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{{Slavery}}
'''Slavery in Spain'''
Spanish slavery can be traced to the Phoenician and Roman eras. In the 9th century the Muslim Moorish rulers and local Jewish merchants traded in Spanish and Eastern European Christian slaves.{{cn|date=October 2024}} After the "discovery" of the "[[New World]]", the Spanish colonialists decided to use it for commercial production and mining because of the absence of trading networks.<ref name=EltisBradley2011 /> The [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population was used for this labor but they died in large numbers as a result of war, diseases, exploitation and social disruptions.<ref name=EltisBradley2011 /> Meanwhile, the need for labor expanded, such as for the production of [[sugarcane]].<ref name="EltisBradley2011">{{cite book|author1=David Eltis|author2=Keith Bradley|author3=Paul Cartledge|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804|date=25 July 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84068-2|pages=331–332–333}}</ref> The problem of the justness of Indian slavery was a key issue for the Spanish Crown. [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] was concerned about the fate of the natives and argued in 1516 that white and black slaves should be imported to the Indies to replace the [[Amerindians]].<ref name=EltisBradley2011 /> African slaves did have certain advantages over native slaves as being resistant to European diseases and more familiarity with agricultural techniques.<ref name=EltisBradley2011 /> This preference led to the development of the [[Atlantic Slave Trade]].<ref name=EltisBradley2011 />
==
▲Generally, these slaves were used for services and employed in various ways such as employment "in domestics, artisans an assistance of all kinds".{{sfn |Phillips |2014 |page=23}} In the time frame of the Roman times to the Middle Ages, the percentage of the slave population was minimal. "Slaves probably made up less than 1 percent of the population in Spain."{{sfn |Phillips |2014 |page=11}} "Slavery was cross-cultural and multi-ethnic" and,{{sfn |Phillips |2014 |page=14}} in addition to that, slavery played an important role in the development of the economy for Spain and other countries.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Phillips|first1=William D. |title=Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia|date=2014|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press}}</ref>
=== Roman laws===
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===Slavery in Al-Andalus===
{{See also|Slavery in Al-Andalus}}
[[File:Targ niewolnikow w Kordowie.jpg|thumb|
[[File:02019 1103 Eiserne Fesseln des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts, Neu-Niekohr.jpg|thumb|Iron restraints, 11th or 12th century, from Neu Niekohr]]
During the [[Al-Andalus]] (also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia), the [[Moors]] controlled much of the peninsula. They imported white Christian slaves from the 8th century until the end of the [[Reconquista]] in the late 15th century. The slaves were exported from the Christian section of Spain, as well as Eastern Europe (''[[Saqaliba]]''), sparking significant reaction from many in Christian Spain and many Christians still living in Muslim Spain. The Muslims followed the same technique as Romans to capture slaves; seeking cities to ally with them. Soon after, Muslims were successful, taking 30,000 Christian captives from Spain. In the eighth century slavery lasted longer due to “frequent cross-border skirmishes, interspersed between periods of major campaigns.” By the tenth century, Byzantine Christians in the eastern Mediterranean were captured by Muslims. Many of the raids designed by Muslims were created for the fast capture of prisoners. Therefore, Muslims restricted control in order to keep captives from fleeing. The Iberian peninsula served as a base for further exports of slaves into other Muslim regions in Northern Africa.<ref name="Constable">Trade and traders in Muslim Spain, Fourth Series, Cambridge University Press, 1996.</ref>
At the time of the formation of Al-Andalus, Mozarabs and Jews were allowed to remain and retain their slaves if they paid a head tax for themselves and half-value for the slaves. However, non-Muslims were prohibited from holding Muslim slaves, and so if one of their slaves converted to Islam, they were required to sell the slave to a Muslim. Mozarabs were later, by the 9th and 10th centuries, permitted to purchase new non-Muslim slaves via the peninsula's established slave trade.<ref name=":0" />
The saqaliba slavery during the [[Caliphate of Cordoba]] is the perhaps most well known in Al-Andalus. The slaves of the Caliph were often European [[saqaliba]] slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. Male saqaliba could be given work in a number of tasks, such as offices in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), while female saqaliba were placed in the harem.<ref>{{cite book | last=Scales | first=P.C. | title=The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict | publisher=E.J. Brill | series=Medieval Iberian Peninsula / Medieval Iberian Peninsula | year=1993 | isbn=978-90-04-09868-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-Wvg__iHPAC&pg=PA66 | access-date=2021-04-20 | page=66}}</ref>
The harem could contain thousands of slave concubines; the harem of [[Abd al-Rahman I]] consisted of 6,300 women.<ref>{{cite book | last=Man | first=J. | title=Atlas of the Year 1000 | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-674-54187-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC&pg=PA72 | access-date=2021-04-20 | page=72}}</ref> They were appreciated for their light skin.<ref name="auto">{{cite book | last=Ruiz | first=A. | title=Vibrant Andalusia: The Spice of Life in Southern Spain | publisher=Algora Pub. | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-87586-541-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMBlwWbxq3kC&pg=PA35 | access-date=2021-04-20 | page=35}}</ref> The concubines ([[jawaris]]) were educated in accomplishments to please their master, and many became known and respected for their knowledge in a variety of subjects from music to medicine.<ref name="auto"/> A concubine who gave birth to a child attained the status of an ''[[umm walad]]'', which meant that they could no longer be sold and were to be set free after the death of their master.
