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{{Short description|Software company in Canada}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Psion PLC
| logo = Psion historisch logo.svg
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| key_people = John Hawkins, ([[Chairman]])<br/>John Conoley ([[CEO]])<br/>David Potter
| industry = [[Computer]]s
| products = Workabout Pro 3, NEO, Ikôn, Omnii XT10,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blickenstorfer |first1=Conrad |title=Psion Teklogix Omnii XT10 |url=https://www.ruggedpcreview.com/3_handhelds_psion_omnii.html |website=ruggedpcreview.com |publisher=Rugged PC review |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Omnii XT10 Support |url=https://www.zebra.com/us/en/support-downloads/mobile-computers/handheld/omnii-xt10.html |website=zebra.com |publisher=Zebra |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Motorola Omnii XT15 Mobile Handheld Computer |url=https://www.barcodesinc.com/motorola/xt15.htm |website=barcodesinc.com |publisher=Barcodes, Inc.}}</ref> EP10,<ref>{{cite web |title=Psion EP10 Specifications Sheet [English] |url=http://www.pulster.de/info/psion/ep10/psion-ep10-specifications-sheet-english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701034741/http://www.pulster.de/info/psion/ep10/psion-ep10-specifications-sheet-english.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-01 |url-status=live |website=Pulster.de |publisher=Psion |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Conrad |last1=Blickenstorfer |title=Psion Teklogix Omnii EP10 |url=https://www.ruggedpcreview.com/3_handhelds_psion_ep10.html |website=ruggedpcreview.com |publisher=Rugged PC review |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> 8500 Series vehicle mount devices
| revenue = [[Pound sterling|£]]170 million (2009)
| num_employees = 900 (2010)
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Psion's operational business was formed in September 2000 from a merger of Psion and Canadian-based Teklogix Inc., and was a global provider of solutions for mobile computing and wireless data collection. The Group's products and services included rugged [[mobile computer|mobile hardware]], secure [[software]] and [[wireless network]]s, professional services, and support programs. Psion worked with its clients in the area of burgeoning technologies, including [[imaging]], [[Speech recognition|voice recognition]], and [[radio-frequency identification]] (RFID). They had operations worldwide in 14 countries, and customers in more than 80 countries.
Formed in 1980, Psion first achieved success as a consumer hardware company that developed the [[Psion Organiser]] and a wide range of more sophisticated [[clamshell design|clamshell]] [[personal digital assistant]]s (PDAs). Psion either closed or disposed of all its prior operations and then focused on rugged mobile computing systems. It withdrew from the consumer device market in 2001.<ref name=IrishTimes>{{cite news |date=11 July 2001 |title= Psion slides as it exits consumer market |url= https://www.irishtimes.com/news/psion-slides-as-it-exits-consumer-market-1.389955 |work=IrishTimes |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> [[Motorola Solutions]] announced in June 2012 that it had agreed to acquire Psion for $200 million.<ref name=engadget>{{cite news |last=Figas |first=Jon |date=15 June 2012 |title=Motorola Solutions buys Psion for $200 million |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/15/motorola-buys-psion-for-200-million/ |work=Engadget |access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref>
==History==
=== Beginnings (1980–1984) {{anchor|Early development}} ===
Psion was established in 1980 as a software house with a close relationship with [[Sinclair Research]]. The company developed games and other software for the [[
[[File:Psion 5mx 17o06.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Psion 5mx]]▼
