View source for Detroit

{{about|the city in Michigan}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Motor City|Detroit City}}
{{pp-pc1|expiry=September 20, 2019}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Short description|Largest city in Michigan}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name                    = Detroit, Michigan
| official_name           = City of Detroit
| native_name_lang        = fr
| settlement_type         = [[City]]
| image_skyline           = Detroit Montage 3.png
| imagesize               = 300px
| image_caption           = From top to bottom, left to right: [[Downtown Detroit]] [[list of tallest buildings in Detroit|skyline]] and the [[Detroit River]], [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], [[Dorothy H. Turkel House]] in [[Palmer Woods]], [[Belle Isle Conservatory]], [[The Spirit of Detroit]], [[Fisher Building]], [[Eastern Market, Detroit|Eastern Market]], [[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main]] at [[Wayne State University]], [[Ambassador Bridge]], and the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]]
| image_flag              = Flag of Detroit.svg 
| image_seal              = Seal of Detroit (B&W).svg
| image_blank_emblem       = Logo of Detroit, Michigan.png
| blank_emblem_type       = Logo
| blank_emblem_size       = 
| blank_emblem_alt        = 
| blank_emblem_link        = List of U.S. county and city insignia
| etymology               = {{lang-fr|détroit}} ([[strait]])
| nicknames                = The Motor City, Motown, Renaissance City, City of the Straits, The D, Hockeytown, The Automotive Capital of the World, Rock City, The 313, The Arsenal of Democracy, The Town That Put The World on Wheels, Tigertown, The Big D, Détroit, Paris of the West
| motto                   = ''{{lang|la|[[Gabriel Richard#Work in Detroit|Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus]]}}''<br/><small>([[Latin]]: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes)</small>
| image_map               = Detroit, MI location.png
| mapsize                 = 250
| map_caption             = Location within [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]]
| coordinates             = {{coord|42|19|53|N|83|02|45|W|region:US-MI|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes   = <ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis|1617959|Detroit|2009-07-27}}.</ref>
| pushpin_map             = Michigan#USA#North America
| pushpin_label = Detroit
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location within Michigan##Location within the United States##Location within North America
| pushpin_relief          = 1
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{Nowrap|{{Flagu|United States|size=23px}}}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{Flag|Michigan|size=23px}} 
| subdivision_type2       = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]]
| subdivision_name2       = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Wayne County, Michigan.png|size=23px}} [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]]
| established_title       = Founded
| established_date        = July 24, 1701
| established_title2      = Incorporated
| established_date2       = September 13, 1806
| government_footnotes    = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags -->
| government_type         = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| governing_body          = [[Detroit City Council]]
| leader_title            = [[Mayor of Detroit|Mayor]]
| leader_name             = [[Mike Duggan]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = [[Detroit City Council|City Council]]
| leader_name2            = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes
 | title = Members
 | 1 = [[Janeé Ayers]] – At Large
 | 2 = Brenda Jones – At Large
 | 3 = [[James Tate (Detroit Politician)|James Tate]] – District 1 Northwest
 | 4 = [[Roy McCalister, Jr.]] – District 2 Near Northwest
 | 5 = Scott Benson – District 3 Northeast
 | 6 = [[Andre Spivey]] – District 4 Far East Side
 | 7 = [[Mary Sheffield]] – District 5 Central-Near East Side
 | 8 = [[Raquel Castaneda-Lopez]] – District 6 Southwest
 | 9 = [[Gabe Leland]] – District 7 West Side
 }}
<!-- Area -->
| unit_pref               = Imperial
| area_footnotes          = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2016">{{cite web|title=2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2017_Gazetteer/2017_gaz_place_26.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jan 3, 2019}}</ref>
| area_magnitude          = 
| area_total_km2          = 370.08
| area_land_km2           = 359.27
| area_water_km2          = 10.81
| area_total_sq_mi        = 142.89
| area_land_sq_mi         = 138.72
| area_water_sq_mi        = 4.17
| area_urban_sq_mi        = 1295
| area_metro_sq_mi        = 3913
| elevation_footnotes     = <ref name="GNIS"/>
| elevation_ft            = 656
| population_footnotes    = <ref name=CensusCity/><ref name=CensusCSA/>
| population_as_of        = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
| population_total        = 713777
| population_rank         = U.S.: [[List of United States cities by population|23rd]]
| population_urban        = 3,734,090 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|11th]])
| population_metro        = 4,292,060 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|14th]])
| population_blank1_title = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]]
| population_blank1       = 5,336,286<ref>https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml</ref> (US: [[List of Combined Statistical Areas|12th]])
| population_density_sq_mi = 4852.42
| population_demonym      = Detroiter
| population_note         = 
| timezone                = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset              = −5
| timezone_DST            = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST          = −4
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP Code|ZIP code(s)]]
|postal_code              = 48127, 48201, 48202, 48204–48206, 48208–48210, 48212–48217, 48219, 48221–48228, 48231–48235, 48236, 48238–48240, 48243, 48244, 48255, 48260, 48264, 48266–48269, 48272, 48275, 48277–48279, 48288
| area_code               = [[Area code 313|313]]
| blank_name              = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info              = 26-22000
| blank1_name             = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info             = 1617959<ref name="GNIS"/>
| website                 = {{URL|http://www.detroitmi.gov/|Official website}}
| footnotes               = 
|pop_est_as_of = 2017
|pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}</ref>
|population_est = 673104
|population_density_km2 = 1873.54
}}

'''Detroit''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɪ|ˈ|t|r|ɔɪ|t}}, {{small|locally also}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|t|r|ɔɪ|t}}; {{lang-fr|link=no|Détroit|translation=strait}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/detroit |title=Detroit – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=April 25, 2007 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> is the largest and [[List of cities in Michigan by population|most populous city]] in the U.S. state of [[Michigan]], the largest United States city on the [[Canada–United States border|United States–Canada border]], and the [[county seat|seat]] of [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]]. The municipality of Detroit had a 2017 estimated population of 673,104, making it the [[List of United States cities by population|23rd-most populous city]] in the United States. The [[metropolitan area]], known as [[Metro Detroit]], is home to 4.3 million people, making it the second-largest in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] after the [[Chicago metropolitan area]]. Regarded as a major cultural center, Detroit is known for its contributions to [[Music of Detroit|music]] and as a repository for art, [[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit|architecture]] and design.

Detroit is a major port located on the [[Detroit River]], one of the four major [[straits]] that connect the [[Great Lakes]] system to the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. The [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport]] is among the most important [[Airline hub|hubs]] in the United States. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the [[Midwest]], behind [[Chicago]] and ahead of [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]], and the [[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP|13th-largest]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2017/pdf/gdp_metro0917.pdf|title=Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Area, 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Bureau of Economic Analysis|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208145551/https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2017/pdf/gdp_metro0917.pdf#|archive-date=December 8, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] are connected through [[Detroit-Windsor Tunnel|a tunnel]] and the [[Ambassador Bridge]], the busiest international crossing in North America.<ref>{{cite web|author=Detroit Regional Chamber |year=2006 |url=http://www.detroitchamber.com/detroiter/articles.asp?cid=7&detcid=531 |title=Detroit–Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study |publisher=Detroit Regional Chamber |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321130504/http://www.detroitchamber.com/detroiter/articles.asp?cid=7&detcid=531 |archivedate=March 21, 2006 |df= }}</ref> Detroit is best known as the center of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|U.S. automobile industry]], and the "[[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]]" auto manufacturers [[General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Chrysler]] are all headquartered in [[Metro Detroit]].

In 1701, [[Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac]] founded [[Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit]], the future city of Detroit. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the [[Great Lakes region]]. With expansion of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|auto industry]] in the early 20th century, the city and its suburbs experienced rapid growth, and by the 1940s, the city had become the fourth-largest in the country. However, due to industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid [[suburbanization]], Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to the present. Since reaching a peak of 1.85 million at the [[1950 United States Census|1950 census]], Detroit's population has declined by more than 60 percent.<ref name=CensusCity>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=26:2622000 |accessdate=March 3, 2012 |title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525104940/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=26%3A2622000 |archivedate=May 25, 2012 |df= }}</ref> In 2013, Detroit [[Detroit bankruptcy|became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy]], which it successfully exited in December 2014, when the city government regained control of Detroit's finances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/detroit-bankruptcy-officially-over-finances-handed-back-to-the-city|title=Detroit bankruptcy officially over, finances handed back to the city |dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053605/http://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/detroit-bankruptcy-officially-over-finances-handed-back-to-the-city |archive-date=March 4, 2016|work=WXYZ}}</ref>

[[Culture of Detroit|Detroit's diverse culture]] has had both local and international influence, particularly in [[Music of Detroit|music]], with the city giving rise to the genres of [[Motown]] and [[Techno music|techno]], and playing an important role in the development of [[Detroit jazz|jazz]], [[Music of Detroit#hip-hop|hip-hop]], [[Music of Detroit#rock and roll|rock]], and [[Music of Detroit#punk|punk]] music. The erstwhile rapid growth of Detroit left a globally unique stock of [[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit|architectural monuments]] and [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Detroit, Michigan|historic places]], and since the 2000s [[conservation-restoration of cultural heritage|conservation]] efforts managed to save many architectural pieces and allowed several large-scale [[Planning and development in Detroit|revitalizations]], including the restoration of several historic [[Performing arts in Detroit|theatres]] and entertainment venues, [[List of tallest buildings in Detroit|high-rise]] renovations, new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, [[Midtown Detroit]], and various other neighborhoods has increased. An [[Tourism in metropolitan Detroit|increasingly popular tourist destination]], Detroit receives 19 million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web |author= Frank Witsil |year= 2017 |url=https://www.freep.com/story/travel/michigan/2017/10/24/detroit-global-respect-lonely-planet/791360001/ |title=Detroit is the No. 2 city in the world to visit, Lonely Planet says |publisher= Detroit Free Press}}</ref> In 2015, Detroit was named a [[Creative Cities Network|"City of Design"]] by [[UNESCO]], the first U.S. city to receive that designation.<ref>{{cite web |author= Hadley Keller |year= 2015 |url= http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/detroit-unesco-city-of-design |title=Detroit Named First American City of Design by UNESCO |publisher= Architectural Digest}}</ref>

==History==
<!-- This section is a summary. Please make additions to the full History of... article. Thank you. -->
{{Main|History of Detroit|Timeline of Detroit}}

===Early settlement===
[[Paleo-Indian]] people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago including the culture referred to as the [[Mound-builders]].<ref name="lemke">{{cite journal|last1=Lemke|first1=Ashley|title=Great Lakes Rangifer and Paleoindians: Archaeological and Paleontological Caribou Remains from Michigan|journal=PaleoAmerica|date=2015|volume=1|issue=3|page=277|accessdate=}}</ref> In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by [[Huron people|Huron]], [[Odawa]], [[Potawatomi]] and [[Iroquois]] peoples.<ref name="teasdale">{{cite journal|last1=Teasdale|first1=Guillaume|title=Old Friends and New Foes: French Settlers and Indians in the Detroit River Border Region|journal=Michigan Historical Review|date=2012|volume=38|issue=2|pages=35–62|accessdate=}}</ref>

The first Europeans did not penetrate into the region and reach the straits of Detroit until French missionaries and traders worked their way around the [[League of the Iroquois]], with whom they were at war, and other Iroquoian tribes in the 1630s.<ref
 name="AmHeritageBk">
{{cite encyclopedia |year=1961 |encyclopedia=,|location= |id= 
|title=The American Heritage Book of Indians
|author=Editor: Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., by The editors of American Heritage Magazine
|editor=pages 187–219|publisher=American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc.
|lccn=61-14871
}}</ref> The north side of [[Lake Erie]] was held by the Huron and [[Neutral people]]s until the 1650s, when the Iroquois pushed both and the [[Erie people]] away from the lake and its [[beaver]]-rich feeder streams in the [[Beaver Wars]] of 1649–1655.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> By the 1670s, the war-weakened Iroquois laid claim to as far south as the [[Ohio River]] valley in northern [[Kentucky]] as hunting grounds,<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> and had absorbed many other Iroquoian peoples after defeating them in war.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> For the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois' likely response.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> When the [[French and Indian War]] evicted the [[Kingdom of France]] from Canada, it removed one barrier to British colonists migrating west. 
 
British negotiations with the Iroquois would both prove critical and lead to a Crown policy limiting the west of the [[Alleghenies]] settlements below the [[Great Lakes]], which gave many American would-be migrants ''a [[casus belli]]'' for supporting the [[American Revolution]]. The 1778 raids and resultant 1779 decisive [[Sullivan Expedition]] reopened the [[Ohio Country]] to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards.

