Content deleted Content added
| (37 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Eschatology of the Abrahamic religions and Zoroastrianism}}
▲{{redirect|Final Judgment}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
[[File:Cathédrale d'Amiens, façade - détail.JPG|thumb|upright=1.75|The final judgment of sinners by [[Jesus Christ]]; carving on the central portal of [[Amiens Cathedral]], [[France]].]]
The '''Last Judgment''', '''Final Judgment''', '''Day of Reckoning''', '''Day of Judgment''', '''Judgment Day''', '''Doomsday''', '''Day of Resurrection''' or '''The Day of the Lord''' ({{
[[Christianity]] considers the [[Second Coming]] of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] to entail the final judgment by [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]] of all people who have ever lived,<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08552a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: General Judgment]: "Few truths are more often or more clearly proclaimed in Scripture than that of the general judgment. To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the '[[Day of the Lord]]' ({{bibleverse||Joel|2:31}}; {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|13:5}}; 93-231700-6 register Holy BIBLE service name number Jermaine Thomas McCoy 93-231700-6 {{bibleverse||Isaiah|2:12}}), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment by the Fathers. In the New Testament the [[Parousia]], or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrine. The Saviour Himself not only foretells the event but graphically portrays its circumstances ({{bibleverse||Matthew|24:27}} sqq.; SGT john 1:18 Parish all world threw Justice hall Dean Jermaine Thomas McCoy {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|25:31}} sqq.). The Apostles Malachi peter phophet labour give a most prominent place to this doctrine in their preaching ({{bibleverse||Acts|10:42}}; {{bibleverse-nb||Acts|17:31}}) and writings ({{bibleverse||Romans|2:5–16}}; {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|14:10}}; {{bibleverse|1|Corinthians|4:5}}; {{bibleverse|2|Corinthians|5:10}}; {{bibleverse|2|Timothy|4:1}}; {{bibleverse|2|Thessalonians|1:5}}; {{bibleverse||James|5:7}}). Besides the name Parusia (parousia), or Advent ({{bibleverse|1|Corinthians|15:23}}; {{bibleverse|2|Thessalonians|2:19}}), the Second Coming is also called Epiphany, epiphaneia, or Appearance ({{bibleverse|2|Thessalonians|2:8}}; {{bibleverse|1|Timothy|6:14}}; {{bibleverse|2|Timothy|4:1}}; {{bibleverse||Titus|2:13}}), and [[Apocalypse]] (apokalypsis), or Revelation ({{bibleverse|2|Thessalonians|2:7}}; {{bibleverse|1|Peter|4:13}}). The time of the Second Coming is spoken of as "that Day" ({{bibleverse|2|Timothy|4:8}}), "the day of the Lord" ({{bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|5:2}}), "the day of Christ" ({{bibleverse||Philemon|1:6}}), "the day of the Son of Man" ({{bibleverse||Luke|17:30}}), "the last day" ({{bibleverse||John|6:39–40}}). Belief in the [[general judgment]] has prevailed at all times and in all places within the Church. It is contained as an article of faith in all the ancient creeds: "He ascended into heaven. From thence He shall come to judge the living and the dead" ([[Apostles' Creed]]). "The two shall come again with glory to judge both the living and the dead" ([[Nicene Creed]]). "From thence they shall come to judge the living and the dead, at whose coming all men must rise with their bodies and are to render an account of their deeds" ([[Athanasian Creed]]). Relying on the authority of [[Papias of Hierapolis|Papias]], several [[Church Fathers|Fathers of the church]] of the first four centuries advanced the theory of a [[Millennium|thousand years]]' terrestrial reign of Christ with the saints to precede the end of the World. Although this idea is interwoven with the [[Christian eschatology|eschatological]] teachings of those writers, it in no way detracted from their belief in a universal world-judgment. Patristic testimony to this dogma is clear and unanimous."</ref> resulting in the approval of some and the penalizing of most. The concept is found in all the [[canonical gospels]], particularly in the [[Gospel of Matthew]]. The Christian tradition is also followed by [[Islam]], where it is mentioned in many chapters of the [[Quran]], according to some interpretations.
The Last Judgment has inspired numerous artistic depictions, including painting, sculpture and evangelical work.