▲Psion was established in 1980 as a software house with a close relationship with [[Sinclair Research]]. The company developed games and other software for the [[Sinclair ZX81|ZX81]] and [[ZX Spectrum]] [[home computer]]s, released under the Sinclair/Psion brand. Psion's games for the ZX Spectrum included ''Chess'', ''[[Chequered Flag (video game)|Chequered Flag]]'', ''[[Flight Simulation (Psion software)|Flight Simulation]]'' and the [[Horace series|''Horace'' series]]. Psion Chess was later ported to other platforms, including the early Macintosh in 1984.<ref name = "history">{{cite news
| first= Steve
| last= Litchfield
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| access-date = 2008-12-27}}
</ref>
[[File:2005-04-16 Psion Serie 5mx PRO 24MB beschn unscharf scharf.JPG|thumb|left|320px|Psion 5mx Pro]]▼
Early software releases for the ZX Spectrum included titles such as VU-Calc, VU-File and [[VU-3D]] along with dozens of other titles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekpub.cgi?regexp=^Psion+Software+Ltd$&loadpics=1|title = World of Spectrum - Psion Software Ltd}}</ref>▼
▲Early software releases for the ZX Spectrum included titles such as VU-Calc, VU-File and [[VU-3D]], along with dozens of other titles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekpub.cgi?regexp=^Psion+Software+Ltd$&loadpics=1|title = World of Spectrum - Psion Software Ltd}}</ref>
The company name is an acronym standing for "Potter Scientific Instruments", after the company's founder, [[David E. Potter|David Potter]]. The acronym [[PSI (disambiguation)#As an abbreviation|PSI]] was already in use elsewhere in the world so "ON" was added to make the name PSION unique. David Potter remained managing director until 1999 and was chairman of the company until late 2009.▼
▲The company name is an acronym standing for "Potter Scientific Instruments", after the company's founder, [[David E. Potter|David Potter]]. The acronym [[PSI (disambiguation)#As an abbreviation|PSI]] was already in use elsewhere in the world so "ON" was added to make the name
In early 1983, Sinclair approached Psion regarding the development of a suite of office applications for the forthcoming [[Sinclair QL]] [[personal computer]]. Psion were already working on a project in this area and the QL was launched in 1984, bundled with ''Quill'', ''Archive'', ''Abacus'' and ''Easel''; respectively a [[word processor]], [[database]], [[spreadsheet]], and business graphics application. These were later ported to [[DOS]] and were made available for the IBM PC and ACT Sirius and Apricot computers, collectively called ''PC-Four'', or ''Xchange''<ref name="pcw198410">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1984-10/page/180/mode/2up |title=Straight Xchange |work=Personal Computer World |date=October 1984 |access-date=4 November 2020 |last1=Bright |first1=Peter |pages=180–182}}</ref> in an enhanced version.<ref name= history />▼
▲In early 1983, Sinclair approached Psion regarding the development of a suite of office applications for the forthcoming [[Sinclair QL]] [[personal computer]]. Psion were already working on a project in this area, and when the QL was launched in 1984
=== Psion Organiser (1984) {{anchor|The Psion Organiser}} ===
[[File:Psion Organiser 2.gif|thumb|right|140px|Psion Organiser II]]▼
{{Main|Psion Organiser}}
In 1984, Psion first entered the hardware market with the [[Psion Organiser]], an early handheld computer, in appearance resembling a pocket calculator with an alphanumeric [[computer keyboard]]. In 1986, the vastly improved Psion Organiser II was released, and was assembled by Speedboard Assembly Services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.speedboard.co.uk/about/30-years-quality-electronic-manufacturing-services/ |title=Note UK |website=Speedboard Assembly Services}}</ref> Its success led the company into a decade long period of ''Psion'' Computer and operating system development. It included the simple-to-use [[Open Programming Language]] (OPL) for database programming, which sparked a large independent software market.