===Later settlement===
[[File:Sainte Anne de Detroit Catholic Church (Detroit, MI) - exterior, side.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Ste. Anne de Detroit Catholic Church|Ste. Anne de Détroit]], founded in 1701 by French colonists, is the second-oldest continuously operating [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit|Catholic]] parish in the United States; the present church was completed in 1887<ref name=Woodford/>]]
The city was named by [[New France|French colonists]], referring to the [[Detroit River]] ({{lang-fr|link=no|le détroit du lac Érié}}, meaning ''the [[strait]] of Lake Erie''), linking [[Lake Huron]] and [[Lake Erie]]; in the historical context, the strait included the [[St. Clair River]], [[Lake St. Clair]] and the Detroit River.<ref name="RivièreduDétroit">{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/french/exhibits/franco_ontarian/big/big_36_map_detroit_river.htm |title=La rivière du Détroit depuis le lac Érié, 1764 |accessdate=May 5, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703220808/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/french/exhibits/franco_ontarian/big/big_36_map_detroit_river.htm |archivedate=July 3, 2008 }}</ref><ref>[[List of U.S. place names of French origin]]</ref>

On July 24, 1701, the French explorer [[Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac]], along with more than a hundred other settlers began constructing a small fort on the north bank of the Detroit River. Cadillac would later name the settlement [[Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVP055AfqNEC&pg=PA15|title=This is Detroit, 1701-2001|last=Woodford|first=Arthur M.|date=2001|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0814329144|pages=15|language=en}}</ref> after [[Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain]], Minister of Marine under [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book| author=Riley, John L.|title=The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press| year=2013|isbn=0-7735-4177-2}}, p. 56.</ref> France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765, it was the largest European settlement between [[Montreal]] and [[New Orleans]], both also French settlements.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/ENGLISH/exhibits/franco_ontarian/detroit.htm French Ontario in the 17th and 18th centuries – Detroit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824111504/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/ENGLISH/exhibits/franco_ontarian/detroit.htm |date=August 24, 2004 }}. ''Archives of Ontario'' July 14, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the [[Province of Quebec (1763–91)|Province of Quebec]].<ref>Jacqueline Peterson, Jennifer S. H. Brown, ''Many Roads to Red River'' (2001), p69</ref>

The region's economy was based on the lucrative [[fur trade]], in which numerous Native American people had important roles. The [[flag of Detroit]] reflects its French colonial heritage. Descendants of the earliest French and [[French Canadian|French-Canadian]] settlers formed a cohesive community, who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more [[Anglo-American]] settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as [[Muskrat French]], remain a subculture in the region today.<ref>{{cite web|last1=LaForest|first1=James|title='Muskrat French': French-Canadian River Culture in the Windsor/Detroit Region|url=https://voyageurheritage.wordpress.com/2014/03/07/muskrat-french-french-canadian-river-culture-in-the-windsordetroit-region/|website=Voyageur Heritage: Community Journal and Resource Guide|publisher=James LaForest|accessdate=September 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Beneteau|first1=Marcel|title=Detroit River: A Special Place in French North American History|url=http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-453/Detroit_River:_A_Special_Place_in_French_North_American_History.html|website=Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America|publisher=Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America|accessdate=September 5, 2015}}</ref>

During the [[French and Indian War]] (1754–63), the North American front of the [[Seven Years' War]] between Britain and France, British troops gained control of the settlement in 1760, shortening its name to ''Detroit''. Several Native American tribes launched [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763), and conducted a [[siege of Fort Detroit]], but failed to capture it. In defeat, France ceded its territory in North America east of the Mississippi to Britain following the war.

Following the [[American Revolutionary War]] and United States independence, Britain ceded Detroit along with other territory in the area under the [[Jay Treaty]] (1796), which established the northern border with Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mocavo.com/History-of-Detroit-a-Chronicle-of-Its-Progress-Volume-1/105630/110 |title="History of Detroit: A Chronicle of Its Progress" Page 71, 1912 |publisher=Mocavo.com |date= |accessdate=June 29, 2014}}</ref> In 1805, fire destroyed most of the Detroit settlement, which consisted mostly of wooden buildings. One stone fort, a river warehouse, and brick chimneys of former wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.<ref>[http://www.ste-anne.org/dempsey.html "Ste. Anne of Detroit"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095234/http://www.ste-anne.org/dempsey.html |date=September 27, 2011 }}, St. Anne Church. Retrieved on April 29, 2006.</ref> Of the 600 Detroiters who populated the area, none died in the fire.<ref>[https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/great-fire-1805 Detroit Historical Society ~ ''Great Fire of 1805'']</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Reddition de Détroit.jpg|thumb|After the [[Siege of Detroit]] in 1812, ''Surrender of Detroit'', painting by [[John Wycliffe Lowes Forster]]]]
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the [[War of 1812]] in the [[Siege of Detroit]]. The [[Battle of Frenchtown]] (January 18–23, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at [[River Raisin National Battlefield Park]] south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.

It was incorporated as a city in 1815.<ref name=Woodford/> As the city expanded, a geometric street plan developed by [[Augustus B. Woodward]] was followed, featuring grand boulevards as in [[Paris]].

Prior to the [[American Civil War]], the city's access to the Canada–US border made it a key stop for refugee slaves gaining freedom in the North along the [[Underground Railroad]]. Many went across the Detroit River to Canada to escape pursuit by slave catchers.<ref name="Chadwick">{{cite book | last = Chadwick | first = Bruce | title = Traveling the underground railroad : a visitor's guide to more than 300 sites | publisher = Carol Pub. Group | location = Secaucus, NJ | page=272 |year = 1999 | isbn = 0806520930 }}</ref><ref name=Woodford/> There were estimated to be 20,000 to 30,000 African-American refugees who settled in Canada.<ref>{{cite book | last = US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center | title = Underground Railroad | publisher = DIANE Publishing | page=168 |year = 1995}}</ref> [[George DeBaptiste]] was considered to be the "president" of the Detroit Underground Railroad, William Lambert the "vice president" or "secretary" and [[Laura Haviland]] the "superintendent".<ref>Tobin, Jacqueline L. From Midnight to Dawn: The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad. Anchor, 2008. p200-209</ref>

Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the [[American Civil War]], including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary [[Iron Brigade]]), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, D.C., President [[Abraham Lincoln]] is quoted as saying "Thank God for Michigan!" [[George Armstrong Custer]] led the [[Michigan Brigade]] during the Civil War and called them the "Wolverines".<ref>Rosentreter, Roger (July/August 1998). "Come on you Wolverines, Michigan at Gettysburg," ''[[Michigan History magazine]]''.</ref>

During the late 19th century, several [[Gilded Age]] mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the [[David Whitney House]] located at 4421 [[Woodward Avenue]], which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the ''Paris of the West'' for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by [[Thomas Edison]].<ref name=Woodford/> The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the [[Great Lakes]] waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.

In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted [[Henry Ford]] to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue. During this growth period, Detroit expanded its borders by annexing all or part of several surrounding villages and townships.

===20th century===
[[File:Change of work shift at Ford Motor Company.jpg|thumb|A 4 [[12-hour clock|p.m.]] change of work shift at the Ford Motor Company assembly plant in [[Highland Park, Michigan]], 1910s]]

In 1903, Henry Ford founded the [[Ford Motor Company]]. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers [[William C. Durant]], the [[Dodge Brothers]], [[Packard]], and [[Walter Chrysler]]—established Detroit's status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital.<ref name=Woodford/> The growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for parts and tires.
[[File:Detroit_1902.jpg|thumb|Cadillac Square and county building in Detroit, Michigan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coololdphotos.com/what-did-detroit-look-like-in-1902/|title=What Did Detroit Look Like in 1902?|last=Tom|date=2015-07-29|website=Cool Old Photos|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>]]
With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, [[labor unions]] such as the [[American Federation of Labor]] and the [[United Auto Workers]] fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated [[Strike action|strikes]] and other tactics in support of improvements such as [[8-hour working day|the 8-hour day/40-hour work week]], increased [[wage]]s, greater benefits and improved [[Occupational safety and health|working conditions]]. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as [[Jimmy Hoffa]] of the [[Teamsters]] and [[Walter Reuther]] of the Autoworkers.

The city became the 4th-largest in the nation in 1920, after only [[New York City]], [[Chicago]] and [[Philadelphia]], with the influence of the booming auto industry.
{{wide image|Photograph of 1905 shows buildings including the Wayne County Courthouse (Wayne County Building) and streets along the shore of the Detroit River in Detroit, Michigan.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Downtown Panorama (1905) looking toward the Detroit River and Windsor, Ontario}}
The [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition of alcohol]] from 1920 to 1933 resulted in the Detroit River becoming a major conduit for smuggling of illegal Canadian spirits.<ref>Nolan, Jenny (June 15, 1999).[http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=181 How Prohibition made Detroit a bootlegger's dream town] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120709135445/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=181 |date=July 9, 2012 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.</ref>

Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city; in a short period it became the 4th-largest city in the nation. The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city. Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] beginning in 1915. "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK," whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as black Americans.<ref name="43riots">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/eleanor-riots/ "Detroit Race Riots 1943"]. ''Eleanor Roosevelt,'' WGBH American Experience, PBS (June 20, 1983). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref> The [[Black Legion (political movement)|Black Legion]], a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s, when one-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic [[Works Progress Administration]] organizer. A total of 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.

[[File:Woodward Ave Detroit 1942.jpg|thumb|Looking south down [[Woodward Avenue]], with the Detroit skyline in the distance, July 1942]]

In the 1940s the world's "first urban depressed freeway" ever built, [[M-8 (Michigan highway)|the Davison]],<ref>[http://www.michiganhighways.org/listings/M-008.html Route Listings: M-8]. Michigan Highways. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref> was constructed in Detroit. During World War II, the government encouraged retooling of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|American automobile industry]] in support of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]], leading to Detroit's key role in the American [[Arsenal of Democracy]].<ref name=Willowrun>Nolan, Jenny (January 28, 1997).[http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=73&category=locations Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20121204140927/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=73&category=locations |date=December 4, 2012 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.</ref>

Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gP3DbiRcbPAC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=I%E2%80%99d+rather+see+Hitler+and+Hirohito+win+than+work+next+to+a+nigger#v=onepage&q=I%E2%80%99d%20rather%20see%20Hitler%20and%20Hirohito%20win%20than%20work%20next%20to%20a%20nigger Philip A. Klinkner, Rogers M. Smith, ''The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America'' – Google Books]. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref> The [[Detroit race riot (1943)|Detroit race riot of 1943]] took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American. Approximately another 600 were injured, 75% of which were black people.<ref name="43riots"/><ref>Detroit, The. (February 10, 1999) [http://blogs.detroitnews.com/history/1999/02/10/the-1943-detroit-race-riots/ The 1943 Detroit race riots – Michigan History], ''The Detroit News'' Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref>

===Postwar era===
Industrial mergers in the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, increased [[oligopoly]] in the American auto industry. Detroit manufacturers such as [[Packard Motor Car Company|Packard]] and [[Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]] merged into other companies and eventually disappeared. At its peak population of 1,849,568, in the [[1950 United States Census|1950 Census]], the city was the 5th-largest in the United States, after New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia and Los Angeles.

In this postwar era, many African Americans from the South viewed the North as the pinnacle of freedom and opportunity distinct from the strict Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination policies in the South, inspiring the Great Migration. With this huge influx of individuals moving into the city, competition arose for employment, housing, and land. Racial discrimination took place in employment keeping the work force intentionally predominantly white. Unequal opportunities in employment created unequal housing opportunities for the majority of the black community. The surge in Detroit's black population with the Great Migration augmented the strain on housing scarcity. Black people were often turned away from bank loans to obtain housing and interest rates and rent were unfairly inflated to keep black people from moving into white neighborhoods. These racist policies were further reinforced with the concept of redlining which encouraged white people to further guard the racial divide that defined their neighborhoods. This marginalized the agency of black Detroiters—another important aspect in the history of postwar Detroit.<ref name="The Origins of the Urban Crisis">{{cite book |last1=Sugrue |first1=Thomas |title=The Origins of the Urban Crisis |year=2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

[[Largest cities in the United States by population by decade#1950|As in other major American cities]] in the postwar era, construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car easier. However, this construction had negative implications for the residents involved. Many of these highways intentionally tore through black neighborhoods (mostly low income or blighted neighborhoods) displacing these individuals without considering the repercussions that this would bring to them.<ref name="The Origins of the Urban Crisis"/> In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used [[streetcar|electric streetcar line]] along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941 at peak times, a streetcar ran on [[Woodward Avenue]] every 60 seconds.<ref name="Peter Gavrilovich 2000 p.232">Peter Gavrilovich & Bill McGraw (2000) ''The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City.'' p. 232</ref><ref>[http://www2.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=9040 News+Views: Back track], ''Metro Times,'' Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref>

All of these changes in the area's transportation system favored low-density, auto-oriented development rather than high-density urban development, and industry also moved to the suburbs. The metro Detroit area developed as one of the most [[Urban sprawl|sprawling]] job markets in the United States by the 21st century, and combined with poor public transport, resulted in many jobs beyond the reach of urban low-income workers.<ref>[http://www.freep.com/article/20130418/BUSINESS06/304180118/jobs-sprawl-Detroit-Brookings-Institution "Metro Detroit job sprawl worst in U.S.; many jobs beyond reach of poor"], ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref>

[[File:Packard plant no 10 construction.jpg|thumb|[[Packard Automotive Plant]], an automobile factory that was closed and abandoned in 1958|alt=Packard Automotive Plant]]
In 1950, the city held about one-third of the state's population, anchored by its industries and workers. Over the next sixty years, the city's population declined to less than 10 percent of the state's population. During the same time period, the sprawling Detroit metropolitan area, which surrounds and includes the city, grew to contain more than half of Michigan's population.<ref name=Woodford/> The shift of population and jobs eroded Detroit's tax base.

