ref> The twelve districts of the non-metropolitan county are [[Burnley (borough)|Burnley]], [[Chorley (borough)|Chorley]], [[Fylde (borough)|Fylde]], [[Hyndburn]], [[City of Lancaster|Lancaster]], [[Borough of Pendle|Pendle]], [[City of Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], [[Ribble Valley]], [[Borough of Rossendale|Rossendale]], [[South Ribble]], [[West Lancashire]], and [[Borough of Wyre|Wyre]].<ref name="vob_lancs_divisions">[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10097848 Vision of Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235607/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10097848|date=30 September 2007}} – Divisions of Lancashire</ref><ref>[http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/lancashire_handbook/districts_of_lancashire/index.asp Lancashire County Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070415113304/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/lancashire_handbook/districts_of_lancashire/index.asp|date=15 April 2007}} – Lancashire districts</ref>
[[Borough of Blackpool|Blackpool]] and [[Blackburn with Darwen]] are [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities]], meaning their councils combine the functions of a district and county council. They were formed in 1996, before which each district was part of the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 1996 |title=The Lancashire (Boroughs of Blackburn and Blackpool) (Structural Change) Order 1996 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1868/part/II/made |website=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> Both authorities currently have a majority Labour administration.
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=== Symbols ===
{{See also|Flag of Lancashire}}[[File:Lancashire County Flag.svg|thumb|The flag designed to represent
The [[Red Rose of Lancaster]] is the [[county flower]] found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the [[House of Lancaster]], immortalised in the verse "In the battle for England's head/[[House of York|York]] was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-century [[Wars of the Roses]]).
A flag consisting of a red rose on a gold field
An alternative flag consists of a red rose on a white field. This design had already been registered by [[Montrose, Angus|Montrose]] in Scotland.<ref>{{cite news |last=Visser |first=Chris |date=29 July 2008 |title=Lancashire flag is all yellow |url=http://www.lep.co.uk/news/Lancashire-flag-is-all-yellow.4333614.jp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801170733/https://www.lep.co.uk/news/Lancashire-flag-is-all-yellow.4333614.jp |archive-date=1 August 2008 |newspaper=Lancashire Evening Post}}</ref>
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The Football League now operates out of Preston.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.efl.com/-more/all-about-the-efl/contact-us/ |title=Contact Us |website=English Football League |access-date=2018-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913185551/https://www.efl.com/-more/all-about-the-efl/contact-us |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[National Football Museum]] was founded at [[Deepdale]], [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] in 2001, but moved to Manchester in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-18725667|title=Why football museum moved to Manchester|last=Airey|first=Tom|date=2012-07-06|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202100648/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-18725667|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Seven professional full-time teams were based in Lancashire at the start of the
* [[
* [[Football League
* [[Football League
The county's most prominent football rivalries are the [[East Lancashire derby]] between Blackburn Rovers and Burnley, and the [[West Lancashire derby]] between Blackpool and Preston North End.
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Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of [[ballad]]ry, including perhaps the finest [[border ballad]], "[[The Ballad of Chevy Chase]]", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale.<ref name="Gregory2006"/> The county was also a common location for [[folk song]]s, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many [[sea shanties]], including "[[The Leaving of Liverpool]]" and "[[Maggie May (traditional song)|Maggie May]]",<ref>J. Shepherd, D. Horn, and D. Laing, ''Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World'' (London: Continuum, 2003), {{ISBN|0-8264-7436-5}}, p. 360</ref> beside several local [[Wassailing]] songs.<ref name="Gregory2006">D. Gregory, ''The Songs of the People for Me'': The Victorian Rediscovery of Lancashire Vernacular Song', ''Canadian Folk Music/Musique folklorique canadienne'', 40 (2006), pp. 12–21</ref> In the [[Industrial Revolution]] changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work.<ref name=Lancsfolk/> These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the [[Wakes Week]] festivities, and types of [[step dance]], most famously [[clog dancing]].<ref name=Lancsfolk>''Lancashire Folk'', http://www.lancashirefolk.co.uk/Morris_Information.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310014202/http://www.lancashirefolk.co.uk/Morris_Information.htm |date=10 March 2010 }}, retrieved 16 February 2009</ref><ref name="Boyes1993">G. Boyes, ''The Imagined Village: Culture, Ideology, and the English Folk Revival'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), 0-71902-914-7, p. 214</ref>
