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{{short description|Chinese rhyme dictionary}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Qieyun - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG|thumb|''Qieyun'' excerpt in the Chinese Dictionary Museum, [[Jincheng]], [[Shanxi]]]]▼
{{Infobox Chinese
|title = ''Qieyun''
|t=切韻
|s=切韵
|j=Cit3-wan6
|y=Chit-wahn▼
|ci={{IPAc-yue|c|it|3|.|w|an|6}}
|poj=Chhiat-ūn
|tl=Tshiat-ūn▼
|mc=Tshet-ɦɨun<sup>H</sup>
|p=Qièyùn
|w={{tonesup|Chʻieh4-yün4}}
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|q|ie|4|.|yun|4}}
|gr=Chiehyunn
|pic=Qieyun - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG
▲
▲|y=Chit-wahn
▲|tl=Tshiat-ūn
}}
The '''''Qieyun''''' ({{zh|t=切韻}}) is a
The ''Qieyun'' and later redactions, notably the ''[[Guangyun]]'', are important documentary sources used in the reconstruction of [[historical Chinese phonology]].
==History==
The book was created by Lu Fayan (Lu Fa-yen; {{lang|zh|陸法言
{{quotation|text=When it grew late and we had been drinking wine for most of the evening, we began discussing the sounds and the rhymes. Modern pronunciations are naturally varied; moreover, those who have written on the sounds and the rhymes have not always been in agreement. {{omission}}
So we discussed the rights and wrongs of the North and the South and the comprehensible and incomprehensible of the ancients and moderns. We wanted to select the precise and discard the extraneous, {{omission}}
So under the candlelight I took up the brush and jotted down an outline. We consulted each other extensively and argued vigorously. We came close to getting the essence.|author=Lu Fayan|title=''Qieyun''|source=preface, translated by S. Robert Ramsey{{sfnp|Ramsey|1987|pp=116–117}}}}
[[File:Tangyun - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG|thumb|upright|left|''Tangyun'' excerpt in the Chinese Dictionary Museum]]
None of these scholars was originally from Chang'an; they were native speakers of differing dialects – five northern and three southern.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=25}}{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=37}} According to Lu, [[Yan Zhitui]] (顏之推) and Xiao Gai (蕭該), both men originally from the south, were the most influential in setting up the norms on which the Qieyun was based.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=25}}▼
▲None of these scholars was originally from Chang'an; they were native speakers of differing dialects – five northern and three southern.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=25}}{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=37}} According to Lu, [[Yan Zhitui]] (顏之推) and Xiao Gai ({{lang|zh|蕭該}}), both men originally from the south, were the most influential in setting up the norms on which the ''Qieyun'' was based.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=25}}
When classical Chinese poetry flowered during the [[Tang dynasty]], the ''Qieyun'' became the authoritative source for literary pronunciations and it repeatedly underwent revisions and enlargements. It was annotated in 677 by Zhǎngsūn Nèyán (長孫訥言), revised and published in 706 by Wáng Renxu (王仁煦) as the ''Kanmiu Buque Qieyun'' (刊謬補缺切韻; "Corrected and supplemented ''Qieyun''"), collated and republished in 751 by Sun Mian (孫愐) as the ''Tángyùn'' (唐韻; "Tang rimes"), and eventually incorporated into the still-extant ''[[Guangyun]]'' and ''[[Jiyun]]'' rime dictionaries from the [[Song dynasty]].{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=38–39}} Although most of these Tang dictionary redactions were believed lost, some fragments were discovered among the [[Dunhuang manuscripts]] and manuscripts discovered at [[Turpan]].{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=38–39}}▼
However, the dictionary was compiled by Lu alone, consulting several earlier dictionaries, none of which have survived.{{sfnp|Coblin|1996|pp=89–90}}
▲When classical Chinese poetry flowered during the [[Tang dynasty]], the ''Qieyun'' became the authoritative source for literary pronunciations and it repeatedly underwent revisions and enlargements. It was annotated in 677 by Zhǎngsūn Nèyán ({{lang|zh|長孫訥言}}), revised and published in 706 by Wáng Renxu ({{lang|zh|王仁煦}}) as the ''[[Kanmiu Buque Qieyun]]'' ({{lang|zh|刊謬補缺切韻}}; "Corrected and supplemented ''Qieyun''"), collated and republished in 751 by Sun Mian ({{lang|zh|孫愐}}) as the ''Tángyùn'' ({{lang|zh|唐韻}}; "Tang rimes"), and eventually incorporated into the still-extant ''[[Guangyun]]'' and ''[[Jiyun]]'' rime dictionaries from the [[Song dynasty]].{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=38–39}} Although most of these Tang dictionary redactions were believed lost, some fragments were discovered among the [[Dunhuang manuscripts]] and manuscripts discovered at [[Turpan]].{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=38–39}}{{sfnp|Bottéro|2013|pp=35–37}}
The ''Qieyun'' reflected the enhanced phonological awareness that developed in China after the advent of Buddhism, which introduced the sophisticated [[History of linguistics#India|Indian linguistics]].{{sfnp|Mair|1998|p=168}} The Buddhist [[Kingdom of Qocho|Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho]] used a version of the ''Qieyun''.{{sfnp|Takata|2004|p=337}}
During the Tang dynasty, several copyists were engaged in producing manuscripts to meet the great demand for revisions of the work.