Line 27 ⟶ 25:
====Anglicanism and Methodism====
''Article IV – Of the Resurrection of Christ'' in Anglicanism's [[Thirty-Nine Articles|Articles of Religion]] and ''Article III – Of the Resurrection of Christ'' of Methodism's [[Articles of Religion (Methodist)|Articles of Religion]] state that:<ref name=AnglicanArticles>{{cite web|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1928/Articles.htm|title=Articles of Religion, As established by the Bishops, the Clergy, and the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in Convention, on the twelfth day of September, in the Year of our Lord, 1801|year=1801|publisher=[[Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America]]|access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=MethodistArticles>{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/the-articles-of-religion-of-the-methodist-church|title=The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church|year=1784|publisher=[[The United Methodist Church]]|access-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928045447/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/the-articles-of-religion-of-the-methodist-church|archive-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{
[[Anglican doctrine|Anglican]] and [[Methodist theology]] holds that "there is an [[Intermediate state (Christianity)|intermediate state]] between death and the [[resurrection of the dead]], in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward."<ref>{{cite book|last=Holden|first=George |title=The Anglican Catechist: Manual of Instruction Preparatory to Confirmation |year=1855|publisher=Joseph Masters|location=London |pages=40|quote=We are further taught by it that there is an intermediate state between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Swartz|first=Alan |title=United Methodists and the Last Days|date=20 April 2009|publisher=Hermeneutic|quote=Wesley believed that when we die we will go to an Intermediate State (Paradise for the Righteous and Hades for the Accursed). We will remain there until the Day of Judgment when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see Matthew 25).}}</ref> This space, termed [[Hades in Christianity|Hades]], is divided into [[Paradise]] (the [[Bosom of Abraham]]) and [[Gehenna]] "but with an impassable gulf between the two".<ref name="Cook1883">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Joseph |title=Advanced thought in Europe, Asia, Australia, &c |publisher=Richard D. Dickinson |year=1883 |location=London, England |page=41 |quote=Anglican orthodoxy, without protest, has allowed high authorities to teach that there is an intermediate state, Hades, including both Gehenna and Paradise, but with an impassable gulf between the two.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=The country is called Hades. That portion of it which is occupied by the good is called Paradise, and that province which is occupied by the wicked is called Gehenna.|last=Withington |first=John Swann |title=The United Methodist Free Churches' Magazine |year=1878|publisher=Thomas Newton |location=London |page=685}}</ref> [[Soul in the Bible|Souls]] remain in Hades until the Last Judgment and "Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment".<ref name="Shields2009">{{cite book|last=Shields|first=Charles|title=Philosophia Ultima|date=2009-05-01|publisher=Applewood Books|isbn=9781429019644|page=184|quote=Some Anglican divines, from like premises, have surmised that Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment.}}</ref><ref name="Crowther1813">{{cite book |last=Crowther |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.org/details/atrueandcomplet00crowgoog |title=A True and Complete Portraiture of Methodism |publisher=Daniel Hitt and Thomas Ware |year=1813 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atrueandcomplet00crowgoog/page/n209 195] |quote=The Methodists believe in a state of separate spirits after death, a general resurrection, a day of judgment, and a state of eternal happiness and eternal misery. They believe in a state of separate spirits. The bodies of men, after death, return to dust and see corruption; but their souls neither die nor sleep, but have an immortal subsistence, and immediately 'return to God who gave them'. The souls of the righteous, being made perfect, are received into paradise, where they are with Christ in unspeakable felicity, waiting for the full redemption of their bodies.}}</ref>
Line 49 ⟶ 47:
1039 In the presence of Christ, who is Truth itself, the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare (Cf. Jn 12:49). The Last Judgment will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life.
1040 The Last Judgment will come when Christ returns in glory. Only the Father knows the day and the hour; only he determines the moment of its coming. Then through his Son Jesus Christ he will pronounce the final word on all history. We shall know the ultimate meaning of the whole work of creation and of the entire economy of salvation and understand the marvelous ways by which his Providence led everything towards its final end. The Last Judgment will reveal that God's justice triumphs over all the injustices committed by his creatures and that God's love is stronger than death. (Cf. Song 8:6)<ref>{{cite book |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church #1038–1041|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>
The Eastern Orthodox and Catholic teachings of the Last Judgment differ only on the exact nature of the in-between state of [[purgatory]]/[[Abraham's Bosom]]. These differences may only be apparent and not actual due to differing theological terminology and evolving tradition.