A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar [[James Orchard Halliwell]],<ref>E. D. Gregory, ''Victorian Songhunters: the Recovery and Editing of English Vernacular Ballads and Folk Lyrics, 1820–1883'' (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2006), {{ISBN|0-8108-5703-0}}, p. 248</ref> but it was not until the second [[folk revival]] in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including [[industrial folk song]], began to gain attention.<ref name="Boyes1993"/> The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in [[Ewan MacColl]], but also a local champion in [[Harry Boardman]], who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county.<ref>''Folk North West'', {{cite web|url=http://www.folknorthwest.co.uk/harry_boardman.htm |title=Harry Boardman |access-date=2009-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212123824/http://folknorthwest.co.uk/harry_boardman.htm |archive-date=12 February 2009 }}, retrieved 16 February 2009</ref> Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group [[The Spinners (UK band)|the Spinners]], and from Manchester folk troubadour [[Roy Harper (singer)|Roy Harper]] and musician, comedian and broadcaster [[Mike Harding]].<ref name=Frame1999/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dirtylinen.com/feature/50harper.html|title=Roy Harper|date=February–March 1994 |work=Dirty Linen |first1=John C. |last1=Falstaff |access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=21 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021215750/http://www.dirtylinen.com/feature/50harper.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>S. Broughton, M. Ellingham and R. Trillo, ''[https://
====Classical music====
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[[Liverpool]], both during its time in Lancashire and after being moved to the new county of [[Merseyside]], has produced a number of successful musicians. This includes pop stars such as [[Frankie Vaughan]] and [[Lita Roza]], as well as rock stars such as [[Billy Fury]], who is considered to be one of the most successful [[British rock|British rock and roll]] stars of all time.<ref name=Frame1999>P. Frame, ''Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'Roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland'' (London: Music Sales Group, 1999), {{ISBN|0-7119-6973-6}}, pp. 72–6</ref> Many Lancashire towns had vibrant [[skiffle]] scenes in the late 1950s, out of which a culture of [[Beat (music)|beat]] groups emerged by the early 1960s, particularly around Liverpool and [[Manchester]]. It has been estimated that there were at least 350 bands—including [[the Beatles]]—active in and around Liverpool during this era, playing ballrooms, concert halls, and clubs.<ref>A. H. Goldman, ''The Lives of John Lennon'' (A Capella, 2001), {{ISBN|1-55652-399-8}}, p. 92</ref> A number of Liverpool performers followed the Beatles into the charts, including [[Gerry & the Pacemakers]], [[The Searchers (band)|the Searchers]], and [[Cilla Black]].
The first musicians to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool or managed by Beatles manager [[Brian Epstein]] were Manchester's [[Freddie and the Dreamers]],<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/20/ufreddie.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/05/20/ixnews.html {{"'}}Dreamers' star Freddie Garrity dies"]{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''Daily Telegraph'', 20 May 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2007</ref> with [[Herman's Hermits]] and [[the Hollies]] also hailing from Manchester.<ref>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''[https://
The towns of [[Accrington]], [[Burnley]], [[Chorley]], [[Clitheroe]], [[Colne]], [[Lytham St Annes]], [[Morecambe]], [[Nelson, Lancashire|Nelson]], [[Ormskirk]] and [[Skelmersdale]] as well as the cities of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] and [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] are referenced in the 1991 song, "[[It's Grim Up North]]" by the band [[the KLF]].
===Cuisine===
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* [[Black peas]], also known as parched peas: popular in [[Darwen]], [[Bolton]] and [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]].
* Bury [[black pudding]] has long been associated with the county. The most notable brand, Chadwick's Original Bury Black Puddings, are still sold on [[Bury Market]],<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/article1080357.ece | title= Food detective: Bury black pudding | first= Sheila | last= Keating | newspaper= The Times | date= 11 June 2005 | access-date= 14 October 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110614235443/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/article1080357.ece | archive-date= 14 June 2011 | url-status=
* Butter cake: slice of bread and butter.
* [[Butter pie]]: a savoury pie containing potatoes, onion and butter. Usually associated with [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]].
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=== Radio ===
[[BBC Local Radio]] for the county is served by [[BBC Radio Lancashire]] which broadcast from its studios in [[Blackburn]], [[BBC Radio Merseyside]] can be heard in southern parts, [[BBC Radio Manchester]] in the east and [[BBC Radio Cumbria]] in the north. County-wide commercial stations are [[Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire]], [[Capital Manchester and Lancashire]], [[Heart North West]], and [[Smooth North West]]. Community based stations are [[Beyond Radio]] (covering northwestern Lancashire), [[Pendle Community Radio]] (serving the [[Borough of Pendle|Pendle]] area), [[Rossendale Radio]] (for [[Borough of Rossendale|Rossendale]]), and [[Central Radio (Lancashire)|Central Radio]] (for [[The Fylde]], [[City of Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], Leyland and Chorley areas of Lancashire).
=== Newspapers ===
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