===EPOC (1987)===
▲In 1984, Psion first entered the hardware market with the [[Psion Organiser]], an early handheld computer, in appearance resembling a pocket calculator with an alphanumeric [[computer keyboard]]. In 1986, the vastly improved Psion Organiser II was released, and was assembled by Speedboard Assembly Services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.speedboard.co.uk/about/30-years-quality-electronic-manufacturing-services/ |title=Note UK |website=Speedboard Assembly Services}}</ref> Its success led the company into a decade long period of ''Psion'' Computer and operating system development. It included the simple-to-use [[Open Programming Language]] (OPL) for database programming, which sparked a large independent software market. In 1987, Psion began developing its ''SIxteen Bit Organiser'' (SIBO) family of devices and its own new multitasking operating system named [[EPOC (operating system)|EPOC]], to run its third generation product, Laptops (MC), industrial handhelds (HC and Workabout) and PDA (Series 3) products.<ref name=history/>
{{Main|EPOC (operating system)}}
In 1987, Psion began developing its ''SIxteen Bit Organiser'' (SIBO) family of devices and its own new multitasking operating system named [[EPOC (operating system)|EPOC]], to run its third generation product, Laptops (MC), industrial handhelds (HC and Workabout) and PDA (Series 3) products.<ref name=history/>
It is often rumoured that EPOC stands for "Electronic Piece Of Cheese" however Colly Myers, who was Symbian's CEO from founding until 2002,<ref>{{cite news
| last= Frankal
| first= Elliot
| date= 2005-09-04
| title= Ask and it shall be texted to you
| url =https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/sep/04/theobserver.observerbusiness8
| work = The Observer
| access-date = 2008-12-27
}}
</ref> said in an interview that it stood for 'epoch' and nothing more. This development effort produced the clamshell QWERTY-based [[Psion Series 3]] palmtops (1993–98), which sold in the hundreds of thousands, and the Psion MC-series laptops, which sold poorly compared to the DOS-based laptops of the era.
A second effort, dubbed Project Protea, produced the Psion [[Psion 5|Series 5]] for sale in 1997, a completely new product from the 32-bit hardware upwards through the OS, UI, and applications.<ref name=history/> It is still remembered for its high quality keyboard which, despite its size, allowed for touch-typing. However, the new feel of the product, and the removal of certain familiar quirks, alienated loyal Series 3 users, who tended to stick with their PDAs rather than upgrade. In 1999, Psion released the [[Psion Series 7]], which was much like a larger version of the Series 5, but with a double-size VGA-resolution screen that featured 256 colours (the Series 5 had a half-VGA screen with 16 grey shades). It was followed by the very similar [[Psion netBook]].▼
▲[[File:2005-04-16 Psion Serie 5mx PRO 24MB beschn unscharf scharf.JPG|thumb
▲A second effort, dubbed Project Protea, produced the Psion [[Psion 5|Series 5]] for sale in 1997, a completely new product from the 32-bit hardware upwards through the OS, UI, and applications.<ref name=history/> It is still remembered for its high quality keyboard which, despite its size, allowed for touch-typing. However, the new feel of the product, and the removal of certain familiar quirks, alienated loyal Series 3 users, who tended to stick with their PDAs rather than upgrade
In 1999, Psion released the [[Psion Series 7]], which was much like a larger version of the Series 5, but with a double-size VGA-resolution screen that featured 256 colours (the Series 5 had a half-VGA screen with 16 grey shades). It was followed by the very similar [[Psion netBook]].
Psion was being challenged by the arrival of cheaper PDAs such as the [[Palm Pilot]], and PocketPCs running Microsoft's [[Windows CE]], and in 2003, Psion released a Netbook Pro running Windows CE .NET 4.2 instead of EPOC.