Line 71 ⟶ 69:
=====Hymnography=====
[[File:Poulakis Theodoros - The Hymn to the Virgin, "Eπί Σοί Xαίρει" ("In Thee Rejoiceth...") - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|[[Theodore Poulakis]] ''[[In Thee Rejoiceth (Poulakis)|The Hymn to the Virgin with Last Judgment]]'', 1622]]
The theme of the Last
====Cretan School====
There were many renditions of the Last
Other Greek painters followed the precedent set by Klontzas. [[Theodore Poulakis]] added the last judgment to his rendition of Klontzas' ''[[In Thee Rejoiceth (Poulakis)|In Thee Rejoiceth]]''. The painter incorporated the Last Judgement into one of Klontzas' earlier works entitled ''[[In Thee Rejoiceth (Klontzas)|In Thee Rejoiceth]]''. Poulakis
====Lutheranism====
Line 89 ⟶ 87:
Although the Last Judgment is believed by a great part of Christian mainstream churches; some members of [[Esoteric Christianity|Esoteric Christian]] traditions like the [[Essenes]], [[Rosicrucian]]s, the [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualist movement]], and some [[Liberal theism|liberals]] instead believe in a form of [[universalism|universal]] [[salvation]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
[[Max Heindel]], a Danish-American astrologer and mystic, taught that when the [[Second Coming of Christ|Day of Christ]] comes, marking the end of the current fifth or Aryan epoch, the human race will have to pass a final examination or last judgment, where, as in the ''Days of Noah'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teachings of an Initiate, by Max Heindel, Chapters I through IX |url=https://www.rosicrucian.com/tin/tineng01.htm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.rosicrucian.com}}</ref> the chosen ones or pioneers, the ''sheep'', will be separated from the ''goats'' or stragglers,<ref>Cf. {{
===Swedenborgian===
Line 119 ⟶ 117:
{{Main|Judgement Day in Islam}}
{{Further|Akhirah|Resurrection in Islam}}
Belief in Judgment Day ({{
[[File:Ibn arabi judgement day.svg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.5|Diagram of "Plain of Assembly" (''Ard al-Hashr)'' on the Day of Judgment, from an autograph manuscript of ''Futuhat al-Makkiyya'' by [[Sufism|Sufi mystic]] and [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosopher]] [[Ibn Arabi]], {{Circa|1238}}. Shown are the 'Arsh ([[Throne of God]]), pulpits for the righteous (al-Aminun), seven rows of [[angel]]s, [[Gabriel]] (al-Ruh), A'raf (the Barrier), the [[Pond of Abundance]], al-Maqam al-Mahmud (the Praiseworthy Station; where Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful), Mizan (the Scale), [[As-Sirāt]] (the Bridge), [[Jahannam]] (Hell), and [[Jannah|Marj al-Jannat]] (Meadow of Paradise).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wescoat |first1=James L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC |title=Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects |last2=Wolschke-Bulmahn |first2=Joachim |date=1996 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-235-0 |pages=229–231 |language=en}}</ref>]]
According to some Islamic teachings, there are two categories of heaven: those who go directly to it and those who enter it after enduring some torment in hell; Also, the people of hell are of two categories: those who stay there temporarily and those who stay there forever.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
;Similarities to the Judgement Day of Christianity
Like Christianity, [[Islamic eschatology]] has a time of tribulation preceding Judgement Day where strange and terrible events will serve as portents; there will be a second coming of [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] (but in different roles); battles with an [[AntiChrist]] (Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl, literally "Deceitful Messiah"<ref name="Farhang Dajjal 2017">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Farhang |author-first=Mehrvash |year=2017 |title=Dajjāl |translator-last=Negahban |translator-first=Farzin |editor1-last=Madelung |editor1-first=Wilferd |editor2-last=Daftary |editor2-first=Farhad |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_035982 |issn=1875-9823}}</ref>) and struggles with [[Gog and Magog]]; and a [[Rapture]]-like removal of all righteous believers before the end. A "[[Day of Resurrection]]" of the dead (''yawm al-qiyāmah''), will be announced by a trumpet blast.<ref name="Amini-trumpet">{{cite book |last1=Amini |first1=Ibrahim |title=Resurrection in the Quran |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/resurrection-maad-quran-ibrahim-amini/signs-judgment-day |access-date=19 April 2022 |chapter=Signs of Judgement Day, Blowing of the Trumpet|date=13 January 2015 }}</ref> Resurrection will be followed by a "Day of Judgment" (''yawm ad-din'') where all human beings who have ever lived will be held accountable for their deeds by being judged by God. Depending on the verdict of the judgement, they will be sent for eternity to either the reward of paradise (''[[Jannah]]'') or the punishment of hell (''[[Jahannam]]'').<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Jafor |title=Similarities and Dissimilarities between Islam and Christianity |url=https://www.academia.edu/3716864 |website=Academia |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
;Salvation and damnation
In this process, the souls will traverse over hellfire<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Ghazali |title=The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife |year=1989 |pages=205–210}}</ref> via the bridge of [[As-Sirāt|sirat]]. For sinners, the bridge will be thinner than hair and sharper than the sharpest sword, impossible to walk on without falling below to arrive at their fiery destination,<ref name=Leviton>{{cite book |last1=Leviton |first1=Richard |title=The Mertowney Mountain Interviews|date=16 July 2014 |publisher=iUniverse|page=59 |isbn=9781491741290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhhOBAAAQBAJ&q=sirat+as+thin+as+a+hair+and+as+sharp+as+the+sharpest+knife&pg=PA59 |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> while the righteous will proceed across the bridge to paradise (''[[Jannah]]'').
