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{{emotion}}
[[File:Allegory of Pride Met DP888806.jpg|thumb|Allegory of pride, from {{Circa|1590}}–1630, engraving, 22.3 cm × 16.6 cm, in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)]]
'''Pride''' is defined by the [[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary as "reasonable [[self-esteem]]" or "confidence and satisfaction in oneself".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pride | title=pride | website=Merriam-Webster | access-date=3 September 2022 | archive-date=3 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903201629/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pride | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Oxford Dictionary of English|Oxford]] dictionary defines it as "the quality of having an excessively high opinion of oneself or one's own importance."<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Oxford Dictionary of English|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1998}}</ref> Pride may be related to one's own abilities or achievements, positive characteristics of friends or family, or [[National pride|one's country]]. [[Richard Taylor (philosopher)|Richard Taylor]] defined pride as "the justified [[Self-love|love of oneself]]",<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first= Richard|title=Restoring Pride: The Lost Virtue of Our Age|isbn=9781573920247|year=1995|publisher=Prometheus Books}}</ref> as opposed to false pride or [[narcissism]]. Similarly, [[St. Augustine]] defined it as "the love of one's own excellence",<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Augustine of Hippo]] |url=http://freespace.virgin.net/angus.graham/DeAmore4.htm |title=De amore|volume=IV |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105090845/http://freespace.virgin.net/angus.graham/DeAmore4.htm |archive-date=5 November 2008|quote=Est autem superbia amor proprie excellentie, et fuit initium peccati superbia.|lang=la }}</ref> and [[Meher Baba]] called it "the specific feeling through which [[egoism]] manifests."<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Meher Baba|last=Baba|first=Meher|year=1967|title=Discourses|volume=2|location=San Francisco|publisher=Sufism Reoriented|page=72|isbn=978-1880619094}}.</ref>
[[Philosopher]]s and [[social psychology|social psychologists]] have noted that pride is a complex secondary emotion that requires the development of a [[sense of self]] and the mastery of relevant conceptual distinctions (e.g. that pride is distinct from happiness and joy) through language-based interaction with others.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite journal | last1 = Sullivan | first1 = G.B. | year = 2007 | title = Wittgenstein and the grammar of pride: The relevance of philosophy to studies of self-evaluative emotions | journal = New Ideas in Psychology | volume = 25 | issue = 3| pages = 233–252 | doi = 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2007.03.003 }}</ref> Some social psychologists identify the nonverbal expression of pride as a means of sending a functional, automatically perceived signal of high social status.<ref name="Shariff">{{cite journal |last1=Shariff |first1=Azim F. |last2=Tracy |first2=Jessica L. |title=Knowing who's boss: Implicit perceptions of status from the nonverbal expression of pride |journal=Emotion |year=2009 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=631–639 |doi=10.1037/a0017089 |pmid=19803585 }}</ref>
Pride may be considered the opposite of
While some philosophers such as [[Aristotle]] (and [[George Bernard Shaw]]) consider pride (but not hubris) a profound [[virtue]], some world [[religion]]s consider pride's fraudulent form<ref>{{Citation |title=LGBTQ |date=2024-10-21 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=en}}</ref> a [[sin]],
==Etymology==
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== Ancient Greek philosophy ==
[[Aristotle]] identified pride ({{transliteration|grc|megalopsuchia}}, variously translated as proper pride, the greatness of soul and magnanimity)<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]|author=[[Aristotle]]|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-4#chapter-4-1-2 IV.2–3]}}</ref> as the crown of the virtues, distinguishing it from vanity, temperance
{{blockquote|By a high-minded man we seem to mean one who claims much and deserves much: for he who claims much without deserving it is a fool; but the possessor of a virtue is never foolish or silly. The man we have described, then, is high-minded. He who deserves little and claims little is temperate [or modest], but not high-minded: for high-mindedness [or greatness of soul] implies greatness, just as beauty implies stature; small men may be neat and well proportioned, but cannot be called beautiful.<ref name=TNE4.3>{{cite book|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]|author=[[Aristotle]]|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-4#chapter-4-1-3 IV.3]}}</ref>}}
He concludes then that,
{{blockquote|High-mindedness, then, seems to be the crowning grace, as it were, of the virtues; it makes them greater, and cannot exist without them. And on this account it is a hard thing to be truly high-minded; for it is impossible without the union of all the virtues.{{r|TNE4.3}} }}
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== Psychology ==
Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that
=== Emotion ===
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Pride as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Oveis | first1 = C. | last2 = Horberg | first2 = E. J. | last3 = Keltner | first3 = D. | year = 2010 | title = Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 98 | issue = 4| pages = 618–630 | doi = 10.1037/a0017628 | pmid=20307133| citeseerx = 10.1.1.307.534 }}</ref>
Pride involves exhilarated pleasure and a feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud".<ref>Weiner, 1985</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and {{clarify|reason=what's that?|text=outward promotion|date=September 2023}}. Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused and appetitive effort to prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance the quality and flexibility of the effort expended.<ref>Fredrickson, 2001</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and altruism.<ref>Bagozzi ''et al.''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}
=== Economics ===
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=== Sin and self-acceptance ===
{{See also|Self-esteem#Contingent vs. non-contingent}}
[[File:Pride, Jacob Matham.png|thumb|180px|''Pride, from the Seven Deadly Sins'' by [[Jacob Matham]] {{Circa|1592}}