In June 1963, Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gave a [[Detroit Walk to Freedom|major speech]] in Detroit that foreshadowed his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech in Washington, D.C., two months later. While the [[civil rights movement]] gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner city black youth wanting change. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the [[1967 Detroit riot|Twelfth Street riot]] in July 1967. Governor [[George W. Romney]] ordered the [[Michigan National Guard]] into Detroit, and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades.<ref>Sidney Fine, ''Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967'' (1989)</ref> It was the most costly riot in the United States.

On August 18, 1970, the [[NAACP]] filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor [[William Milliken]], charging ''de facto'' public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain [[Racial segregation in the United States#Education|racial segregation]] in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, which followed segregated neighborhoods.<ref name=Meinke2011>{{cite journal|last=Meinke|first=Samantha|title=Milliken v Bradley: The Northern Battle for Desegregation|journal=Michigan Bar Journal|date=September 2011|volume=90|issue=9|pages=20–22|url=http://www.michbar.org/journal/pdf/pdf4article1911.pdf|accessdate=July 27, 2012}}</ref> The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|Sixth Circuit Court]] affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to [[Racial integration|integrate]] across the segregated metropolitan area.<ref name=Sedler87>{{cite journal|last=Sedler|first=Robert A.|title=The Profound Impact of Milliken v Bradley|journal=Wayne Law Review|year=1987|volume=33|issue=5|page=1693|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/waynlr33&g_sent=1&collection=journals&id=1707|accessdate=July 29, 2012}}</ref> The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974.<ref name=Meinke2011/> The subsequent [[Milliken v. Bradley|''Milliken v. Bradley'' decision]] had nationwide influence. In a narrow decision, the Supreme Court found that schools were a subject of local control and that suburbs could not be forced to solve problems in the city's school district.

"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period," said [[Myron Orfield]], professor of law at the [[University of Minnesota]]. "Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems."<ref name="remapp">[http://www.remappingdebate.org/article/squandered-opportunities-leave-detroit-isolated?page=0,2 "Squandered opportunities leave Detroit isolated"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103084536/http://www.remappingdebate.org/article/squandered-opportunities-leave-detroit-isolated?page=0,2 |date=November 3, 2013 }}, Remapping Debate website. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref> John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at [[Wayne State University]] in Detroit, says, "Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then."<ref name="remapp"/>

===1970s and decline===
[[File:FOB DETROIT-NEW CARS ARE LOADED ONTO RAILROAD CARS AT LASHER AND I-75 - NARA - 549696.jpg|thumb|New cars built in Detroit loaded for rail transport, 1973]]
{{Main|Decline of Detroit|Detroit bankruptcy}}
In November 1973, the city elected [[Coleman Young]] as its first black mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity in the police department.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit Police Department|url=http://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/detroit-police-department|website=Detroit Historical Society|accessdate=April 23, 2015}}</ref> Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but tension between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters was problematic throughout his mayoral term. In 1976, the federal government offered $600 million for building a regional [[rapid transit]] system, under a single regional authority.<ref>{{cite web|title=How metro Detroit transit went from best to worst|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/2015/02/06/michigan-detroit-public-transit/22926133/|publisher=Detroit Free Press|accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit. Following the failure to reach an agreement over the larger system, the city moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system, which became known as the [[Detroit People Mover]].<ref>{{cite news|title=How Detroit ended up with the worst public transit|url=http://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/how-detroit-ended-up-with-the-worst-public-transit/Content?oid=2143889|accessdate=April 21, 2015|publisher=Metro Times}}</ref>
[[File:A445, Michigan Central Station, Detroit, Michigan, United States, 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Michigan Central Station]] and its [[Amtrak]] connection went out of service in 1988]]
The gasoline crises of [[1973 oil crisis|1973]] and [[1979 energy crisis|1979]] also affected Detroit and the U.S. auto industry. Buyers chose smaller, more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used [[eminent domain]] to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Poletown Becomes Just a Memory: GM Plant Opens, Replacing Old Detroit Neighborhood|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-09-18/business/fi-6228_1_gm-plant|publisher=LA Times | first=James|last=Risen|date=September 18, 1985}}</ref>

As mayor, Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The [[Renaissance Center]], a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown.<ref name=Woodford/><ref name=partnership/><ref name=Bailey/> Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the [[Automobile dependency|automobile dependent]] suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services.

Long a major population center and site of worldwide automobile manufacturing, Detroit has suffered a long economic decline produced by numerous factors.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kamelia |last=Angelova |url =http://www.businessinsider.com/the-incredible-decline-of-detroit-photos-2012-10?op=1 |title =Bleak Photos Capture The Fall Of Detroit |publisher =Business Insider |date =October 2, 2012 |accessdate=February 10, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Walter |last=Williams |url =http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials-perspective/121812-637538-detroit-collapse-was-due-to-race-based-politics.htm?p=full |title =Detroit's Tragic Decline Is Largely Due To Its Own Race-Based Policies |publisher =Investor's Business Daily |date =December 18, 2012 |accessdate=February 10, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Pete |last=Saunders |url =http://www.urbanophile.com/2012/02/21/the-reasons-behind-detroits-decline-by-pete-saunders/ |title =The Reasons Behind Detroit's Decline |work=Urbanophile |date =February 21, 2012 |accessdate=February 10, 2013 }}</ref> Like [[Largest cities in the United States by population by decade|many industrial American cities]], Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census. The peak population was 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and loss of jobs (as described above), by the 2010 census, the city had less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 residents. The city has declined in population in each census since 1950.<ref name="NYT Census"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/05/19/detroit-population-rank-lowest-since/84574198/ |title=Detroit population rank is lowest since 1850 |last=MacDonald |first=Christine |work=The Detroit News |date=May 19, 2016 |accessdate=February 13, 2017}}</ref>

High unemployment was compounded by [[middle-class flight]] to the suburbs, and some residents leaving the state to find work. The city was left with a higher proportion of poor in its population, reduced tax base, depressed property values, abandoned buildings, abandoned neighborhoods, high crime rates and a pronounced demographic imbalance.

===1980s===
On August 16, 1987, [[Northwest Airlines Flight 255]] crashed near Detroit, killing all but one of the 155 people on board, as well as two people on the ground.

===1990s–2000s===
[[File:Headquarters of GM in Detroit.jpg|thumb|The [[Renaissance Center]], home of the world headquarters of [[General Motors]] and the second tallest hotel in the Western Hemisphere, sits along the [[Detroit International Riverfront|International Riverfront]]]]
In 1993 Young retired as Detroit's longest-serving mayor, deciding not to seek a sixth term. That year the city elected [[Dennis Archer]], a former Michigan Supreme Court justice. Archer prioritized downtown development and easing tensions with Detroit's suburban neighbors. A referendum to allow casino gambling in the city passed in 1996; several temporary casino facilities opened in 1999, and permanent downtown casinos with hotels opened in 2007–08.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Riverfront History|url=http://www.degc.org/businesses/east-riverfront-history-1|publisher=Detroit Economic Growth Corporation|accessdate=April 21, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629145310/http://www.degc.org/businesses/east-riverfront-history-1|archivedate=June 29, 2015}}</ref>

[[Campus Martius Park|Campus Martius]], a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 Best: Campus Martius among parks that revived cities|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/04/10/campus-martius-park-detroit/25575219/|publisher=Detroit Free Pres|date=April 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Campus Martius Park|url=http://www.pps.org/projects/campusmartius/|website=Project For Public Spaces|accessdate=April 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=High Tech Companies Key to Detroit's Future|url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20140902/COL06/309020124/Tom-Walsh-Compuware-Bob-Paul|publisher=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> The city's [[Detroit International Riverfront|riverfront]] has been the focus of redevelopment, following successful examples of other older industrial cities. In 2001, the first portion of the [[Detroit International Riverfront|International Riverfront]] was completed as a part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration, with miles of parks and associated landscaping completed in succeeding years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the riverwalk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.<ref name=Bailey>Bailey, Ruby L.(August 22, 2007). "The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors," ''Detroit Free Press''. Quote: A Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."</ref>

Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of that has come in 2013 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit 7.2|url=http://detroitsevenpointtwo.com/|publisher=Hudson-Webber Foundation|accessdate=August 15, 2015}}</ref> Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. The number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.{{when|date=November 2015}}<ref name=Crain>{{cite web|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20140928/BLOG018/309289997/rebuilding-city-takes-patience-vision |title=MARY KRAMER: Rebuilding city takes patience, vision – Crain's Detroit Business |website=Crainsdetroit.com |date=September 28, 2014 |accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref> Among the most notable redevelopment projects are the [[Book Cadillac Hotel]] and the [[Fort Shelby Hotel]]; the [[David Broderick Tower]]; and the [[David Whitney Building]].<ref name=partnership/>

[[Little Caesars Arena]], a new home for the [[Detroit Red Wings]] and the [[Detroit Pistons]] with attached residential, hotel, and retail use opened on September 5, 2017.<ref name=Gallagher>{{cite news|author=Gallagher, John|date=July 14, 2014|title="Hockey, basketball, housing and more: Ilitches unveil 'bold vision' for Red Wings & Pistons arena district"|newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]|url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20140720/BUSINESS06/307200102/Ilitch-Red-Wings-Pistons-arena-Midtown}}</ref> The plans for the project call for mixed-use residential on the blocks surrounding the arena and the renovation of the vacant 14-story [[Eddystone Hotel]]. It will be a part of The District in Detroit, a group of places owned by [[Olympia Entertainment|Olympia Entertainment Inc.]], including [[Comerica Park]] and the [[Detroit Opera House]], among others.

===21st century===
{{See also|Planning and development in Detroit}}Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe [[urban decay]] with thousands of empty buildings around the city referred to as [[greyfield land|greyfield]]. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city has difficulty providing [[municipal services]]. The city has considered various solutions, such as demolishing abandoned homes and buildings; removing street lighting from large portions of the city; and encouraging the small population in certain areas to move to more populated locations.<ref name="detroitparcelsurvey" /><ref name="news.nationalpost" /><ref name="nytimes" /><ref name="wired" /><ref name="couriermail" /> Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246 million in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit; the rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130221/METRO01/302210375 |title=Half of Detroit property owners don't pay taxes |date=February 21, 2013 |last1=MacDonald |first1=Christine |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Mike |newspaper=Detroit News |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809140012/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130221/METRO01/302210375 |archivedate=August 9, 2013  }}</ref>

[[File:BookCaddyHoteldetroitJune2007reno.jpg|thumb|[[Westin Book-Cadillac Hotel]] during extensive [[Planning and development in Detroit|restoration]]; the hotel tower reopened in 2008]]
In September 2008, Mayor [[Kwame Kilpatrick]] (who had served for six years) resigned following felony convictions. In 2013, Kilpatrick was convicted on 24 federal felony counts, including [[mail fraud]], [[wire fraud]], and [[Racket (crime)|racketeering]],<ref name="npr.org">{{cite news | url = https://www.npr.org/2010/12/15/132093499/ex-detroit-mayor-faces-new-corruption-charges?ft=1&f= | title = Ex Detroit Mayor Faces New Corruption Charges | date = December 15, 2010 | publisher = [[National Public Radio]]}}{{dead link | date = December 2012}}</ref> and was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison.<ref name="fed sentence">{{cite news|last=Baldas|first=Tresa|title='Corruption no more': Judge sends a message with 28-year sentence for Kilpatrick|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20131010/NEWS0102/310100095/|accessdate=October 21, 2013|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=October 10, 2013|author2=Shaefer, Jim|author3=Damron, Gina}}</ref>  The former mayor's activities cost the city an estimated $20 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/06/how-corruption-deepened-detroits-crisis/2929137/|title=How corruption deepened Detroit's crisis|website=Usatoday.com|accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref>  In 2013, felony bribery charges were brought against seven building inspectors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/detroit-corruption_n_3837180.html|title=Detroit Corruption Rooted Out As Felony Bribery Charges Filed Against 7 Building Inspectors|first=Kate|last=Abbey-Lambertz|date=August 29, 2013|work=Huffington Post}}</ref> In 2016, further corruption charges were brought against 12 principals, a former school superintendent and supply vendor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2016/04/17/vendor-dps-corruption-case-lived-like-king/82767944/ |title=Vendor in DPS corruption case lived like a king |website=Freep.com |date= |accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref> for a $12 million kickback scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/04/22/474737468/-the-latest-corruption-charges-in-detroits-struggling-schools|title=(The Latest) Corruption Charges In Detroit's Struggling Schools|work=npr.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/education/2016/03/30/3764706/detroit-school-principals-kickbacks/|title=Feds Bring Corruption Charges Against Current And Former Detroit School Principals|date=March 30, 2016|website=Thinkprogress.org|accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref> Law professor Peter Henning argues that Detroit's corruption is not unusual for a city its size, especially when compared with [[Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/how-corrupt-is-detroit/Content?oid=2149028|title=How corrupt is Detroit?|first=Larry|last=Gabriel|work=Detroit Metro Times}}</ref>

