French emigration (1789–1815): Difference between revisions

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Many more stayed in Europe, especially in Great Britain, France's neighbour to the north. The country appealed to people because it had a channel separating them from the revolutionaries and because it was known for being tolerant.<ref name=":4" /> Additionally, England, more than America, allowed for the maintenance of the French way of life for the elites because "the etiquette of European elites was as universal in the eighteenth century as it would ever become".<ref name="Macmillin">{{cite book|last1=Carpenter|first1=Kirsty|title=Refugees of the French Revolution: Emigres in London|date=1999|publisher=Macmillin|location=Houndmills, Hampshire}}</ref>
 
Emigrants primarily settled in London and [[Soho]], the latter had grown into a thriving French cultural district, complete with French hotels and cuisine, although it had long been a haven for French exiles, housing many thousands of Frenchmen from the last mass migration which occurred in reaction to the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref name=":4" /> Here the French had a somewhat easier transition into English society, but to say emigrating to this district was easy is to dismiss how truly austere their circumstance; "money remained a chronic concern and hunger a constant companion" (Whittaker).<ref name=":4" /> Most people just picked back up the trades they had in France, and aristocrats found themselves having to seek employment for the first time in years.<ref name=":4" /> Those who were educated often offered their services as instructors in French, dancing, and fencing.<ref name="Macmillin"/> Those who had no knowledge of skills that would benefit them as laborers turned to crime.<ref name=":4" /> The truly elite émigrés settled in [[Marylebone]], [[Richmond, London|Richmond]], and [[Hampstead]]. The politics of these areas were extremely royalist. In contrast, émigrés from the lower classes of society often settled in St. Pancras and St. George's Fields. Both of these areas facilitated the ability of the émigrés to maintain their Catholic faith. In [[St Pancras, London|St. Pancras]], émigrés were allowed to use the Anglican church, and for occasions of particular significance, they were allowed to worship without any interference from the Anglican clergy. In [[Saint George's Fields|St. George's Fields]], the Chapel of Notre-Dame was opened in 1796. These poorer émigrés were an eclectic group. They included widows, men wounded in war, the elderly, the ecclesiastics, and some provincial nobility along with domestic servants. It has been noted that "there was little that these émigrés had in common besides their misfortunes and their stoic perseverance in the absence of any alternative"<ref name="Macmillin"/> Malnutrition and poor living conditions led to an onslaught of maladies, and death did not quite put an end to their suffering for even posthumously their families were beset with the financial burden of administering their funeral rites.<ref name=":4" />
 
The number of refugees fleeing into Britain reached its climax in autumn of 1792. In September alone, a total of nearly 40004,000 refugees landed in Britain. The number of displaced persons who found themselves in Great Britain was high, although the exact number is debated, it is believed to be in the thousands. The uncontrolled influx of foreigners created significant anxiety in government circles and the wider community. After much debate, the Parliament of Great Britain passed the [[Aliens Act 1793|Aliens Act of 1793]] which served to regulate and reduce immigration. Those entering the country were required to give their names, ranks, occupations, and addresses to the local Justice of Peace.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The 1905 Aliens Act {{!}} History Today|url = http://www.historytoday.com/anne-kershen/1905-aliens-act|website = www.historytoday.com|accessdate = 2015-12-18}}</ref> Those who did not comply, were deported or imprisoned. Community concern at the influx of French refugees slowly abated as time passed and the circumstances of the French Revolution became better known, and there is considerable evidence of charitable and hospitable acts toward the émigrés.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title = "La Généreuse Nation!" Britain and the French Emigration 1792 – 1802|url = https://www.academia.edu/2909048|website = www.academia.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-30|last1 = Whittaker|first1 = Callum}}</ref> The Wilmot Committee, a private network of social elite, provided fiscal support to the refugees, and later the government adopted a national relief campaign which gained support both from those with political clout as well as the masses.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title = "La Généreuse Nation!" Britain and the French Emigration 1792 – 1802|url = https://www.academia.edu/2909048|website = www.academia.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-30|last1 = Whittaker|first1 = Callum}}</ref>
 
==See also==