=== Symbian and telephony (1998) {{anchor|Symbian and telephony}} ===
The 32-bit EPOC developed by Project Protea resulted in the eventual formation of [[Symbian Ltd.]] in June 1998 in conjunction with [[Nokia]], [[Ericsson]] and [[Motorola]].<ref name=history /> The OS was renamed the [[Symbian OS|Symbian Operating System]] and was envisioned as the base for a new range of [[smartphone]]s. Psion
Psion had previously sought to expand into mobile telephony itself, having engaged in talks to acquire [[Amstrad]] – mainly for its Dancall subsidiary – in 1996. Although Amstrad's owner and founder, Alan Sugar, had reportedly been seeking to sell the entire business, no agreement could apparently be made on a price or on "a plan for the disposal of the other parts of the Amstrad Group". This setback left Psion promising "to introduce GSM-based products during 1997". Meanwhile, Psion did license EPOC to [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] so that the system could be ported to Digital's [[StrongARM]] processor.<ref name="acornuser199610_amstrad">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/AcornUser173-Oct96/page/n8/mode/1up | title=Psion, StrongARM, GSM and the Amstrad factor | magazine=Acorn User | date=October 1996 | access-date=1 July 2022 | pages=9 }}</ref>
The development of new and updated products by Psion slowed after the Symbian spin-off. Other products failed or had limited success;
Psion had sold its sole manufacturing plant in 1999 and started to withdraw from its PDA markets in late 2001,<ref>
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| first= Mark
| last= Needham
| title= We Remembered Psion and Wept
| date= February 19, 2004
| publisher= PC Pro
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|format=PDF}}</ref> shedding 250 of 1,200 staff and writing-off £40 million. The PDA, which was once a niche market, had become a global horizontal marketplace where it was difficult for Psion to compete. The final blow for Psion's Organiser and PDA business came in January 2001 when Motorola pulled out of a joint project with Psion, Samsung, and Parthus, to create "Odin", an ARM-based PDA-phone.<ref name= history/>
In 2000, Psion acquired [[Teklogix]]
| title= Psion buys Teklogix
| date= 2000-07-12
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/830005.stm
| work = BBC News
| access-date = 2008-12-27
}}
</ref>
In 2002, Psion launched the Psion Software division. This business developed [[push email]] solutions for Symbian smartphones, [[Microsoft Exchange Server|Microsoft Exchange]] and [[Lotus Notes]]. This business was sold to Visto of the United States in 2003.
In 2004, Psion disposed of the company's remaining Symbian shareholding to
=== Last years (2010–2012) ===
In its last years, Psion made tailored and customized modular variants of its products through its online community, Ingenuity Working. Launched in March 2010, Ingenuity Working had more than 35,000 visitors per month within its first six months.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Psion Launches IngenuityLive! as IngenuityWorking.com Marks Six Month Anniversary with Huge Industry Participation Rates
|date=2010-10-19
|url=http://www.psion.com/uk/resource-centre/news_2010_psion-launches-ingenuitylive.htm
|access-date=2011-10-19
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201014310/http://www.psion.com/uk/resource-centre/news_2010_psion-launches-ingenuitylive.htm
|archive-date=2013-02-01
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=November 2022}}
In January 2011, the launched a new logo, simultaneously removing Teklogix from its operating company name
|title=Psion Removes "Teklogix" Name and Refreshes Corporate Identity
|date=2011-01-31
|url=http://www.psion.com/resource-centre/news_2011_psion-removes-teklogix-name-and-refreshes-corporate-identity.htm
|access-date=2011-01-31
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201065000/http://www.psion.com/resource-centre/news_2011_psion-removes-teklogix-name-and-refreshes-corporate-identity.htm
|archive-date=2013-02-01
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
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== ''Netbook'' trademark litigation {{anchor|Psion and the term Netbook}} ==
Psion registered the trademark ''Netbook'' in various territories, including the [[European Union]]<ref>[https://euipo.europa.eu/eSearch/#details/trademarks/000428250
[[Intel]] started using the term ''[[netbook]]'' in March 2008 as a generic term to describe "small laptops that are designed for wireless communication and access to the Internet", believing they were "not offering a branded line of computers here" and "see no naming conflict".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.intel.com/technology/2008/03/thoughts_on_netbooks.php |title=Paul Bergevin - VP and GM of Intel's Global Communication Group}}</ref>
In response to the growing use of the term, on 23 December 2008 Psion Teklogix sent cease and desist letters<ref>[http://jkontherun.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/psion-letter.jpg Psion Cease and Desist Letter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326131612/http://jkontherun.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/psion-letter.jpg |date=2009-03-26}}</ref> to various parties including enthusiast website(s) demanding they no longer use the term "''netbook''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jkontherun.com/2008/12/23/netbook-enthusiast-web-sites-getting-c-d-using-term-netbook/ |title=jkOnTheRun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2008/dec/24/psion-netbook-threats |title=Psion threatens netbook sites over trademarks|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=24 December 2008 }}</ref>
