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The mouth of Mata-au was heavily populated, with many permanent and temporary [[Kāi Tahu]] settlements throughout the lower stretches of the river. Murikauhaka, a settlement near the mouth of the Mata-au, was at one stage home to an estimated two hundred people.<ref name="nront">{{cite web |title=Mata-au
|url=https://www.kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas?find=%7B6cc89b47-4152-e311-8212-005056970030%7D |website=Kā Huru Manu |publisher=Nga Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu |accessdate=10 October 2021}}</ref> For Māori trading groups, Cromwell Gorge served as the main thoroughfare to their [[pounamu]] and moa-hunting expeditions.{{Sfn|Laytham|1995|p=2}} A number of early Māori archaeological sites are concentrated in the gorge
===European history===
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{{main article|Otago gold rush}}
[[File:Hartley_and_Reilly_Dredge,_Cromwell_Gorge.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Construction of a dredge in the Cromwell Gorge, 1890s]]
A [[gold rush]] began in Central Otago in the 1860s. With several settlements quickly established near gold-rich rivers like the Clutha and [[Kawarau River|Kawarau]], the rush to Central Otago was the largest in the region's history.{{Sfn|Olssen|1984|p=59}} A large number of miners huts also existed during this era along the Clutha River. Roxburgh Gorge had a majority of the huts of this type, but they also occurred in Cromwell Gorge.
Around 100 [[dredge]]s have operated at various times during its history in the river bed and nearby gravels, including the present-day gorge to the east of the [[Old Man Range]]. The Clutha River and its tributary Kawarau transported alluvial gold across a distance of 200 km (120 mi) in river bed load. A Middle [[Pleistocene]]-age ancestral Clutha River delivered detrital gold across the lower parts of what is presently the Manuherikia Valley near Alexandra.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Evolution of the Taieri River catchment, East Otago, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |last=Craw |first=D. |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2015.1126621 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=257–273 |last2=Craw |first2=L. |last3=Burridge |first3=C. P. |last4=Wallis |first4=G. P. |last5=Waters |first5=J. M. |year=2016 |doi=10.1080/00288306.2015.1126621 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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* {{Cite book |title=A History of Otago |last=Olssen |first=Erik |publisher=J. McIndoe Ltd. |year=1984 |isbn=9780868680583 |location=Dunedin, New Zealand}}'
* {{Cite book |title=The Cromwell Gorge An Historical Guide |last=Laytham |first=Pamela |publisher=Cromwell and Districts Promotion Group and Rogan McIndoe Print Ltd. |year=1995 |location=Cromwell, New Zealand}}
* {{Cite book |title=Gold Rush Central Otago 1862 |last=Joyce |first=Lousie |publisher=Promote Dunstan Inc. |year=2012 |isbn=0473201712 |location=Clyde, New Zealand
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