The city's financial crisis resulted in Michigan taking over administrative control of its government.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eagleton |first=Terry |url=http://harpers.org/archive/2007/07/detroit-arcadia |title=Detroit Arcadia &#124; Harper's Magazine |publisher=Harpers.org |accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> The state governor declared a [[Financial emergency in Michigan|financial emergency]] in March 2013, appointing [[Kevyn Orr]] as emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to [[Detroit bankruptcy|file for bankruptcy]].<ref name="detroitnews1">{{cite news|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130718/METRO01/307180103#ixzz2ZQqjpHYO |title=The Detroit News |publisher= |accessdate=October 31, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810023805/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130718/METRO01/307180103/ |archivedate=August 10, 2013 }}</ref> It was declared bankrupt by U.S. District Court on December 3, 2013, in light of the city's $18.5 billion debt and its inability to fully repay its thousands of creditors.<ref name="bankrupt city">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/03/us-usa-detroit-bankruptcy-judge-idUSBRE9B20PZ20131203 |title=
In largest-ever U.S. city bankruptcy, cuts coming for Detroit creditors, retirees |publisher=''[[Reuters]]'' |date=December 3, 2013}}</ref> On November 7, 2014 the city's plan for exiting bankruptcy was approved. The following month on December 11 the city officially exited bankruptcy. The plan allowed the city to eliminate $7 billion in debt and invest $1.7 billion into improved city services.<ref name="NYTDet">{{cite news|title=Plan to Exit Bankruptcy Is Approved for Detroit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/08/us/detroit-bankruptcy-plan-ruling.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

One of the largest post-bankruptcy efforts to improve city services has been work to fix the city's broken street lighting system. At one time it was estimated that 40% of lights were not working. The plan calls for replacing outdated high pressure sodium lights with 65,000 LED lights. Construction began in late 2014 and finished in December 2016 making Detroit the largest U.S city with all LED street lighting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit Rising: And then there were streetlights|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/12/detroit-street-lighting-project-update/31850609/|publisher=Detroit Free Press}}</ref>

In the 2010s, several initiatives were taken by Detroit's citizens and new inhabitants to improve the cityscape by renovating and revitalizing neighborhoods. Such include the [[Motor City Blight Busters]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallace|first1=Nicole|title=Detroit Charity Turns Blight Into Gardens, Parks, and Homes|url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Detroit-Charity-Turns-Blight/154489|publisher=The Chronicle of Philanthropy|accessdate=September 17, 2016}}</ref> and various [[Urban agriculture|urban gardening]] movements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farm City Detroit|url=http://www.cityparksalliance.org/component/content/article/356/356|publisher=City Parks Alliance|accessdate=September 17, 2016}}</ref> The well-known symbol of the city's decades-long demise, the [[Michigan Central Station]], has been renovated with new windows, elevators and facilities since 2015.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Thibodeau| first1=Ian| title=Windows at Michigan Central Station completed on time and budget| url=http://www.mlive.com/business/detroit/index.ssf/2016/02/windows_at_michigan_central_st.html| work=M Live| date=February 4, 2016| accessdate=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Several other landmark buildings were fully renovated and transformed into [[condominium]]s, hotels, offices or for cultural uses. Detroit is mentioned as a city of renaissance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hammel|first1=Katie|title=Detroit, finally on the verge of a real renaissance|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/detroit-finally-verge-real-renaissance-article-1.2626718|work=The New York Times|accessdate=September 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/30/us/detroit-come-back-budget.html|title=Detroit Was Crumbling. Here’s How It’s Reviving.|date= April 30, 2018|access-date= May 7, 2018|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=MONICA |last=DAVEY}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Detroit night aerial.jpg|thumb|Nighttime aerial view of Detroit and vicinity from the south, September 2018]]

===Metropolitan area===
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (with a population of 3,734,090 within an area of {{convert|1337|sqmi|km2}} according to the [[2010 United States Census]]), six-county [[metropolitan statistical area]] (population of 4,296,250 in an area of {{convert|3913|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}} as of the 2010 census), and a nine-county [[Combined Statistical Area|combined statistical area]] (population of 5.3&nbsp;million within {{convert|5814|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}} {{as of|2010|lc=y}}).<ref name=CensusCSA>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2012/tables/CBSA-EST2012-02.csv |title=Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |accessdate=June 11, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517083619/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2012/tables/CBSA-EST2012-02.csv |archivedate=May 17, 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref name=CensusMSA>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.csv|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=September 14, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427231227/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.csv|archivedate=April 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://visitdetroit.com/index.php/statistics-detroit Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312005552/http://visitdetroit.com/index.php/statistics-detroit |date=March 12, 2012 }}</ref>

===Topography===
[[File:Large Detroit Landsat.jpg|thumb|A simulated-color [[satellite]] image of the Detroit metro area, including Windsor across the river, taken on [[NASA]]'s [[Landsat 7]] satellite]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|142.87|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|138.75|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|4.12|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=November 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/699nOulzi?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archivedate=July 14, 2012  }}</ref> Detroit is the principal city in [[Metro Detroit]] and [[Southeast Michigan]] situated in the [[Midwestern United States]] and the [[Great Lakes region]].

The [[Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge]] is the only international [[wildlife preserve]] in North America, uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along {{convert|48|mi|km|0}} of the [[Detroit River]] and [[Western Lake Erie]] shoreline.

The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a [[till plain]] composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor sit, rising approximately {{convert|62|ft|m}} above the river at its highest point.<ref>{{cite web|last=Perkins|first=Almon|title=The Historical Geography of Detroit|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/micounty/1682589.0001.001/5?q1=Detroit++Mich.++--+Description+and+travel&view=image&size=100|publisher=Michigan Historical Commission|accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> The highest elevation in the city is located directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of [[M-102 (Michigan highway)|8 Mile Road]], at a height of {{convert|675|to|680|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit High Point|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=17044|work=Peakbagger.com|accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of {{convert|572|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=GREAT LAKES, CONNECTING CHANNELS AND ST. LAWRENCE RIVER WATER LEVELS AND DEPTHS |url=http://www.lre.usace.army.mil/greatlakes/hh/greatlakeswaterlevels/waterlevelforecasts/connectingchannelsforecasts/ |work=United States Army Corp of Engineers – Detroit District |accessdate=February 17, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114023709/http://www.lre.usace.army.mil/greatlakes/hh/greatlakeswaterlevels/waterlevelforecasts/connectingchannelsforecasts/ |archivedate=January 14, 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:James Scott Fountain - Detroit skyline.jpg|thumb| A view of the city from [[Belle Isle Park]] in April 2008|alt=]]

[[Belle Isle Park]] is a {{convert|982|acre|sqmi ha|adj=on}} island park in the [[Detroit River]], between Detroit and [[Windsor, Ontario]]. It is connected to the mainland by the [[MacArthur Bridge (Detroit)|MacArthur Bridge]] in Detroit. Belle Isle Park contains such attractions as the [[James Scott Memorial Fountain]], the [[Belle Isle Conservatory]], the [[Detroit Yacht Club]] on an adjacent island, a half-mile (800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. The city skyline may be viewed from the island.

Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, with avenues radiating from the waterfront, and true [[Mile Road System (Detroit)|north–south roads]] based on the [[Northwest Ordinance]] township system. The city is north of [[Windsor, Ontario]]. Detroit is the only major city along the Canada–US border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada.

Detroit has four border crossings: the [[Ambassador Bridge]] and the [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]] provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the [[Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry]], located near the Windsor Salt Mine and [[Zug Island]]. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a  {{convert|1500|acre|ha|adj=on}} salt mine that is {{convert|1100|ft|m|-1}} below the surface. The [[Detroit salt mine]] run by the Detroit Salt Company has over {{convert|100|mi|km|}} of roads within.<ref>Zacharias, Patricia (January 23, 2000). [http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=17 The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120710071812/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=17 |date=July 10, 2012 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitsalt.com/home.htm |title=The Detroit Salt Company --Explore the City under the City |accessdate=May 5, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212550/http://www.detroitsalt.com/home.htm |archivedate=April 12, 2009 }}</ref>

===Climate===
{{climate chart
| Detroit, Michigan
|19.1|32.0|1.96
|21.0|35.2|2.02
|28.6|45.8|2.28
|39.4|59.1|2.90
|49.4|69.9|3.38
|59.5|79.3|3.52
|63.9|83.4|3.37
|62.6|81.4|3.00
|54.7|74.0|3.27
|43.3|61.6|2.52
|34.3|48.8|2.79
|24.1|36.1|2.46
|float=right
|clear=both
|units=imperial
}}
Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfa'') which is influenced by the Great Lakes; the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA [[Hardiness zone]] 6b, with farther-out northern and western suburbs generally falling in zone 6a.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=June 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/#|archive-date=February 27, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44&nbsp;days annually, while dropping to or below {{convert|0|°F|0}} on an average 4.4&nbsp;days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding {{convert|90|°F|0}} on 12&nbsp;days.<ref name="NOAA-D"/> The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from {{convert|25.6|°F|1}} in January to {{convert|73.6|°F|1}} in July. Official temperature extremes range from {{convert|105|°F|0}} on July 24, 1934 down to {{convert|-21|°F|0}} on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is {{convert|-4|°F|0}} on [[1994 North American cold wave|January 19, 1994]], while, conversely the record high minimum is {{convert|80|°F|0}} on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences.<ref name="NOAA-D"/> A decade or two may pass between readings of {{convert|100|°F|0}} or higher, which last occurred [[Summer 2012 North American heat wave|July 17, 2012]]. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 thru April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.<ref name="NOAA-D"/>

Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging {{convert|33.5|in|mm}} annually, but historically ranging from {{convert|20.49|in|mm|abbr=on}} in 1963 to {{convert|47.70|in|mm|abbr=on}} in 2011.<ref name="NOAA-D"/> Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May),<ref name="NOAA-D"/> averages {{convert|42.5|in|cm|0}} per season, although historically ranging from {{convert|11.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} in 1881–82 to {{convert|94.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} in [[2013–14 North American cold wave|2013–14]].<ref name="NOAA-D"/> A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5&nbsp;days with {{convert|3|in|cm|abbr=on}} or more of snow cover.<ref name="NOAA-D"/> Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-317/Jesuit_Pear_Trees.html|title=Articles &#124; Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française – histoire, culture, religion, héritage |publisher=Ameriquefrancaise.org |date=May 2, 1941 |accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref>

 
{{Clear}}
{{Detroit weatherbox}}

{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Detroit
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °F (°C)
|style="background:#0D0DFF;color:#FFFFFF;"|33.6<br />(0.9)
|style="background:#0606FF;color:#FFFFFF;"|32.7<br />(0.4)
|style="background:#0C0CFF;color:#FFFFFF;"|33.4<br />(0.8)
|style="background:#4040FF;color:#FFFFFF;"|39.7<br />(4.3)
|style="background:#8D8DFF;color:#000000;"|48.9<br />(9.4)
|style="background:#FFF1C3;color:#000000;"|63.9<br />(17.7)
|style="background:#FF7B00;color:#000000;"|74.7<br />(23.7)
|style="background:#FF7300;color:#000000;"|75.4<br />(24.1)
|style="background:#FFA800;color:#000000;"|70.5<br />(21.4)
|style="background:#EBEBFF;color:#000000;"|60.3<br />(15.7)
|style="background:#8A8AFF;color:#000000;"|48.6<br />(9.2)
|style="background:#3232FF;color:#FFFFFF;"|38.1<br />(3.4)
|style="background:#A3A3FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|51.7<br />(10.9)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
|style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;"|9.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
|style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
|style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;"|9.0
|style="background:#FFFF35;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.2
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
|style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|1
|style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|2
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|4
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|7
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|9
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|4
|style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|2
|style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|1
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|4.8
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas <ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/michigan-usa/detroit-climate |title=Detroit, Michigan, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=25 January 2019 }}</ref>
|}

===Cityscape===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Detroit}}
{{wide image|Skyline of Detroit, Michigan from S 2014-12-07.jpg|1300px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the [[Detroit International Riverfront]]}}

====Architecture====
{{Main|Architecture of metropolitan Detroit}}
[[File:ComericaTowerdetroit3.jpg|thumb|[[Wayne County Building]] (completed 1902) [[Downtown Detroit|downtown]] by John and Arthur Scott, [[One Detroit Center]] (1993) in the back|253x253px]]
Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The [[Post-modern architecture|post modern]] Neo-Gothic spires of the [[One Detroit Center]] (1993) were designed to blend with the city's [[Art Deco]] skyscrapers. Together with the [[Renaissance Center]], they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the [[Guardian Building]] and [[Penobscot Building]] downtown, as well as the [[Fisher Building]] and [[Cadillac Place]] in the [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] area near [[Wayne State University]]. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], the [[Detroit Opera House]], and the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]].<ref name=AIADetroit>{{Cite book |author1=Hill, Eric J.  |author2=John Gallagher | title= AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture| year=2002 | publisher=Wayne State University Press }}</ref><ref name=DetArch>{{Cite book | author=[[Robert Sharoff|Sharoff, Robert]] | title=American City: Detroit Architecture| publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2005| isbn=0-8143-3270-6}}</ref>

While the [[Downtown Detroit|Downtown]] and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward [[Grosse Pointe]] and the [[Palmer Park Apartment Building Historic District|Palmer Park]] neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the [[University of Detroit Mercy]] and [[Marygrove College]], anchors historic neighborhoods including [[Palmer Woods]], [[Sherwood Forest, Detroit|Sherwood Forest]], and the [[University District, Detroit|University District]].

