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{{emotion}}
[[File:Allegory of Pride Met DP888806.jpg|thumb|Allegory of pride, from {{Circa|1590}}–1630, engraving, 22.3 cm × 16.6 cm, in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)]]
'''Pride''' is defined by the [[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary as "reasonable [[self-esteem]]" or "confidence and satisfaction in oneself".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pride | title=pride | website=Merriam-Webster | access-date=3 September 2022 | archive-date=3 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903201629/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pride | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Oxford Dictionary of English|Oxford]] dictionary defines it as "the quality of having an excessively high opinion of oneself or one's own importance."<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Oxford Dictionary of English|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1998}}</ref> Pride may be related to one's own abilities or achievements, positive characteristics of friends or family, or [[National pride|one's country]]. [[Richard Taylor (philosopher)|Richard Taylor]] defined pride as "the justified [[Self-love|love of oneself]]",<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first= Richard|title=Restoring Pride: The Lost Virtue of Our Age|isbn=9781573920247|year=1995|publisher=Prometheus Books}}</ref> as opposed to false pride or [[narcissism]]. Similarly, [[St. Augustine]] defined it as "the love of one's own excellence",<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Augustine of Hippo]] |url=http://freespace.virgin.net/angus.graham/DeAmore4.htm |title=De amore|volume=IV |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105090845/http://freespace.virgin.net/angus.graham/DeAmore4.htm |archive-date=5 November 2008|quote=Est autem superbia amor proprie excellentie, et fuit initium peccati superbia.|lang=la }}</ref> and [[Meher Baba]] called it "the specific feeling through which [[egoism]] manifests."<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Meher Baba|last=Baba|first=Meher|year=1967|title=Discourses|volume=2|location=San Francisco|publisher=Sufism Reoriented|page=72|isbn=978-1880619094}}.</ref>
 
[[Philosopher]]s and [[social psychology|social psychologists]] have noted that pride is a complex secondary emotion that requires the development of a [[sense of self]] and the mastery of relevant conceptual distinctions (e.g. that pride is distinct from happiness and joy) through language-based interaction with others.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite journal | last1 = Sullivan | first1 = G.B. | year = 2007 | title = Wittgenstein and the grammar of pride: The relevance of philosophy to studies of self-evaluative emotions | journal = New Ideas in Psychology | volume = 25 | issue = 3| pages = 233–252 | doi = 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2007.03.003 }}</ref> Some social psychologists identify the nonverbal expression of pride as a means of sending a functional, automatically perceived signal of high social status.<ref name="Shariff">{{cite journal |last1=Shariff |first1=Azim F. |last2=Tracy |first2=Jessica L. |title=Knowing who's boss: Implicit perceptions of status from the nonverbal expression of pride |journal=Emotion |year=2009 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=631–639 |doi=10.1037/a0017089 |pmid=19803585 }}</ref>
 
Pride may be considered the opposite of [[shame]] or of [[humility]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/pride |title=PRIDE synonyms |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref> sometimes as proper or as a [[virtue]], and sometimes as corrupt or as a [[vice]]. With a positive connotation, ''pride'' refers to a content sense of attachment toward one's own or another's choices and actions, or toward a whole [[social group|group of people]], and is a product of [[praise]], independent [[self-reflection]], and a fulfilled feeling of [[belongingness|belonging]]. Other possible objects of pride are [[Racial pride|one's ethnicity]], and one's [[sexual identity|sex identity]] (for example, [[LGBT pride]]). With a negative [[connotation]], ''pride'' refers to a foolishly<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hubris|title=hubris|website=Merriam-Webster|access-date=3 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406134932/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hubris|archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> and irrationally corrupt sense of one's personal value, [[social status|status]], or accomplishments,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pride and Authenticity|last=Steinvorth|first=Ulrich|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=9783319341163|location=Cham|pages=10}}</ref> used [[synonym]]ously with [[hubris]].
 
While some philosophers such as [[Aristotle]] (and [[George Bernard Shaw]]) consider pride (but not hubris) a profound [[virtue]], some world [[religion]]s consider pride's fraudulent form<ref>{{Citation |title=LGBTQ |date=2024-10-21 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=en}}</ref> a [[sin]], such as is expressedseen in [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] {{bibleverse|Proverbs|11:2|nobook=yes}} of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. In Judaism, pride is called the root of all evil. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or [[magnanimity]], but when viewed as a vice, it is often known to be self-[[idolatry]], sadistic contempt, [[vanity]], or vainglory.
 
==Etymology==
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== Ancient Greek philosophy ==
[[Aristotle]] identified pride ({{transliteration|grc|megalopsuchia}}, variously translated as proper pride, the greatness of soul and magnanimity)<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]|author=[[Aristotle]]|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-4#chapter-4-1-2 IV.2–3]}}</ref> as the crown of the virtues, distinguishing it from vanity, temperance, and humility, thus:
{{blockquote|By a high-minded man we seem to mean one who claims much and deserves much: for he who claims much without deserving it is a fool; but the possessor of a virtue is never foolish or silly. The man we have described, then, is high-minded. He who deserves little and claims little is temperate [or modest], but not high-minded: for high-mindedness [or greatness of soul] implies greatness, just as beauty implies stature; small men may be neat and well proportioned, but cannot be called beautiful.<ref name=TNE4.3>{{cite book|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]|author=[[Aristotle]]|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-4#chapter-4-1-3 IV.3]}}</ref>}}
 
He concludes then that,
{{blockquote|High-mindedness, then, seems to be the crowning grace, as it were, of the virtues; it makes them greater, and cannot exist without them. And on this account it is a hard thing to be truly high-minded; for it is impossible without the union of all the virtues.{{r|TNE4.3}} }}
 
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== Psychology ==
Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that which it cognizes and evaluates, is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with.<ref name=":1" /> The field of psychology classifies it with [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]] and [[shame]] as a [[Self-conscious emotions|self-conscious emotion]] that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Environmental Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech|url-access=limited|last1=Bechtel|first1=Robert|last2=Churchman|first2=Arza|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2002|isbn=978-0471405948|location=Hoboken, N.J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech/page/n562 547]}}</ref> Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it. There is a lack of research that addresses pride, perhaps because it is despised as well as valued in the individualist [[western culture|West]], where it is experienced as pleasurable.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Positive Psychology in Search for Meaning|last=Leontiev|first=Dmitry|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781138806580|location=Oxon|pages=100}}</ref>
 
=== Emotion ===
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Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe the human condition. He examines and compares the [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]]-[[Reinhold Niebuhr|Niebuhrian]] conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the [[humanistic psychology]] position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self.{{r|Cooper2003}}
 
He considers that the work of certain neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, namely [[Karen Horney]], and {{clarify|text=offers promise in dealing with|date=September 2023}}addressing what he callsdescribes as a "deadlock between the overvalued and undervalued self".{{r|Cooper2003|pages=112–13}}
Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem:
<blockquote>
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