Inordinate self-esteem is called "pride".<ref name="oed-151185">{{cite web |title=pride|at= n.1 |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151185 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] Online |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907090311/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151185 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |quote=A high, esp. an excessively high, opinion of one's own worth or importance which gives rise to a feeling or attitude of superiority over others; inordinate self-esteem.}}</ref> Classical Christian theology views pride as being the result of high self-esteem, and thus{{non sequitur|reason=|text=|date=September 2023}} high self-esteem was viewed as the primary human problem, but beginning in the 20th century, "[[humanistic psychology]]" diagnosed the primary human problem as low self-esteem stemming from a lack of belief in one's "true worth". [[Carl Rogers]] observed that most people "regard themselves as worthless and unlovable." Thus, they lack self-esteem.<ref name=Cooper2003>{{cite book|first=Terry D.|last=Cooper|title=Sin, Pride & Self-Acceptance: The Problem of Identity in Theology & Psychology|publisher=InterVarsity Press|location=Chicago|year=2003}}</ref>{{rp|40, 87, 95}}
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Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe the human condition. He examines and compares the [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]]-[[Reinhold Niebuhr|Niebuhrian]] conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the [[humanistic psychology]] position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self.{{r|Cooper2003}}
He considers that the work of certain neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, namely [[Karen Horney]], and
Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem:
<blockquote>
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Types of pride across the world seem to have a broad variety. The difference of type may have no greater contrast than that between the U.S. and China.{{ambiguous|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Conghui |last2=Li |first2=Jing |last3=Chen |first3=Chuansheng |last4=Wu |first4=Hanlin |last5=Yuan |first5=Li |last6=Yu |first6=Guoliang |title=Individual Pride and Collective Pride: Differences Between Chinese and American Corpora |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=19 May 2021 |volume=12 |pages=513779 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.513779 |pmid=34093292 |pmc=8170025 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the U.S., individual pride {{clarify|reason=I don't think this verb works that way|text=tends|date=September 2023}} and seems to be held more often in thought. The people in China seem to hold {{clarify|reason=what are greater views?|text=greater views|date=September 2023}} for the nation as a whole.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robson |first1=David |title=How East and West think in profoundly different ways |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways |work=BBC Future |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101191918/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways |url-status=live }}</ref>
The value of pride in the individual or the society as a whole seems to be a running theme and debate among cultures.<ref name="Van Osch Breugelmans Zeelenberg Fontaine 2013">{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592746.003.0026 |chapter=The meaning of pride across cultures |title=Components of Emotional Meaning |year=2013 |last1=Van Osch |first1=Yvette M. J. |last2=Breugelmans |first2=Seger M. |last3=Zeelenberg |first3=Marcel |last4=Fontaine |first4=Johnny R. J. |pages=377–387 |isbn=978-0-19-959274-6 }}</ref> This debate shadows the discussion on pride so much so that perhaps the discussion on pride
Pride has gained a lot of negative recognition in the western cultures largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by the Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that it was recognized by a Christian Monk named Evagrius Ponticus in the fourth century as one of the evils human beings should resist. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glausser |first=Wayne |date=2018-03-22 |title=The Seven Deadly Sins |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0006 |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0006}}</ref>
=== German ===
[[File:The Father and Mother.jpg|alt=|thumb|''The Father and Mother'' by [[Boardman Robinson]] depicting [[War]] as the [[offspring]] of [[Greed]] and Pride
{{Main|German nationalism}}
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{{Main|Vanity}}
[[File:Jheronimus Bosch Table of the Mortal Sins (Superbia).jpg|thumb|left|Detail of "Pride" in ''[[The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things]]'' by [[Hieronymus Bosch]]]]
In conventional parlance, vanity sometimes is used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one's appearance, attractiveness, and dress, and is thus not the same as pride.
[[File:Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg|thumb|"The Fallen Angel" (1847) by [[Alexandre Cabanel]], depicting [[Lucifer]]]]
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In many religions, vanity is considered a form of self-[[idolatry]], in which one rejects God for the sake of one's own [[image]], and thereby becomes divorced from the [[Divine grace|grace]]s of [[God]]. The stories of [[Lucifer]] and [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]] (who gave us the term [[narcissism]]), and others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity.
In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a [[peacock]], and in [[Bible|Biblical]] terms, by the [[Whore of Babylon]]. During the [[Renaissance]],
[[File:Allisvanity.jpg|thumb|upright|"All Is Vanity" by [[C. Allan Gilbert]], evoking the inevitable decay of life and beauty toward death]]Often depicted is an inscription on a scroll that reads {{lang|la|Omnia Vanitas}} ("All is Vanity"), a quote from the Latin translation of the Book of [[Ecclesiastes]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Hall|title=Dictionary of Subjects & Symbols in Art|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1974|page=318}}</ref> Although that phrase—itself depicted in a type of still life called [[vanitas]]—originally referred not to an obsession with one's appearance, but to the ultimate fruitlessness of man's efforts in this world, the phrase summarizes the complete preoccupation of the subject of the picture. "The artist invites us to pay [[lip service (disambiguation)|lip-service]] to condemning her", writes [[Edwin Mullins]], "while offering us full permission to drool over her. She admires herself in the glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her."<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Edwin Mullins|first=Edwin|last=Mullins|title=The Painted Witch: How Western Artists Have Viewed the Sexuality of Women|location=New York|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc.|year=1985|pages=62–63}}</ref> The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the non-allegorical one of a reclining [[Venus (god)|Venus]].
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{{Portal|Philosophy|Psychology}}
* {{annotated link|[[Confidence]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Dignity]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Dunning–Kruger effect]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Grandiose delusions]]}}
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