The [[List of Registered Historic Places in Detroit, Michigan|National Register of Historic Places]] lists 42 sites in the city. Neighborhoods constructed prior to World War II feature the architecture of the times, with wood-frame and brick houses in the working-class neighborhoods, larger brick homes in middle-class neighborhoods, and ornate mansions in upper-class neighborhoods such as [[Brush Park]], [[Woodbridge, Detroit|Woodbridge]], [[Indian Village, Detroit|Indian Village]], [[Palmer Woods]], [[Boston-Edison Historic District|Boston-Edison]], and others.

[[File:Saint Joseph Catholic Church (Detroit, MI) - nave, rear.jpg|thumb|[[St. Joseph Roman Catholic Church, Detroit|St. Joseph Catholic Church]] (1873) is a notable example of Detroit's ecclesiastical architecture (interior)|alt=]]
Some of the oldest neighborhoods are along the Woodward and [[East Jefferson Avenue Residential TR|East Jefferson]] corridors. Some newer residential construction may also be found along the Woodward corridor, the far west, and northeast. Some of the oldest extant neighborhoods include [[West Canfield Historic District|West Canfield]] and [[Brush Park]], which have both seen multimillion-dollar restorations and construction of new homes and condominiums.<ref name=partnership>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldiscoming.com/seethechange.html |title=The world is coming, see the change |accessdate=May 16, 2009 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613121052/http://www.theworldiscoming.com/seethechange.html |archivedate=June 13, 2008  }}. ''City of Detroit Partnership''. Retrieved on November 24, 2007.</ref><ref>Pfeffer, Jaime (September 12, 2006).[http://www.modeldmedia.com/features/bpark61.aspx Falling for Brush Park].''Model D Media''. Retrieved on April 21, 2009.</ref>
[[File:DavidStottsitsamongDetroittowers.jpg|thumb|[[Detroit Financial District]] viewed from [[Windsor, Ontario]]]]
The city has one of United States' largest surviving collections of late 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.<ref name=DetArch/> Architecturally significant churches and cathedrals in the city include [[St. Joseph Roman Catholic Church, Detroit|St. Joseph's]], Old [[St. Mary Roman Catholic Church (Detroit)|St. Mary's]], the [[Sweetest Heart of Mary Roman Catholic Church|Sweetest Heart of Mary]], and the [[Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament]].<ref name="AIADetroit"/>

The city has substantial activity in urban design, historic preservation, and architecture.<ref>Cityscape Detroit.[http://www.cityscapedetroit.org/ www.cityscapedetroit.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215233228/http://cityscapedetroit.org/ |date=December 15, 2013 }} Retrieved on April 8, 2007.</ref> A number of downtown redevelopment projects—of which [[Campus Martius Park]] is one of the most notable—have revitalized parts of the city. [[Grand Circus Park Historic District|Grand Circus Park]] stands near the [[Detroit Theatre District|city's theater district]], [[Ford Field]], home of the [[Detroit Lions]], and [[Comerica Park]], home of the [[Detroit Tigers]].<ref name=AIADetroit/> Other projects include the demolition of the [[Ford Auditorium]] off of Jefferson Street.

The [[Detroit International Riverfront]] includes a partially completed three-and-one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from [[Hart Plaza]] to the MacArthur Bridge accessing [[Belle Isle Park]] (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes [[Tri-Centennial State Park]] and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a {{convert|2|mi|spell=in|sp=us|adj=on|abbr=off}} extension from Hart Plaza to the [[Ambassador Bridge]] for a total of {{convert|5|mi|spell=in|abbr=off}} of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the pedestrian parks will stimulate residential redevelopment of riverfront properties condemned under [[eminent domain]].

Other major parks include [[River Rouge Park|River Rouge]] (in the southwest side), the largest park in Detroit; Palmer (north of [[Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park]]) and [[Chene Park]] (on the east river downtown).<ref>Editorial: "At Last, Sensible Dream for Detroit's Riverfront", ''Detroit News,'' December 13, 2002</ref>

====Neighborhoods====
{{Further|Neighborhoods in Detroit}}

[[File:East Ferry Avenue Historic District 2 - Detroit Michigan.jpg|thumb|Restored historic homes in the [[East Ferry Avenue Historic District|East Ferry Avenue]] neighborhood in [[Midtown Detroit|Midtown]]]]
Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown, [[Midtown Detroit|Midtown]], and [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] areas feature many historic buildings and are high density, while further out, particularly in the northeast and on the fringes,<ref name=parcel/> high vacancy levels are problematic, for which a number of solutions have been proposed. In 2007, [[Downtown Detroit]] was recognized as the best city neighborhood in which to retire among the United States' largest metro areas by CNN Money Magazine editors.<ref>Bigda, Carolyn, Erin Chambers, Lawrence Lanahan, Joe Light, Sarah Max, and Jennifer Merritt.[http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0710/gallery.bpretire.moneymag/18.html Detroit Best place to retire: Downtown] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214174832/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0710/gallery.bpretire.moneymag/18.html |date=December 14, 2012 }}. CNN Money Magazine''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref>

[[Lafayette Park, Detroit|Lafayette Park]] is a [[Planning and development in Detroit|revitalized]] neighborhood on the city's [[East Jefferson Avenue Residential TR|east side]], part of the [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] residential district.<ref name=WallStreet1>Vitullo-Martin, Julio, (December 22, 2007). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119827404882045751 The Biggest Mies Collection: His Lafayette Park residential development thrives in Detroit].''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref> The {{convert|78|acre|ha|adj=on}} development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by [[Mies van der Rohe]], [[Ludwig Hilberseimer]] and [[Alfred Caldwell]] it includes a landscaped, {{convert|19|acre|ha|adj=on}} park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated.<ref name=WallStreet1/> Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit.<ref name=Southwest2>{{cite news|last=Rodriguez |first=Cindy |date=May 23, 2007 |title=A Detroit success story: Can-do spirit revives southwest neighborhood |newspaper=Detroit News}}</ref> Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened [[Mexicantown, Detroit|Mexicantown]] International Welcome Center.<ref name=Southwest>Williams, Corey (February 28, 2008).[https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-02-28-2962316916_x.htm New Latino Wave Helps Revitalize Detroit]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref>

The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.<ref name=parcel/> A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied.<ref name=parcel>[http://www.detroitparcelsurvey.org/ Detroit Parcel Survey]. Retrieved on July 23, 2011.</ref><ref name="MLIVEAP"/><ref name="Gallagher1"/> The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.<ref name="MLIVEAP">Associated Press (February 10, 2010).[http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2010/02/survey_a_third_of_all_detroit.html Survey].''Mlive.com''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref><ref name="Gallagher1">{{cite web|title=Housing in Detroit|url=http://www.d-acis.org/Home/parcelsurvey|quote=95% of Detroit homes are deemed suitable for occupancy, 86% of Detroit's single family homes are in good condition, 9% are generally in need of minor repair}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20100220/BUSINESS04/2200371/1318/Survey-finds-third-of-Detroit-lots-vacant|author=Gallagher, John|work=Detroit Free Press|pages=1A,9A|date=February 20, 2010|accessdate=November 27, 2011|title=Survey finds third of Detroit lots vacant}}</ref><ref name=parcel2>Kavanaugh, Kelli B. (March 2, 2010).[http://www.modeldmedia.com/devnews/ressurvey030210.aspx Intensive property survey captures state of Detroit housing, vacancy]. ''Model D''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref>

To deal with vacancy issues, the city has begun demolishing the derelict houses, razing 3,000 of the total 10,000 in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20100401/NEWS01/304010003/1318/3000-buildings-to-be-torn-down |title=Crews to start tearing down derelict buildings in Detroit &#124; freep.com &#124; Detroit Free Press |publisher=freep.com |date=April 1, 2010 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> but the resulting low density creates a strain on the city's infrastructure. To remedy this, a number of solutions have been proposed including resident relocation from more sparsely populated neighborhoods and converting unused space to urban agricultural use, including [[Hantz Woodlands]], though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to another two years.<ref name=NextDetroit>{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/NextDetroit/tabid/1521/Default.aspx |title=Next Detroit |accessdate=January 2, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502164357/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/NextDetroit/tabid/1521/Default.aspx |archivedate=May 2, 2008  }}. ''City of Detroit''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/21/us/21detroit.html|title=Razing the City to Save the City|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 23, 2010 | first=Susan | last=Saulny | date=June 20, 2010}}</ref>

Public funding and private investment have also been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax.<ref name="NextDetroit"/> The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, [[Brightmoor, Detroit|Brightmoor]], East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, [[North End, Detroit|North End]], and [[Osborn, Detroit|Osborn]].<ref name=NextDetroit/> Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts.<ref name=DEGA2>{{cite web|url=http://www.degc.org/neighborhood-groups.aspx |title=Community Development |accessdate=January 3, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204215849/http://www.degc.org/neighborhood-groups.aspx |archivedate=February 4, 2008  }}.''DEGA''. Retrieved on January 2, 2009.</ref><ref name=Fund>[http://www.cfsem.org/grants/special_grants/PDFs/CF_DetroitNeighborhoodsSingle.pdf Detroit Neighborhood Fund] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206145552/http://www.cfsem.org/grants/special_grants/PDFs/CF_DetroitNeighborhoodsSingle.pdf |date=February 6, 2009 }}.''Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan''. Retrieved January 2, 2009.</ref> Additionally, the city has cleared a {{convert|1200|acre|ha|adj=on}} section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the ''Far Eastside Plan''.<ref name="Rose1">Rose, Judy (May 11, 2003). [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-05-11/business/0305110484_1_development-plan-commercial-strips-houses Detroit to revive 1 neighborhood at a time]. ''Chicago Tribune''. Retrieved November 29, 2011.</ref> In 2011, Mayor [[Dave Bing]] announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20110727/FREE/110729908/detroit-works-project-to-be-measured-in-three-demonstration-areas#|title=Detroit Works project to be measured in three demonstration areas| publisher=Crain's Detroit|date=July 27, 2011|accessdate=August 2, 2011}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1820= 1422
|1830= 2222
|1840= 9102
|1850= 21019
|1860= 45619
|1870= 79577
|1880= 116340
|1890= 205876
|1900= 285704
|1910= 465766
|1920= 993678
|1930= 1568662
|1940= 1623452
|1950= 1849568
|1960= 1670144
|1970= 1514063
|1980= 1203368
|1990= 1027974
|2000= 951270
|2010= 713777
|estyear=2018
|estimate=672662
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018|accessdate=May 24, 2019}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6G4J8TS75?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=April 22, 2013 }}</ref>
}}
{{See also|Demographic history of Detroit|Demographics of Metro Detroit}}
In the [[2010 United States Census]], the city had 713,777 residents, ranking it the [[List of United States cities by population|18th most populous city]] in the United States.<ref name="CensusCity"/><ref name="NYT Census">{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katherine Q.|title=Detroit Population Down 25 Percent, Census Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/23/us/23detroit.html|work=The New York Times|date=March 22, 2011|accessdate=March 23, 2011}}</ref>

Of the large [[shrinking cities]] in the United States, Detroit has had the most dramatic decline in population of the past 60 years (down 1,135,791) and the second largest percentage decline (down 61.4%, second only to [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]]'s 62.7%). While the drop in Detroit's population has been ongoing since 1950, the most dramatic period was the significant 25% decline between the [[2000 United States Census|2000]] and 2010 Census.<ref name="NYT Census"/>

The population collapse has resulted in large numbers of abandoned homes and commercial buildings, and areas of the city hit hard by [[urban decay]].<ref name="detroitparcelsurvey">{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitparcelsurvey.org/ |title=Detroit Residential Parcel Survey – Results |accessdate=October 31, 2013}}</ref><ref name="news.nationalpost">{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Richard|title=Graphic: Detroit Then and Now|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/01/graphic-detroit-then-and-now/|newspaper=National Post|date=February 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Binelli|first=Mark|title=How Detroit Became the World Capital of Staring at Abandoned Old Buildings|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/magazine/how-detroit-became-the-world-capital-of-staring-at-abandoned-old-buildings.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name="wired">{{cite news|last=Brook|first=Pete|title=Captivating Photos of Detroit Delve Deep to Reveal a Beautiful, Struggling City|url=https://www.wired.com/rawfile/2013/01/detroit-dave-jordano/|newspaper=Wired|date=January 29, 2012}}</ref><ref name="couriermail">{{cite news|last=Koremans|first=Sonja|title=Homes still selling for $1 in Detroit|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/realestate/homes-for-1/story-fnczc1bg-1226559204461|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|date=January 22, 2013}}</ref>

Detroit's 713,777 residents represent 269,445 households, and 162,924 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,144.3 people per square mile (1,895/km²). There were 349,170 housing units at an average density of 2,516.5 units per square mile (971.6/km²). Housing density has declined. The city has demolished thousands of Detroit's abandoned houses, planting some areas and in others allowing the growth of [[urban prairie]].

Of the 269,445 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.5% were married couples living together, 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 39.5% were non-families, 34.0% were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Average household size was 2.59, and average family size was 3.36.

There is a wide distribution of age in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

According to a 2014 study, 67% of the population of the city identified themselves as [[Christians]], with 49% professing attendance at [[Protestant]] churches, and 16% professing [[Roman Catholic]] beliefs,<ref>[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles], Pew Research Center</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life |date=May 12, 2015}}</ref> while 24% claim [[Irreligion|no religious affiliation]]. Other religions collectively make up about 8% of the population.