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Christian states prohibited their Jewish and [[Mudéjar]] residents from owning Christian slaves. As an unintended consequence, this increased the Muslim slave-owners' resistance to assimilation, their faith being reinforced by exposure to slaves from countries where Islam was dominant.<ref name=":0" />
==Post-unification Spain==
After dynastic union of the [[Crown of Castile]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]] in 1479 under Catholic Monarchs, and with its formal establishment in 1492, Spain was united and slavery was performed under the same rules in all Spain.
===Enslavement of Africans===
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===Enslavement of indigenous Americans===
In February 1495, [[Christopher Columbus]] took captive over 1,500 [[Arawak]]s. About 550 of them were shipped to Spain as slaves, with about 40% dying en route.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dyson |first=John |title=Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory |url=https://archive.org/details/columbusforgoldg00dyso_0/ |publisher=Madison Press Books |isbn=978-0-670-83725-0 |year=1991 |pages=183, 190 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|
===Enslavement of Moors===
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===Treatment of slaves===
The treatment of slaves in Spain was thought{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} to be less harsh compared to other parts where slaves were held captive{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}. Individual slaves could over the time rise to a certain stature that could allow them to become free. However, the treatment of slaves differed with each slave owner, even though some laws protected slaves. The slave owners’ control was dependent on the notion that slaves would be harmful to their interests if they had more rights. It was also important to Spanish slave-owners that their slaves adopt Spanish names and accept Christianity as their religion. Spanish slaves who converted to Christianity were often treated less harshly, and had better opportunities to gain freedom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Phillips|first1=William D. Jr|title=The Middle Ages Series: Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia|date=November 2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=11}}</ref> As Christianity was the dominant faith in Spain, it was considered respectful for slaves to adopt this religion as their own and abandon their former religious beliefs. A willingness to comply with this conversion led to better treatment and a closer relationship between slaves and their owners. It also gave them a better chance of being accepted into Spanish society following their freedom.
===Slavery in colonial Spanish America===
[[File:Amaro Pargo.jpg|thumb|The Spanish [[Amaro Pargo]], who was one of the most famous privateers of the [[Golden Age of Piracy]], participated in the African slave trade in [[Hispanic America]].]]
This slave trade was carried out mainly by Spanish merchants as labor for sugar plantations and for domestic service in the American lands, especially in the [[Caribbean]] area.
The Spanish privateer and merchant [[Amaro Pargo]] (1678–1747) managed to transport slaves to the Caribbean, although, it is estimated, to a lesser extent than other captains and figures of the time dedicated to this activity.<ref name="amaropargoesclavitud_1">{{Cite web|url=https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2023/12/amaro-pargo-esclavitud/|title=Los destellos humanistas de Amaro Pargo contra la esclavitud|website=diariodeavisos.elespanol.com}}</ref> In 1710, the privateer was involved in a complaint by the priest Alonso García Ximénez, who accused him of freeing an African slave named Sebastián, who was transported to [[Venezuela]] on one of Amaro's ships. The aforementioned Alonso García granted a power of attorney on July 18, 1715, to Teodoro Garcés de Salazar so that he could demand his return in [[Caracas]]. Despite this fact, Amaro Pargo himself also owned slaves in his domestic service.<ref name="amaropargoesclavitud_1"/>
[[Slavery in Cuba]] remained legal until abolished by royal decree in 1886.
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*[[Debt bondage]]
*[[Human trafficking]]
*[[Maria Flores]]
==References==
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