Not everyone consigned to hell will remain there. Somewhat like the Catholic concept of [[purgatory]], sinful Muslims will stay in hell until purified of their sins. According to the scholar Al-Subki (and others), "God will take out of the Fire everyone who has said the testimony" (i.e. the ''shāhada'' testimony made by all Muslims, "There is no
;Literal or figurative interpretation
Line 133 ⟶ 132:
==In Jainism==
In [[Jainism]], there is no day of judgement as such. Jains believe, however, that as the 5th era comes to an end, evil will increase and the religion and good will decrease. Only four [[Jains]] will remain in the world: a monk, a female monk, a [[shravak]] and a shravika
==In Zoroastrianism==
{{
''Frashokereti'' is the [[Zoroastrian]] doctrine of a final renovation of the universe, when evil will be destroyed, and everything else will be then in perfect unity with God ([[Ahura Mazda]]).
The doctrinal premises are (1) good will eventually prevail over evil; (2) creation was initially perfectly good, but was subsequently corrupted by evil; (3) the world will ultimately be restored to the perfection it had at the time of creation; (4) the "salvation for the individual depended on the sum of [that person's] thoughts, words and deeds, and there could be no intervention, whether compassionate or capricious, by any divine being to alter this." Thus, each human bears responsibility for their own fate, and simultaneously shares in the responsibility for the fate of the world.<ref name="Boyce">{{citation |last=Boyce |first=Mary |title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC |pages=27–29 |year=1979 |location=London, England |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-415-23902-8 |author-link=Mary Boyce}}.</ref>
==In Yarsanism==
In [[Yarsanism]] is a belief that people [[Reincarnation|reincarnate]] until the Day of Resurrection when the last reincarnation occurs and pious people will be separated from sinful. God will forgive sins of pious souls and they will be rewarded with two paradises to which they will be sent according to what they look for. If they look for worldly pleasures, they will be sent to a mortal paradise, where they will perish one day. If they look for the [[Mysticism|mystical]] joy, then they will be sent to the immortal paradise, where they will live in the presence of God. Sinners will go to hell. <ref name=":0">{{citation |last=Hamzee |first=M. Rezaa |title=The Yaresan : a sociological, historical, and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community, Islamkundliche Untersuchungen |url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/iud/content/structure/1330754|pages=128–129 |year=1990 |location=Berlin, Germany |publisher=Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, 138|isbn=9783922968832|author-link=}}.</ref>
==Crack of doom==
Line 153 ⟶ 155:
==Music==
*[[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''Extremum Dei Judicium'' H.401, Oratorio for soloists, chorus, 2 treble instruments, and bc. (1680)
*[[Giacomo Carissimi]], ''Extremum Dei Judicium,'' for 3 chorus, 2 violins and organ.
*[[Tomoya Ohtani]], Last Judgment from [[Sonic Forces]] Original Soundtrack: A Hero Will Rise.
Line 181:
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Hatzidakis |first1= Manolis |last2= Drakopoulou |first2= Evgenia|title=Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450-1830). Τόμος 2: Καβαλλάρος - Ψαθόπουλος |trans-title= Greek Painters after the Fall of Constantinople (1450-1830). Volume 2: Kavallaros - Psathopoulos |location= Athens |publisher=Center for Modern Greek Studies, National Research Foundation |year=1997 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10442/14088 |isbn=960-7916-00-X
*{{cite book |last= Siopis |first= Ioannis |date= 2016 |title=Το θέμα της Δευτέρας Παρουσίας στις Εικόνες|trans-title= A Detailed History of the Second Coming (Last Judgment) in Greek Paintings (Greek)|url=http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/286872/files/GRI-2017-18191.pdf|location= Thessaloniki, Greece |publisher=Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Philosophy Division of Archaeology and History |page=|isbn= }}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:The four last things/Part 2|The Last Judgment]] |title=The four last things: death, judgment, hell, heaven|year=1899|publisher= Benziger Brothers|first=Martin of|last=Cochem|author-link=Martin of Cochem}}
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion/Seventh Article|Seventh Article: 'From thence He shall come to judge the living and the dead.'
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/LXIII. The Last Judgment|The Last Judgment]]|title=A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture|year=1910|publisher=B. Herder|first=Friedrich Justus|last=Knecht}}
*{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Divine Judgment |volume=8 |first=John Ambrose |last=McHugh}}
*{{cite book |chapter=[[s:
==External links==
Line 197 ⟶ 198:
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Last Judgment| ]]
[[Category:Biblical phrases]]
[[Category:Book of Revelation]]
| |||