===Income and employment===
The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems.<ref name=time>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1925681,00.html | title=Assignment Detroit: Why Time Inc. Is in Motown | last=Huey | first=John | date=September 24, 2009 | work=Time}}</ref> From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/city/Detroit-Michigan.html |title=Detroit, Michigan |publisher=City-Data.com |accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> {{As of|2010}} the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of ''Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City'', said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country."<ref>Bergmann, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rt-S8Xe1S_wC&pg=PA39&dq=%22Detroit+is+now+one+of+the+poorest+big+cities%22#v=onepage&q=%22Detroit%20is%20now%20one%20of%20the%20poorest%20big%20cities%22 39]</ref>

In the 2010 [[American Community Survey]], median household income in the city was $25,787, and the median income for a family was $31,011. The per capita income for the city was $14,118. 32.3% of families had income at or below the federally defined poverty level. Out of the total population, 53.6% of those under the age of 18 and 19.8% of those 65 and older had income at or below the federally defined poverty line.

[[Oakland County, Michigan|Oakland County]] in Metro Detroit, once rated amongst the wealthiest US counties per household, is no longer shown in the top 25 listing of ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine. But internal county statistical methods—based on measuring per capita income for counties with more than one million residents—show that Oakland is still within the top 12, slipping from the 4th-most affluent such county in the U.S. in 2004 to 11th-most affluent in 2009.<ref name=suburbsprofile>{{cite web| url = http://www.oakgov.com/peds/assets/docs/community_profiles/OakCounty.pdf#search=%22Oakland%20County%20richest%22| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528115218/http://www.oakgov.com/peds/assets/docs/community_profiles/OakCounty.pdf| archivedate = May 28, 2008| title =2004–05 Community profile Oakland County| accessdate =May 5, 2009| quote = Oakland County also ranks as the fourth wealthiest county in the USA among counties with populations of more than one million people.}}</ref><ref name=suburbsprofile2>{{cite web|url=http://www.oakgov.com/globaloakland/oakland_county/fast_facts.html |title=Global Oakland Fast Facts |accessdate=November 27, 2011 |quote=Oakland ranked 11th in per capita income among counties with populations over one million (2009) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126130748/http://www.oakgov.com/globaloakland/oakland_county/fast_facts.html |archivedate=November 26, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Hopkins">Hopkins, Carol (March 28, 2010).[http://www.dailytribune.com/article/20100328/NEWS/303289969/0/SEARCH/oakland-still-ranks-among-the-nation-s-wealthiest-counties Oakland still ranks among the nation's wealthiest counties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620210805/http://www.dailytribune.com/article/20100328/NEWS/303289969/0/SEARCH/oakland-still-ranks-among-the-nation-s-wealthiest-counties |date=June 20, 2017 }}. ''Daily Tribune''. Retrieved November 27, 2011.</ref> Detroit dominates Wayne County, which has an average household income of about $38,000, compared to Oakland County's $62,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/county/Wayne_County-MI.html |title=Wayne County, Michigan |publisher=City-Data.com |accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/county/Oakland_County-MI.html |title=Oakland County, Michigan |publisher=City-Data.com |accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref>

===Race and ethnicity===
{{seealso|Ethnic groups in Metro Detroit}}
[[File:FischerDetroit2010Census.png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in Detroit, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: <span style="color:#f00;">'''White'''</span>, <span style="color:#00f;">'''Black'''</span>, <span style="color:#00ff80">'''Asian'''</span>, <span style="color:#ff8000">'''Hispanic'''</span> or '''Other''' (yellow)]]

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
|+ Detroit racial composition
|-
! Demographic profile !! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/26/2622000.html |title=Detroit (city), Michigan |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715161518/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/26/2622000.html |archivedate=July 15, 2006  }}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="census1">{{cite web|title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69hd5KAIE?url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archivedate=August 6, 2012  }}</ref>!! 1970<ref name="census1"/> !! 1950<ref name="census1"/> !! 1940<ref name="census1"/> !! 1930<ref name="census1"/> !! 1920<ref name="census1"/> !! 1910<ref name="census1"/>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 10.6% || 21.6% || 55.5% || 83.6% || 90.7% || 92.2% || 95.8% || 98.7%
|-
|&nbsp;—Non-Hispanic || 7.8% ||  20.7% ||  54.0%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref> || {{n/a}} || 90.4% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 82.7% || 75.7% || 43.7% || 16.2% || 9.2% || 7.7% || 4.1% || 1.2%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 6.8% ||  2.8% || 1.8%<ref name="fifteen"/> || {{n/a}} || 0.3% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 1.1% ||  0.8% || 0.3% || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.1% || {{n/a}}
|}

The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of European, Middle Eastern ([[Lebanese Americans|Lebanese]], [[Assyrians in the United States|Assyrian/Chaldean]]), and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry.<ref name="autogenerated1">Baulch, Vivian M. (September 4, 1999). [http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=109 Michigan's greatest treasure – Its people] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20070731040800/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=109 |date=July 31, 2007 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on October 22, 2007.</ref> In 1940, Whites were 90.4% of the city's population.<ref name="census1"/> Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home;<ref>[http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=70&CFID=15600792&CFTOKEN=21169095 Vivian M. Baulch,] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120710201644/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=70&CFID=15600792&CFTOKEN=21169095 |date=July 10, 2012 }} "How Detroit got its first black hospital," ''The Detroit News,'' November 28, 1995.</ref> in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit.<ref>"[http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmcities1.html Important Cities in Black History]". Infoplease.com.</ref> The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of the 20th century.<ref>"[http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129103021/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |date=January 29, 2014 }}". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.</ref>

Detroit remains one of the most [[Racial segregation in the United States|racially segregated]] cities in the United States.<ref name=NYT26Mar11>{{cite news|last=Sugrue|first=Thomas J.|title=A Dream Still Deferred|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/opinion/27Sugrue.html|accessdate=July 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 26, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Darden2010/> From the [[Second Great Migration (African American)|1940s to the 1970s a second wave of black people moved to Detroit]] to escape [[Jim Crow laws]] in the south and find jobs.<ref name=Martin92>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Elizabeth Anne|title=Detroit and the Great Migration 1916–1929|year=1992|publisher=University of Michigan|url=http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/|chapter=City of Opportunity|quote=The thousands of African-Americans who flocked to Detroit were part of the "Great Migration" of the twentieth century.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212184120/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/|archivedate=December 12, 2009}}</ref> However, they soon found themselves excluded from white areas of the city—through [[Racially motivated crime|violence]], laws, and [[economic discrimination]] (e.g., [[redlining]]).<ref name=DetroitDivided>{{cite book|title=Detroit divided|year=2002|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87154-281-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olcZfAD7cPEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage|authors=Reynolds Farley, Sheldon Danziger, Harry J. Holzer|chapter=The Evolution of Racial Segregation}}</ref> White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and exploding bombs.<ref name=NYT26Mar11/><ref name=DetroitDivided/> The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs.<ref name=Darden2010/> One of the implications of racial segregation, which correlates with class segregation, may be overall worse health for some populations.<ref name=Darden2010>{{cite journal|last=Darden|first=Joe|author2=Rahbar, Mohammad |author3=Jezierski, Louise |author4=Li, Min |author5= Velie, Ellen |title=The Measurement of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Black and White Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Detroit: Implications for the Study of Social Disparities in Health|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=January 1, 2010|volume=100|issue=1|pages=137–158|doi=10.1080/00045600903379042|quote=In 2000, metropolitan Detroit was the most racially segregated large metropolitan area in the United States (Darden, Stokes, and Thomas 2007). Accompanying such extreme racial residential segregation is extreme class segregation.}}</ref><ref name=Grady2012>{{cite journal|last=Grady|first=Sue|author2=Darden, Joe|title=Spatial Methods to Study Local Racial Residential Segregation and Infant Health in Detroit, Michigan|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=May 15, 2012|doi=10.1080/00045608.2012.674898|volume=102|issue=5|page=922}}</ref>

While African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clrsearch.com/Detroit-Demographics/MI/Population-by-Race-and-Ethnicity |title=Detroit, MI Population by Race and Ethnicity |publisher=CLRSearch |accessdate=March 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302020003/http://www.clrsearch.com/Detroit-Demographics/MI/Population-by-Race-and-Ethnicity |archive-date=March 2, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit.<ref name=Wisely>{{cite news |title=Motor City population declines 25% |author1=Wisely, John |author2=Spangler, Todd |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-03-22-michigan-census_N.htm |newspaper=USA Today |date=March 24, 2011 |accessdate=June 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>Towbridge, Gordon. "[http://www.s4.brown.edu/cen2000/othersay/detroitnews/Stories/Racial%20divide%20widest%20in%20U_S_%20-%2001-14-02.pdf Racial divide widest in U.S]." ''[[The Detroit News]]''. January 14, 2002. Retrieved on March 30, 2009.</ref> The number of integrated [[neighborhoods]] has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four.<ref name=Wilkinson>{{cite news|last=Wilkinson|first=Mike|title=Metro Detroit no longer most segregated|url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/detroit/metro-detroit-no-longer-most-segregated-143407993.html|accessdate=July 27, 2012|newspaper=Yahoo News|date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> A 2011 [[op-ed]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'' attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to [[white flight]] and resegregation.<ref name=NYT26Mar11/> Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage<!--The article says "Number of whites" but this is misleading; the body said that the percentage increased!--> of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs.<ref name=autogenerated9>Wisely, John. "[http://www.ksdk.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=219112 Number of whites living in Detroit goes up for first time in 60 years]." ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' at ''[[KSDK]]''. September 29, 2010. Retrieved on January 7, 2013.</ref>

Detroit has a Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During the [[Mexican Repatriation]] of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s the Mexican community began to settle what is now [[Mexicantown, Detroit|Mexicantown]]. The population significantly increased in the 1990s due to immigration from Jalisco. In 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans. The number of Hispanics was a 70% increase from the number in 1990.<ref name=Denvir>Denvir, Daniel. "[http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2012/09/paradox-mexicantown-detroits-uncomfortable-relationship-immigrants-it-desperately-needs/3357/ The Paradox of Mexicantown: Detroit's Uncomfortable Relationship With the Immigrants it Desperately Needs]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6GjhBkQ2c?url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2012/09/paradox-mexicantown-detroits-uncomfortable-relationship-immigrants-it-desperately-needs/3357/ Archive]) ''[[The Atlantic]] Cities''. September 24, 2012. Retrieved on January 15, 2013.</ref>

After World War II, many people from [[Appalachia]] settled in Detroit. Appalachians formed communities and their children acquired southern accents.<ref>Detroitblogger John. "[http://www2.metrotimes.com/culture/story.asp?id=15003 Southland]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6GWKAbItr?url=http://www2.metrotimes.com/culture/story.asp?id%3D15003 Archive]) ''[[Metro Times]]''. April 28, 2010. Retrieved on May 12, 2012.</ref> Many Lithuanians settled in Detroit during the World War II era, especially on the city's Southwest side in the [[West Vernor-Junction Historic District|West Vernor]] area,<ref>{{cite book|jstor=10.14321/j.ctt7ztcn0|title=Lithuanians in Michigan|first=Marius K.|last=Grazulis|year=2009|publisher=Michigan State University Press|doi=10.14321/j.ctt7ztcn0}}</ref> where the renovated Lithuanian Hall reopened in 2006.<ref>Model D Media (November 28, 2006). [http://www.modeldmedia.com/inthenews/lithuanian73.aspx Southwest Detroit's Lithuanian Hall to reopen after $2 million renovation]</ref><ref>Bello, Marisol. "[http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061128/NEWS99/61128041 Lithuanian center to reopen Thursday]" ''[[Detroit Free Press]]''. November 28, 2006.</ref>

In 2001, 103,000 Jews, or about 1.9% of the population, were living in the Detroit area, in both Detroit and [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05142.html |title=Detroit |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref>

====Asians and Asian Americans====
As of 2002, of all of the municipalities in the [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]]-[[Oakland County, Michigan|Oakland County]]-[[Macomb County, Michigan|Macomb County]] area, Detroit had the second largest Asian population. As of that year Detroit's percentage of Asians was 1%, far lower than the 13.3% of [[Troy, Michigan|Troy]].<ref name=MetzgerBoozap8>Metzger, Kurt and Jason Booza. "[http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf Asians in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109050601/http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf |date=November 9, 2013 }}." Center for Urban Studies, [[Wayne State University]]. January 2002 Working Paper Series, No. 7. p. 8. Retrieved on November 6, 2013.</ref> By 2000 Troy had the largest Asian American population in the tricounty area, surpassing Detroit.<ref name=MetzgerBoozap10>Metzger, Kurt and Jason Booza. "[http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf Asians in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109050601/http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf |date=November 9, 2013 }}." Center for Urban Studies, [[Wayne State University]]. January 2002 Working Paper Series, No. 7. p. 10. Retrieved on November 6, 2013.</ref>

