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The paramount chief of Ngati Toa was Te Peehi Kupe Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Disambiguation links added |
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{{Short description|Māori chief and war leader of Ngāti Toa (1760s–1849)}}
{{
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}{{Infobox military person
| name = Te Rauparaha
| birth_date = c.1768
| death_date = 27 November 1849 (age 80–81)
| birth_place = [[Kawhia Harbour|Kāwhia]], [[Waikato]]
| death_place = [[Ōtaki, New Zealand|Ōtaki]], [[Colony of New Zealand]]
| placeofburial = [[Rangiātea Church]], [[Ōtaki, New Zealand|Ōtaki]], probably reinterred on [[Kapiti Island]]
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}}
'''Te Rauparaha''' (c.1768 – 27 November 1849)<ref name="NZDictionary">{{cite web|last=Oliver|first=Steven|title=Te Rauparaha – Biography|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1t74/1|publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Te Rauparaha – New Zealand in History|url=http://history-nz.org/rauparaha.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=history-nz.org}}</ref> was a [[Māori people|Māori]] [[rangatira]], [[warlord]], and [[Tribal chief|chief]] of the [[Ngāti Toa]] [[iwi]]. One of the most powerful military leaders of the [[Musket Wars]], Te Rauparaha fought a war of conquest that greatly expanded Ngāti Toa southwards, receiving the epithet "the Napoleon of the South". He remains one of the most prominent and celebrated New Zealand historical figures.
Born in [[Kawhia Harbour|Kāwhia]] in the 1760s, he participated in land sale and negotiations with the [[New Zealand Company]] at the beginning of the [[History of New Zealand|colonisation of New Zealand]]. Te Rauparaha's conquests eventually extended Ngāti Toa authority from Miria-te-kakara at [[Rangitikei District|Rangitikei]] to [[Wellington]], and across [[Cook Strait]] to [[Wairau River|Wairau]] and [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]].<ref name="nzetc">[NZETC: HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF THE MAORIS OF THE WEST COAST, NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND, PRIOR TO 1840 – Ngati-Ira of Port Nicholson. p408-410]</ref>
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An early signatory to the [[Treaty of Waitangi]], Te Rauparaha was later central to the [[Wairau Affray]] in the [[Marlborough District]], considered by many to be the first of the conflicts in the [[New Zealand Wars]]. Before he died he directed the building of [[Rangiātea Church]] in [[Ōtaki, New Zealand|Ōtaki]], a town north of [[Wellington]] conquered by Ngāti Toa.
Te Rauparaha's legacy lies in his transformation of Ngāti Toa from a small regional tribe to one of the richest and most powerful in Aotearoa, permanently changing Māori tribal structures.<ref>Steven Oliver. 'Te Rauparaha', Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in 1990. Te Ara
== Early days ==
Te Rauparaha's mother was Parekōwhatu (Parekōhatu) of the [[Ngāti Raukawa]] [[iwi]] and his father was Werawera of [[Ngāti Toa]].<ref name="NZDictionary" /> He is thought to have been born in the late 1760s
== Migration ==
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== Trade and further conquest ==
Following the Battle of Waiorua, Te Rauparaha began a series of almost annual campaigns into the South Island with the object in part of seizing the sources of the valuable mineral [[Pounamu|greenstone]]. Between 1827 and 1831 he was able to extend the control of
During this period [[Pākehā]] [[whaling]] stations became established in the region with Te Rauparaha's encouragement and the participation of many Māori. Some Māori women married Pākehā whalers and a lucrative two-way trade of supplies for muskets was established, thereby increasing Te Rauparaha's [[Mana (Oceanian mythology)|mana]] and military strength. By the early 1830s Te Rauparaha had defeated a branch of the Rangitane iwi in the Wairau Valley and gained control over that area.
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Te Rauparaha died on 27 November 1849.
Te Rauparaha composed "[[Ka Mate]]" while hiding on Motuopihi Island in [[Lake Rotoaira]] as a celebration of life over death after his lucky escape from pursuing enemies.<ref name="Pomare">{{cite encyclopedia| last = Pōmare | first = Mīria | url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/NgatiToarangatira/4/ENZ-Resources/Standard/2/en | title = Ngāti Toarangatira – Chant composed by Te Rauparaha | encyclopedia = Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand | publisher = [[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] | date = 12 February 2014 | access-date = 31 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Guidelines>{{cite web | url = http://www.ngatitoa.iwi.nz/wp-content/uploads/PhotoGallery/2010/09/Haka-Ka-Mate-Guidelines_Final2.pdf | title = Haka Ka Mate Attribution Act 2014 Guidelines | publisher = [[Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment]] | access-date = 31 August 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160123115113/http://www.ngatitoa.iwi.nz/wp-content/uploads/PhotoGallery/2010/09/Haka-Ka-Mate-Guidelines_Final2.pdf | archive-date = 23 January 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Motuopihi Island |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/31558/motuopuhi-island |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Te Ara
Te Rauparaha's son Tāmihana was strongly influenced by missionary teaching,<ref name="ES1">{{cite web |last=Stock |first=Eugene |date=1913 |title=The Story of the New Zealand Mission |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/stock1913/ |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="April1851">{{cite web |title=The Church Missionary Gleaner, April 1851 |url=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1850-1851_13/2 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 October 2015 |work=New-Zealand Chiefs in Committee Drawing Up a Reply to the Society's Jubilee Letter |publisher=[[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> especially Octavius Hadfield. He left for England in December 1850 and was presented to Queen Victoria in 1852. After his return he was one of the Māori to create the idea of a [[Māori King Movement|Māori king]]. However he broke away from the king movement and later became a harsh critic when the movement became involved with the Taranaki-based anti-government fighter [[Wiremu Kingi]].<ref name="NZDictionary" />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Te Rauparaha}}
[[Category:
[[Category:1849 deaths]]
[[Category:Military leaders of the New Zealand Wars]]
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