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'''''Al-Karmil''''' ({{lang-ar|الكرمل}}) was a bi-weekly [[Arabic-language]] newspaper founded toward the end of [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman imperial rule]] in [[Ottoman Palestine|Palestine]].<ref name=Khalidip124>Khalidi, 1997, p. 124.</ref><ref name=Muslihp80>Muslih, 1989, p. 80.</ref> Named for [[Mount Carmel]] in the [[District of Haifa|Haifa district]], the first issue was published in December 1908,<ref name=Khalidip124/> with the stated purpose of "opposing [[Zionism|Zionist]] [[colonization]]".<ref name=Cubertp36>Cubert, 1997, p. 26.</ref> <ref> Beška, Emanuel: ANTI-ZIONIST JOURNALISTIC WORKS OF NAJĪB AL-KHŪRĪ NASSĀR IN THE NEWSPAPER AL-KARMAL IN 1914. In Asian and African Studies, 20, 2, 2011. [https://www.academia.edu/5421251/ANTI-ZIONIST_JOURNALISTIC_WORKS_OF_NAJ%C4%AAB_AL-KH%C5%AAR%C4%AA_NASS%C4%80R_IN_THE_NEWSPAPER_AL-KARMAL_IN_1914] </ref>
The owner, editor and key writer for the newspaper was [[Najib Nassar]],<ref name=Fleischmannp71>Fleischmann, 2003, p. 273, note 107.</ref> a [[Palestinian Christian]] and staunch [[anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]], whose editorials warning of the dangers posed by Zionism to the [[Palestinian people]] were often reprinted in other [[Greater Syria|Syrian]] newspapers.<ref name=Khalidip125>Khalidi, 1997, p. 125.</ref><ref name=Khalidip136>Khalidi, 1997, p. 136.</ref> Beginning in the 1920s, Najib's wife, [[Sadhij Nassar]] (c.1900 - c.1970), a granddaughter of the founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], was also a key editor, administrator and journalist for the newspaper. Besides writing, she also translated articles from the foreign press, and was editor from 1941 to 1944, when the [[British Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] authorities refused to grant her a permit.
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===Anti-Zionism===
Writing of ''Al-Karmil'' and another early Palestinian newspaper, ''[[Filastin (newspaper)|Filastin]]'', [[Rashid Khalidi]] characterizes them as "instrumental in shaping early [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian national consciousness]] and in stirring opposition to Zionism."<ref name=Khalidip217n31>Khalidi, 1997, p. 217, n. 31.</ref> Khalidi contends that almost immediately after the publication of its first issue in December 1908, ''al-Karmil'' "became the primary vehicle of an extensive campaign against Zionist settlement in
Najib Nassar, owner, editor and journalist for the paper, not only printed news items and editorials concerning Zionism and its aims, but also re-published articles on Zionism from other Arabic newspapers based in [[Cairo]], [[Beirut]] and [[Damascus]], such as ''al-Muqattam'', ''[[al-Ahram]]'', ''al-Mufid'', ''al-Ittihad al-'Uthmani'', snf ''al-Muqtabas'', as well as from [[Istanbul]]-based ''al-Hadara'' and [[Jaffa]]-based ''Filastin''.<ref name=Khalidip125/> Further, Nassar devoted detailed coverage to the activities and aims of Zionist organizations in Palestine and abroad. Between March and June 1911, ''al-Karmil'' published a sixteen-part series on "Zionism: Its history, objective, and importance" that was later released as a 65-page booklet. The material included condensed translation of the article on Zionism from the [[Encyclopedia Judaica]], and Nassar´s comments. <ref> Beška, Emanuel: ANTI-ZIONIST JOURNALISTIC WORKS OF NAJĪB AL-KHŪRĪ NASSĀR IN THE NEWSPAPER AL-KARMAL IN 1914. In Asian and African Studies, 20, 2, 2011. [https://www.academia.edu/5421251/ANTI-ZIONIST_JOURNALISTIC_WORKS_OF_NAJ%C4%AAB_AL-KH%C5%AAR%C4%AA_NASS%C4%80R_IN_THE_NEWSPAPER_AL-KARMAL_IN_1914] </ref> <ref> Beška, Emanuel: ARABIC TRANSLATIONS OF WRITINGS ON ZIONISM PUBLISHED IN PALESTINE BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR. In Asian and African Studies, 23, 1,2014. [https://www.academia.edu/7236697/ARABIC_TRANSLATIONS_OF_WRITINGS_ON_ZIONISM_PUBLISHED_IN_PALESTINE_BEFORE_THE_FIRST_WORLD_WAR]</ref> The booklet concluded by describing the efforts of [[Theodor Herzl]] on behalf of Zionism, calling for men like Herzl, "...who will forget their private interests in favor of the public good," to step forth from among the Palestinian population to oppose Zionism.<ref name=Khalidip125/> Nassar's purpose was to incite public opinion against Zionism, whose aims and activities he viewed as a threat to the [[Arab]] character of Palestine, but he also focused on alerting the public to instances in which the ruling Ottoman and later British authorities were colluding with Zionists to facilitate Jewish land purchases.<ref name=Seikalyp38>Seikaly, 2002, p. 38.</ref>
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===Women's rights===
In 1926, ''al-Karmil'' began publishing a "women's page" (''Safhat al-nisa'') that was edited by Sadhij Nassar, Najib Nassar's wife, who also served as an editor and director of administration for the newspaper as a whole.<ref name=Fleischmannp71>Fleischmann, 2003, p. 71.</ref> Her journalistic contributions between 1926 and 1933 have been characterized as a kind of "one-woman press", wherein she commented on a wide range topics, including women's activities locally, regionally, and internationally.<ref name=Fleischmannp72/> Encouraging women to raise their male and female children equally and to take up work to facilitate their economic independence, Sadhij Nassar also urged women to get involved in politics, while avoiding factionalism in favor of unity.<ref name=Fleischmannp72>Fleischmann, 2003, p. 72.</ref> For example, in the late 1920s, Nassar wrote, "You are responsible. Yes, you Palestinian Arab ladies, [[Muslim]] and [[Christian]], you are responsible for the integrity of the nation [''[[Al-Watan|watan]]{{dn|date=September 2015}}''] and keeping Palestine Arab as it was until now. Every woman will spread the spirit of cooperation among the sons of the Arabs in the souls of her children."<ref name=Fleischmannp81>Fleischmann, 2003, p. 81.</ref> In 1930 Sadhij Nassar was a founding member and secretary of the Arab Women's Union in Haifa, which was one of the more militant branches of the women's movement during the [[British Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] period.
==Relationship with the ruling authorities in Palestine==
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