As of 2002 there are four areas in Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has population of [[Hmong American|Hmong]] with a smaller group of [[Lao American|Lao]] people. A portion of Detroit next to eastern [[Hamtramck]] includes [[Bangladeshi American]]s, [[Indian American]]s, and [[Pakistani American]]s; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. Many of those residents own small businesses or work in blue collar jobs, and the population in that area is mostly Muslim. The area north of [[Downtown Detroit]]; including the region around the [[Henry Ford Hospital]], the [[Detroit Medical Center]], and [[Wayne State University]]; has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In [[Southwest Detroit]] and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities including an area in the westside adjacent to [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]] and [[Redford Township]] that has a mostly Indian Asian population, and a community of Vietnamese and Laotians in Southwest Detroit.<ref name=MetzgerBoozap8/>

{{As of|2006}} the city has one of the U.S.'s largest concentrations of Hmong Americans.<ref name="Chou">{{cite web|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/content/growing-hmong-detroit |title=Growing up Hmong in Detroit |publisher=''[[The Michigan Daily]]''|date=December 7, 2006 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref> In 2006, the city had about 4,000 Hmong and other Asian immigrant families. Most Hmong live east of [[Coleman Young Airport]]<!--City Airport--> near [[Osborn High School]]. Hmong immigrant families generally have lower incomes than those of suburban Asian families.<ref name=Archambault>Archambault, Dennis. "[http://www.modeldmedia.com/features/asianyouth70.aspx Young and Asian in Detroit]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6GWK0UQn4?url=http://www.modeldmedia.com/features/asianyouth70.aspx Archive]) ''Model D Media''. Issue Media Group, LLC. Tuesday November 14, 2006. Retrieved on November 5, 2012.</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of metropolitan Detroit|Planning and development in Detroit}}
{{Detroit top city employers}}
[[File:GM HQ.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Renaissance Center]], headquarters of [[General Motors]]]]
Several major corporations are based in the city, including three Fortune 500 companies. The most heavily represented sectors are manufacturing (particularly automotive), finance, technology, and health care. The most significant companies based in Detroit include [[General Motors]], [[Quicken Loans]], [[Ally Financial]], [[Compuware]], [[Shinola Detroit|Shinola]], [[American Axle]], [[Little Caesars]], [[DTE Energy]], [[Lowe Campbell Ewald]], [[Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan]], and [[Rossetti Architects]].

About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit, comprising one-fifth of the city's employment base.<ref name=Marketprofile>The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, The Social Compact Inc., University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program, (October 2006).[http://www.downtowndetroit.org/ddp/newsroom/Downtown_Detroit_in_Focus.pdf Downtown Detroit in Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812084749/http://www.downtowndetroit.org/ddp/newsroom/Downtown_Detroit_in_Focus.pdf |date=August 12, 2011 }}.''Detroit Economic Growth Corporation'' and ''Downtown Detroit Partnership''. Retrieved on June 14, 2008.</ref><ref>Henion, Andy (March 22, 2007). City puts transit idea in motion.''The Detroit News''.(About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit which is 21% of the city's employment base). Retrieved on May 14, 2007.</ref> Aside from the numerous Detroit-based companies listed above, downtown contains large offices for [[Comerica]], [[Chrysler]], [[Fifth Third Bank]], [[HP Enterprise Services|HP Enterprise]], [[Deloitte]], [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], [[KPMG]], and [[Ernst & Young]]. [[Ford Motor Company]] is located in the adjacent city of [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]].

[[File:KresgeWorldHeadquartersDetroit.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Metropolitan Center for High Technology]] at Wayne University offers room for [[startup company|startup companies]]]]
Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employer [[Detroit Medical Center]], [[Wayne State University]], and the [[Henry Ford Health System]] in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmaker [[Shinola Detroit|Shinola]] and an array of small and [[startup company|startup]] companies. [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] bases [[Tech Town (Detroit)|TechTown]], a research and business incubator hub that is part of the WSU system.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://media.wayne.edu/2015/03/02/wsu-economic-development-leader-named-techtown-president |title=WSU economic development leader named TechTown president and CEO}}</ref> Like downtown and [[Corktown, Detroit|Corktown]], Midtown also has a fast-growing retailing and restaurant scene.

A number of the city's downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs around Metropolitan Detroit into the downtown core.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/business/detroit/index.ssf/2013/03/while_companies_move_into_down.html|title=While companies move into Downtown Detroit, suburbs continue to suffer|website=Mlive.com|accessdate=August 18, 2017}}</ref> [[Compuware]] completed its [[Compuware World Headquarters|world headquarters]] in downtown in 2003. [[OnStar]], [[Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan|Blue Cross Blue Shield]], and [[HP Enterprise Services]] are located at the [[Renaissance Center]]. [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] Plaza offices are adjacent to [[Ford Field]], and [[Ernst & Young]] completed its office building at [[One Kennedy Square]] in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, [[Quicken Loans]], one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices.<ref name=Howes>Howes, Daniel (November 12, 2007).[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071112/UPDATE/711120450/1361 Quicken moving to downtown Detroit].''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 12, 2007.{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside [[Washington, D.C.]]'s metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/news/pr/2012/12-41.jsp |title=Press Release, 12–41 |publisher=Uspto.gov |date=July 13, 2012 |accessdate=June 29, 2014}}</ref>

In April 2014, the [[United States Department of Labor]] reported the city's unemployment rate at 14.5%.<ref name=MILMI2>{{cite web|url=http://ycharts.com/indicators/detroit_mi_unemployment_rate |title=Detroit, MI Unemployment Rate |publisher=Ycharts.com |date= |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref>

The city of Detroit and other private-public partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, [[Campus Martius Park]], [[Dequindre Cut]] Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city itself has cleared sections of land while retaining a number of historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment;<ref name=autogenerated3>Morice, Zach (September 21, 2007).[http://info.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek07/0921/0921p_detroit.cfm Planting community in fallow fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723030222/http://info.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek07/0921/0921p_detroit.cfm |date=July 23, 2011 }}.''American Institute of Architects''. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.</ref> even though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.<ref name=NextDetroit/> Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3&nbsp;billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.<ref name=partnership/> In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15&nbsp;billion in new investment from private and public sectors.<ref name=autogenerated2>The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program The Social Compact, Inc. University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program (October 2006).[http://www.downtowndetroit.org/ddp/market_data.htm Downtown Detroit In Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918050029/http://www.downtowndetroit.org/ddp/market_data.htm |date=September 18, 2011 }}. ''Downtown Detroit Partnership''. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.</ref>

[[File:BookCadillac1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Westin Book Cadillac Hotel]] completed a $200-million reconstruction in 2008, and is in Detroit's [[Washington Boulevard Historic District]]]]
Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems.<ref>Maynard, Micheline. (July 29, 2013) [http://nation.time.com/2013/07/29/detroits-developers-unfazed-by-bankruptcy/ Detroit's Developers Unfazed by Bankruptcy | TIME.com]. Nation.time.com. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref> Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96%.<ref>[http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/05/lawrence_tech_to_anchor_new.html Lawrence Tech anchoring Midtown Detroit development, joining neighborhood's boom]. MLive.com (May 7, 2013). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref> Numerous [[Planning and development in Detroit|developments]] have been recently completed or are in various stages of construction. These include the $82 million reconstruction of downtown's [[David Whitney Building]] (now an [[Aloft Hotel]] and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, the residential conversion of the [[David Broderick Tower]] in downtown, the rehabilitation of the [[Book Cadillac Hotel]] (now a Westin and luxury condos) and [[Fort Shelby Hotel]] (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/01/detroit-development-projects-real-estate_n_3288459.html Detroit Development Projects, Real Estate Investments Are Booming In 2013]. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref>

Downtown's population of young professionals is growing and retail is expanding.<ref name=Detroitres/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2012/07/10/a-shocking-sight-in-downtown-detroit/|title=A Shocking Sight In Downtown Detroit – People|last=Muller|first=Joanne|date=July 10, 2012|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=August 10, 2013}}</ref> A study in 2007 found out that Downtown's new residents are predominantly young professionals (57% are ages 25 to 34, 45% have bachelor's degrees, and 34% have a master's or professional degree),<ref name=Marketprofile/><ref name=Detroitres/><ref name=Detroitstudy/> a trend which has hastened over the last decade. [[John Varvatos]] is set to open a downtown store in 2015, and [[Restoration Hardware]] is rumored to be opening a store nearby.<ref name=autogenerated4>Haimerl, Amy (December 11, 2014).[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20141211/BLOG017/141219963/restoration-hardware-to-open-outlet-store-in-downtown-detroit Restoration Hardware to Open].''Crain's Detroit Business''. Retrieved on February 5, 2015.</ref>

On July 25, 2013, [[Meijer]], a midwestern retail chain, opened its first supercenter store in Detroit,;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20130724/BUSINESS06/307240146/Meijer-Detroit |title=First Meijer super center store opens in Detroit |publisher=Freep.com |date= |accessdate=June 29, 2014}}</ref> this was a $20 million, 190,000-square-foot store in the northern portion of the city and it also is the centerpiece of a new $72 million shopping center named Gateway Marketplace.<ref>[http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2013/07/25/new-20m-meijer-store-opens-in-detroit/ New $20M Meijer Store Opens In Detroit " CBS Detroit]. Detroit.cbslocal.com (July 25, 2013). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref> On June 11, 2015, Meijer opened its second supercenter store in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/06/11/meijer-second-store-detroit/71062968/ |title=Meijer opens its 2nd Detroit store amid song, donations |website=Freep.com |date=June 11, 2015 |accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref>

On May 21, 2014, [[JPMorgan Chase]] announced that it was injecting $100 million over five years into Detroit's economy, providing development funding for a variety of projects that would increase employment. It is the largest commitment made to any one city by the nation's biggest bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/Corporate-Responsibility/detroit.htm|title=JPMorgan Chase – Invested In Detroit – JPMorgan Chase & Co.|website=Jpmorganchase.com|accessdate=August 18, 2017}}</ref> Of the $100 million, $50 million will go toward development projects, $25 million will go toward city blight removal, $12.5 million will go for job training, $7 million will go for small businesses in the city, and $5.5 million will go toward the [[Detroit M-1 Rail Line|M-1 light rail]] project (Qline).<ref name="$100million">{{cite news|title=Detroit recovery plan to get $100mn support from JPMorgan Chase|url=http://www.detroitnews.net/index.php/sid/222206765/scat/3d33b780d0e24349/ht/Detroit-recovery-plan-to-get-100mn-support-from-JPMorgan-Chase|accessdate=May 21, 2014|publisher=''Detroit News.Net''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522123238/http://www.detroitnews.net/index.php/sid/222206765/scat/3d33b780d0e24349/ht/Detroit-recovery-plan-to-get-100mn-support-from-JPMorgan-Chase|archive-date=May 22, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On May 19, 2015, JPMorgan Chase announced that it has invested $32 million for two redevelopment projects in the city's Capitol Park district, the Capitol Park Lofts (the former Capitol Park Building) and the Detroit Savings Bank building at 1212 Griswold. Those investments are separate from Chase's five-year, $100-million commitment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/story/money/business/michigan/2015/05/19/chase-dimon-duggan-detroit-karp-griswold/27530243/ |title=Duggan, Dimon celebrate redevelopment and partnership in Detroit |website=Freep.com |date= |accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref> On May 10, 2017, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. announced a $50 million increase in the $100 million investment the firm committed to economic development and neighborhood stabilization in Detroit by 2019. Half of the $150 million will be grants and the other half is going to toward a variety of loan funds for small business growth, mixed-use real estate development and residential housing projects.
<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/05/10/jpmorgan-detroit-investement/101496376/ |title= JP Morgan Chase expanding Detroit investment to $150 Million| date=May 10, 2017}}</ref>

==Culture and contemporary life==
{{Main|Culture of Detroit}}
[[File:Broadway Avenue Historic District - Detroit, Michigan.jpg|thumb|Detroit's [[Broadway Avenue Historic District (Detroit, Michigan)|Broadway Area]], a cultural link in [[Downtown Detroit|Downtown]]]]
In the central portions of Detroit, the population of young professionals, artists, and other transplants is growing and retail is expanding.<ref name=Detroitres>Harrison, Sheena (June 25, 2007). [http://www.crainsdetroit.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070625/SUB/70623003/-1/newsletter02 DEGA enlists help to spur Detroit retail]. ''Crain's Detroit Business.'' Retrieved on November 28, 2007. "New downtown residents are largely young professionals according to Social Compact."</ref> This dynamic is luring additional new residents, and former residents returning from other cities, to the city's [[Downtown Detroit|Downtown]] along with the revitalized [[Midtown Detroit|Midtown]] and [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] areas.<ref name=Marketprofile/><ref name=Detroitres/><ref name=Detroitstudy>Reppert, Joe (October 2007).[http://downtowndetroit.org/ddp/newsroom/Detroit_Drill_Down_Report.pdf Detroit Neighborhood Market Drill Down] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926205010/http://downtowndetroit.org/ddp/newsroom/Detroit_Drill_Down_Report.pdf |date=September 26, 2011 }}. ''Social Compact''. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.</ref>

