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m Both terms mean the same thing but innate is a more popular word then in-born. The paragraph discusses how rationalism is equated with innatism so it would be more consistent to use this word. |
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In [[philosophy]], '''rationalism''' is the [[Epistemology|epistemological]] view that "regards [[reason]] as the chief source and test of knowledge"<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica: Rationalism">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492034/rationalism|title=Rationalism|date=28 May 2023|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica.com]]|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518105808/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492034/rationalism|url-status=live}}</ref> or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",<ref name="Lacey 286">Lacey, A.R. (1996), ''A Dictionary of Philosophy'', 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. 2nd edition, 1986. 3rd edition, Routledge, London, 1996. p. 286</ref> often in contrast to other possible sources of knowledge such as faith, tradition, or sensory experience. More formally, rationalism is defined as a [[methodology]] or a [[theory]] "in which the criterion of [[truth]] is not sensory but intellectual and [[Deductive reasoning|deductive]]".<ref name="Bourke 263">Bourke, Vernon J., "Rationalism," p. 263 in Runes (1962).</ref>
In a major philosophical debate during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]],<ref name= essay >[[John Locke]] (1690), [[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]]</ref> rationalism (sometimes here equated with [[innatism]]) was opposed to [[empiricism]]. On the one hand, the rationalists emphasized that knowledge is primarily
Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position "that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge" to the more extreme position that reason is "the unique path to knowledge".<ref name="Audi 771">Audi, Robert, The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995. 2nd edition, 1999, p. 771.</ref> Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to [[philosophy]], the [[Socrates|Socratic]] life of inquiry, or the zetetic ([[Skepticism|skeptical]]) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, [[Leo Strauss]] sought to revive "Classical Political Rationalism" as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as [[Socratic method|maieutic]].
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====Aristotle (384–322 BCE)====
{{Main|Aristotle}}
[[Aristotle]]'s main contribution to rationalist thinking was the use of [[Syllogism|syllogistic]] logic and its use in argument. Aristotle defines syllogism as "a discourse in which certain (specific) things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so."<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''Prior Analytics'', 24b18–20.</ref> Despite this very general definition, Aristotle limits himself to categorical syllogisms which consist of three [[categorical proposition]]s in his work ''[[Prior Analytics]]''.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ancient/#SynSemSen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828102117/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ancient/#SynSemSen
===Middle Ages===
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