In early 2009, [[Intel]] sued [[Psion Teklogix]] (US & Canada) and Psion (UK) in the Federal Court, seeking a cancellation of the trademark and an order enjoining Psion from asserting any trademark rights in the term "netbook", a declarative judgement regarding their use of the term, attorneys' fees, costs and disbursements and "such other and further relief as the Court deems just and proper".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2009/02/16/IntelvPsion.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304075553/http://www.courthousenews.com/2009/02/16/IntelvPsion.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 |url-status=live |title=Complaint for Injunctive Relief, Declaratory Judgment & Cancellation of Federal Trademark}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2009/02/16/Intel_Wants_Netbook_Trademark_Canceled.htm |title=Intel Wants 'Netbook' Trademark Canceled}}</ref> The suit was settled out of court, and on June 2, 2009, Psion announced that the company was withdrawing all of its trademark registrations for the term "Netbook" and that Psion agreed to "waive all its rights against third parties in respect of past, current or future use" of the term.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10253210-92.html |title=Psion, Intel settle 'Netbook' trademark dispute |access-date=3 March 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408033900/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10253210-92.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Similar marks were rejected by the [[USPTO]] citing a "likelihood of confusion" under section 2(d), including 'G NETBOOK' ({{US trademark|77527311}} rejected 31 October 2008), [[Micro-Star International]]'s (MSI) 'WIND NETBOOK' ({{US trademark|77580272}}) and [[Coby Electronics Corporation|Coby Electronics]]' 'COBY NETBOOK' ({{US trademark|77590174}} rejected 13 January 2009)
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== Integration with Linux {{anchor|Psion and the term Netbook}} ==
Psion had a lengthy, but distant, interest in [[Linux]] as an [[operating system]] on its electronic devices. In 1998, it supported the Linux7K project that had been initiated by Ed Bailey at [[Red Hat]], which was to port Linux to its Series 5 personal computer.<ref>
{{cite news
| first= Marc Ambasna
| last= Jones
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| access-date = 2007-06-17}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| first= Marc Ambasna
| last= Jones
| title= Mobile Linux for Psion pressures Win CE
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</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|first=Werner
|last=Almesberger
|title=Linux in the pocket - The Linux-7k project
|year=1999
|publisher=Linux Symposium
|location=Ottawa, ON, CA
|url=http://www.linuxsymposium.org/1999/pocket.php
|access-date=2007-06-17
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704041518/http://www.linuxsymposium.org/1999/pocket.php
|archive-date=2007-07-04
}}
</ref> The project was named after the Cirrus Logic PS-7110 chip of the Series 5. Although this project was one of the earliest attempts to port Linux to a handheld computer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Maddox |first=Paul |date=May 4, 2000 |title=Linux for handhelds: fact or fiction? |work=LinuxToday |publisher=eWeek |url=http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/channels/pda/features/linuxforhandhelds.html |access-date=2007-06-17}}</ref> it did not come to fruition for Psion. The project soon transitioned to an informal [[open-source software]] project at Calcaria.net that kept the name Linux7K. After the project transitioned again to sourceforge.net, the project's name was changed to a more general name ''PsiLinux'', and later to ''OpenPsion''. The project has developed Linux [[Kernel (operating system)|kernels]] and [[file system]]s for the [[Psion Revo|Revo]], [[Psion Series 5|Series 5 and 5MX]], and [[Psion Series 7|Series 7 and netBook]].
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{{cite news
| last= Kewney
| first= Guy
| date= February 9, 2004
| title= Psion looks past Windows to Linux as Nokia buys Symbian
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| access-date = 2007-06-17}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| first= Chris
| last= Partridge
| title= Psion prepares the way for the one true OS
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| access-date = 2007-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930194340/http://www.vnunet.com/computing/comment/2071752/psion-prepares-way-true |archive-date=2007-09-30}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| last= Kewney
| first= Guy
| date= February 2004
| title= What Will Become the Next Scion of Psion?
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}}
</ref> However, the only result of that interest was Linux as the operating system on a limited number of custom NetBook Pros designed for a hospital setting.<ref>
{{cite news
| last= Glover
| first= Tony
| |||