Particularly prized were copies of Wáng Rénxū's edition made in the early 9th century by Wú Cǎiluán (
One of these copies was acquired by [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Emperor Huizong]] (
Studies of this almost complete copy have been published by the Chinese linguists Dong Tonghe (1948 and 1952) and [[Li Rong (linguist)|Li Rong]] (1956).{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=39}}
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[[File:Qieyun Dong entry.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.4|The first entry in the ''Qieyun'']]
The ''Qieyun'' contains 12,158 character entries.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=139}}
These were divided into five volumes, two for the many words of the "level" [[four tones (Middle Chinese)|tone]], and one volume for each of the other
The entries were divided into 193 final rhyme groups (each named by its first character, called the ''yùnmù'' 韻目, or "rhyme eye").
Each rhyme group was subdivided into homophone groups (''xiǎoyùn'' 小韻 "small rhyme").
The first entry in each homophone group gives the pronunciation as a ''fanqie'' formula.{{sfnp|Takata|2004}}{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=33–35}}
For example, the first entry in the ''Qieyun'', shown at right, describes the character 東 ''dōng'' "east". The three characters on the right are a ''fanqie'' pronunciation key, marked by the character 反 ''fǎn'' "turn back". This indicates that the word is pronounced with the initial of 德 [tək] and the final of 紅 [ɣuŋ], i.e. [tuŋ]. The word is glossed as 木方 ''mù fāng'', i.e. the direction of wood (one of the [[
Later rime dictionaries had many more entries, with full definitions and a few additional rhyme groups, but kept the same structure.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=33}}
The ''Qieyun'' did not directly record [[Middle Chinese]] as a spoken language, but rather how characters ''should'' be pronounced when reading the classics. Since this rime dictionary's spellings are the primary source for reconstructing Middle Chinese, linguists have disagreed over what variety of Chinese it recorded. "Much ink has been spilled concerning the nature of the language underlying the ''Qieyun''," says Norman (1988: 24), who lists three points of view. Some scholars, like [[Bernhard Karlgren]], "held to the view that the ''Qieyun'' represented the language of Chang'an"; some "others have supposed that it represented an amalgam of regional pronunciations," technically known as a [[diasystem]]. "At the present time most people in the field accept the views of the Chinese scholar Zhou Zumo" (周祖謨; 1914–1995) that ''Qieyun'' spellings were a
==See also==
Line 50 ⟶ 65:
*''[[Peiwen Yunfu]]''
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|
* {{citation
| title = A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
Line 59 ⟶ 75:
| location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 1992
| isbn = 978-3-11-012324-1
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = The ''Qièyùn'' manuscripts from Dūnhuáng
| given = François | surname = Bottéro
| pages = 33–48
| title = Studies in Chinese Manuscripts: From the Warring States Period to the 20th Century
| editor-given = Imre | editor-surname = Galambos | editor-link = Imre Galambos
| location = Budapest | publisher = Eötvös Loránd University | year = 2013
| isbn = 978-963-284-326-1
| url = http://shahon.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Galambos-2013-ed.-Studies-in-Chinese-manuscripts.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Marginalia on two translations of the ''Qieyun'' preface
| given = W. South | surname = Coblin | author-link = Weldon South Coblin
| journal = Journal of Chinese Linguistics | volume = 24 | number = 1 | year = 1996 | pages = 85–97
| jstor = 23753994
| url = http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/journal/jcl/jcl/chin_lin/24/24_1_3.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = ''Tzu-shu'' 字書 or ''tzu-tien'' 字典 (dictionaries)
| given = Victor H. | surname = Mair
| pages = 165–172
| title = The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (Volume 2)
| editor-given = William H. | editor-surname = Nienhauser
| location = Bloomington | publisher = Indiana University Press | year = 1998
| isbn = 978-025-333-456-5
| postscript = .
}}
Line 80 ⟶ 125:
| location = Vancouver | publisher = University of British Columbia Press | year = 1984
| isbn = 978-0-7748-0192-8
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Ramsey | given = S. Robert
| title = The Languages of China
| publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1987
| isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = The Chinese Language in Turfan with a special focus on the ''Qieyun'' fragments
|
| surname = Takata | given = Tokio
| title = Turfan revisited: the first century of research into the arts and cultures of the Silk Road
Line 90 ⟶ 142:
| year = 2004 | isbn = 978-3-496-02763-8
| pages = 333–340
|
| postscript = .
}}
==External links==
*[http://suzukish.s252.xrea.com/search/qieyun/index.php A comprehensive parallel presentation of various Qieyun fragments and editions, by Suzuki Shingo 鈴木 慎吾]
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?ArianeWireIndex=index&p=1&lang=EN&q=%22qie+yun%22&n=50 ''Qieyun'' fragments] found at Dunhuang by [[Paul Pelliot]], now in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]:
**{{IDP|Pelliot chinois 2019}} ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b83016963 BNF link]): prefaces of Lu Fayan (start missing), Zhangsun Neyan (complete) and Sun Mian (end missing)
**{{IDP|Pelliot chinois 2017}} ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8300638b BNF link]): part of Lu Fayan's preface, rhyme index and start of the first rhyme group (東 ''dōng'')
**{{IDP|Pelliot chinois 3799}} ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b83009050 BNF link]): fragment of volume 5 showing the 怗 ''tiē'', 緝 ''qì'' and 藥 ''yào'' rhyme groups
*''Qieyun'' fragments brought from Dunhuang by [[Aurel Stein]], now in the [[British Library]] (only S.2071, S.5980
**{{IDP|Or.8210/S.2071}}: substantial portion of the level, rising and entering tones.
**{{IDP|Or.8210/S.2055}}: Zhangsun Neyan's preface (dated 677) and first 9 rhymes of the level tone, with somewhat fuller entries than S.2071.
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**{{IDP|Ch 1538}}: fragment from an enlarged edition used by Uighurs
{{Dictionaries of Chinese}}
[[Category:7th-century Chinese books]]
[[Category:Chinese dictionaries]]
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