A desire to be closer to the urban scene has also attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as [[Ferndale, Michigan|Ferndale]] and [[Royal Oak, Michigan|Royal Oak]], Michigan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20070702/SUB/707010309# |title=Waterfront Living: River rebirth draws residents downtown – Detroit News and Information – Crain's Detroit Business |publisher=Crainsdetroit.com |date=July 2, 2007 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> Detroit's proximity to [[Windsor, Ontario]], provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19.<ref name= Windsornightlife>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/03/AR2006020302747.html| title = Detroit's Big Party Next Door. In Windsor, Temptation Waits for Players, Fans| accessdate =May 5, 2009| last = La Canfora| first = Jason| work=The Washington Post| date=February 4, 2006}}</ref> A 2011 study by [[Walk Score]] recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/|title=2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings |publisher=Walk Score |year=2011 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}}</ref> About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit.<ref name="Visitor poll">Bailey, Ruby L (August 22, 2007). The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors.''Detroit Free Press''. New Detroit Free Press-Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."</ref>

===Nicknames===
Known as the world's automotive center,<ref>Lawrence, Peter (2009).[http://www.cdf.org/issue_journal/interview_with_michigans_governor.html Interview with Michigan's Governor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120031101/http://www.cdf.org/issue_journal/interview_with_michigans_governor.html |date=November 20, 2008 }}, Corporate Design Foundation. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.</ref> "Detroit" is a [[Metonymy|metonym]] for [[Automotive industry in the United States|that industry]].<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-204598/Michigan |title=Michigan Cities |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=April 8, 2007 |quote=[Detroit] is the automobile capital of the world |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919051802/http://citywindsor.ca/000600.asp |archivedate=September 19, 2010 }}</ref> Detroit's auto industry, some of which was converted to wartime defense production, was an important element of the American "[[Arsenal of Democracy]]" supporting the [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]] during World War II.<ref name=arsenal>{{Cite book|author=Davis, Michael W. R. |title=Detroit's Wartime Industry: Arsenal of Democracy (Images of America)|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=0-7385-5164-3}}</ref> It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the ''Motor City'' and ''[[Motown]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sae.org/congress/|title=SAE World Congress convenes in Detroit|accessdate=April 12, 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210095927/http://www.sae.org/congress/|archivedate=February 10, 2007}}</ref> Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including ''City of Champions,'' beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport;<ref name=City_of_Champions/> ''The D''; ''[[Hockeytown]]'' (a trademark owned by the city's [[National Hockey League|NHL]] club, the [[Detroit Red Wings|Red Wings]]); ''Rock City'' (after the [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] song "[[Detroit Rock City]]"); and ''The [[Area code 313|313]]'' (its telephone area code).<ref>Commemorated in the movie ''[[8 Mile (film)|8 Mile]]'' (2002).</ref><ref name=Almanac2/>

===Music===
<!-- This section is a summary of significant information. Please make longer contributions to the sub articles. Thank you. -->
{{Main|Music of Detroit}}
[[File:Greektownnew2.jpg|thumb|[[Greektown Historic District]] in Detroit|332x332px]]Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s, bringing the city recognition under the nickname 'Motown'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/search/?q=Motown&type=label |title=Searching for "Motown" within on Discogs |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref> The metropolitan area has many nationally prominent [[Theatre in Detroit|live music venues]]. Concerts hosted by [[Live Nation]] perform throughout the Detroit area. Large concerts are held at [[DTE Energy Music Theatre]] and [[The Palace of Auburn Hills]]. The city's [[Theatre in Detroit|theatre venue circuit]] is the United States' second largest and hosts [[Broadway theatre|Broadway performances]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldiscoming.com/getinfo_coolstuff.html |title=Firsts and facts |accessdate=July 25, 2008 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501085821/http://www.theworldiscoming.com/getinfo_coolstuff.html |archivedate=May 1, 2008  }} ''Detroit Tourism Economic Development Council''. Retrieved on July 24, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.°C.org/arts-culture.aspx Arts & Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411002813/http://www/ |date=April 11, 2005 }} ''Detroit Economic Growth Corporation''. Retrieved on July 24, 2008. "Detroit is home to the second largest theatre district in the United States."</ref>

The city of Detroit has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to a number of different genres over the decades leading into the new millennium.<ref name=Almanac2/> Important music events in the city include: the [[Detroit International Jazz Festival]], the [[Detroit Electronic Music Festival]], the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.<ref name=Almanac2/>

In the 1940s, [[Detroit blues]] artist [[John Lee Hooker]] became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important [[blues]] musicians migrated from his home in [[Mississippi]] bringing the [[Delta blues]] to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for [[Fortune Records]], the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the [[Black Bottom, Detroit|Black Bottom]] neighborhood.<ref name=Woodford/> Prominent emerging [[Jazz]] musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player [[Donald Byrd]] who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist [[Pepper Adams]] who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents [[jazz]] in Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Graystone Online |url=http://www.ipl.org.ar/exhibit/detjazz/Graystone.html |publisher=Internet Public Library of the University of Michigan |accessdate=May 5, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911002339/http://www.ipl.org.ar/exhibit/detjazz/Graystone.html |archivedate=September 11, 2009  }}</ref>

Other, prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s was [[Nolan Strong]], [[Andre Williams]] and [[Nathaniel Mayer]] – who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit, and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune, which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s, laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.<ref name=Carson>{{Cite book |first= David A. |last= Carson |title= Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock 'n' Roll |publisher= University of Michigan Press |year= 2005 |isbn= 0-472-11503-0 }}</ref>

[[File:MGMGrand Detroit1.jpg|thumb|The [[MGM Grand Detroit]], one of Detroit's three casino resorts and the 16th largest employer in the city]]
[[Berry Gordy, Jr.]] founded [[Motown Records]] which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as [[Stevie Wonder]], [[The Temptations]], [[The Four Tops]], [[Smokey Robinson & The Miracles]], [[Diana Ross & The Supremes]], the [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]], [[Martha and the Vandellas]], [[The Spinners (American R&B group)|The Spinners]], [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]], [[The Marvelettes]], [[The Elgins]], [[The Monitors (American band)|The Monitors]], [[The Velvelettes]] and [[Marvin Gaye]]. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists<ref>''Girl Groups – Fabulous Females Who Rocked The World'', by John Clemente</ref> [[The Andantes]] and [[The Funk Brothers]], the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman's 2002 documentary film [[Standing in the Shadows of Motown]], based on Allan Slutsky's book of the same name.

[[The Motown Sound]] played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first African American owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. [[Aretha Franklin]], another Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown Sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown Label.<ref name=Almanac2/>

Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including: the [[MC5]], [[The Stooges]], [[Bob Seger]], [[Amboy Dukes]] featuring [[Ted Nugent]], [[Mitch Ryder]] and The Detroit Wheels, [[Rare Earth (band)|Rare Earth]], [[Alice Cooper]], and [[Suzi Quatro]]. The group [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song ''[[Detroit Rock City]]'' and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the [[hardcore punk rock]] underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as [[The Necros]], [[The Meatmen]], and [[Negative Approach]].<ref name="Carson"/>

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In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artists, including [[Eminem]], the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer [[J Dilla]], rapper and producer [[Esham]] and hip hop duo [[Insane Clown Posse]]. The city is also home to rappers [[Big Sean]] and [[Danny Brown (rapper)|Danny Brown]].  The band [[Sponge (band)|Sponge]] toured and produced music, with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Uncle Kracker]].<ref name=Almanac2/><ref name="Carson"/> The city also has an active [[garage rock]] genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: [[The White Stripes]], [[The Von Bondies]], [[The Detroit Cobras]], [[The Dirtbombs]], [[Electric Six]], and [[The Hard Lessons]].<ref name=Almanac2/>

Detroit is cited as the birthplace of [[techno]] music in the early 1980s.<ref name=Plexifilm>{{cite web|author=Jessica Edwards |url=http://www.plexifilm.com/title.php?id=27 |title=High Tech Soul |publisher=Plexifilm |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206170131/http://www.plexifilm.com/title.php?id=27 |archivedate=December 6, 2013 |df= }}</ref> The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of [[electronic dance music]], "[[Detroit techno]]". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past.<ref name=Woodford>{{Cite book| author=Woodford, Arthur M.|title=This is Detroit 1701–2001|publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2001|isbn=0-8143-2914-4}}</ref> Prominent [[Detroit techno]] artists include [[Juan Atkins]], [[Derrick May (musician)|Derrick May]], [[Kevin Saunderson]], and [[Jeff Mills]]. The [[Detroit Electronic Music Festival]], now known as "Movement", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in [[Hart Plaza]]. In the early years (2000–2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth.

===Entertainment and performing arts===
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[[File:Fox Theatre at Night.jpg|thumb|right|Fox Theatre at night with new LED lights in Downtown Detroit]]
{{Main|Theatre in Detroit}}

Major theaters in Detroit include the [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]] (5,174 seats), [[Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts|Music Hall]] (1,770 seats), the [[Gem Theatre]] (451 seats), [[Detroit Masonic Temple|Masonic Temple Theatre]] (4,404 seats), the [[Detroit Opera House]] (2,765 seats), the [[Fisher Theatre]] (2,089 seats), [[The Fillmore Detroit]] (2,200 seats), [[Saint Andrew's Hall]], the [[Majestic Theater (Detroit, Michigan)|Majestic Theater]], and [[Orchestra Hall (Detroit)|Orchestra Hall]] (2,286 seats) which hosts the renowned [[Detroit Symphony Orchestra]]. The [[Nederlander Organization]], the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the [[Detroit Opera House]] in 1922 by the Nederlander family.<ref name=Almanac2>{{Cite book|author1=Gavrilovich, Peter  |author2=Bill McGraw |title=The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition|publisher=Detroit Free Press| year=2006|isbn=978-0-937247-48-8}}</ref>

[[Motown Motion Picture Studios]] with {{convert|535000|sqft|m2}} produces movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.<ref>Gallaher, John and Kathleen Gray and Chris Christoff (February 3, 2009). "Pontiac film studio to bring jobs". ''Detroit Free Press''.</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in metropolitan Detroit}}
[[File:DetroitInstituteoftheArts2010A.jpg|thumb|[[Detroit Institute of Arts]]|220x220px]]

Because of its [[Culture of Detroit|unique culture]], [[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit|distinctive architecture]], and [[Planning and development in Detroit|revitalization and urban renewal efforts in the 21st century]], Detroit has enjoyed increased prominence as a tourist destination in recent years. ''[[The New York Times]]'' listed Detroit as the 9th-best destination in its list of ''52 Places to Go in 2017'',<ref name="52 Places to Go in 2017">The New York Times (January 4, 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/travel/places-to-visit.html 52 Places to Go in 2017] NYT Travel, ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved on February 7, 2018.</ref>  while travel guide publisher ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' named Detroit the second-best city in the world to visit in 2018.<ref name="Top 10 cities to visit in 2018">Lonely Planet. [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/best-in-travel/cities] Lonely Planet, ''Lonely Planet.'' Retrieved on February 7, 2018.</ref>

Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic [[Detroit Cultural Center|cultural center]] neighborhood around [[Wayne State University]] and the [[College for Creative Studies]]. These museums include the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], the [[Detroit Historical Museum]], [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]], the [[Detroit Science Center]], as well as the main branch of the [[Detroit Public Library]]. Other cultural highlights include [[Hitsville U.S.A.|Motown Historical Museum]], the [[Ford Piquette Avenue Plant]] museum (birthplace of the [[Ford Model T]] and the world's oldest car factory building open to the public), the [[Pewabic Pottery]] studio and school, the [[Tuskegee Airmen]] Museum, [[Fort Wayne (Detroit)|Fort Wayne]], the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit]] (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory.

In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a {{convert|16000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at [[The Henry Ford]] in [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]], the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.<ref>America's Story, Explore the States: Michigan (2006). [http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/mi/ford_1 Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014115229/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/mi/ford_1 |date=October 14, 2009 }} ''Library of Congress'' Retrieved August 14, 2011.</ref> The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, [[skyscraper]]s, and mansions. Inside Detroit, meanwhile, hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the [[Detroit Zoo]] in [[Royal Oak, Michigan|Royal Oak]], the [[Cranbrook Art Museum]] in [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan|Bloomfield Hills]], the [[Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory]] on [[Belle Isle Park|Belle Isle]], and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in [[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]].<ref name=AIADetroit/>

[[File:Eastern Market Detroit flower.JPG|thumb|[[Eastern Market Historic District|Eastern Market]]|293x293px]]
The city's [[Greektown Historic District|Greektown]] and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The [[Eastern Market Historic District|Eastern Market]] farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easternmarket.org/page.cfm/19/ |title=History of Eastern Market |accessdate=May 6, 2008 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506012105/http://www.easternmarket.org/page.cfm/19/ |archivedate=May 6, 2008  }}. ''Eastern Market Merchant's Association''. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.</ref> On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic [[Eastern Market Historic District|Eastern Market]].<ref name=Easternmarket1>{{cite web|url=http://www.modeldmedia.com/neighborhoods/easternmarket.aspx |title=Eastern Market |accessdate=April 5, 2007 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405184940/http://www.modeldmedia.com/neighborhoods/easternmarket.aspx |archivedate=April 5, 2008 |df= }}.''Model D Media'' (April 5, 2008). Retrieved January 24, 2011.</ref> The [[Midtown, Detroit|Midtown]] and the [[New Center]] area are centered on [[Wayne State University]] and [[Henry Ford Hospital]]. Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers;<ref name=Midtown2>{{cite web|url=http://www.modeldmedia.com/neighborhoods/Midtown.aspx |title=Midtown |accessdate=April 5, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405014021/http://www.modeldmedia.com/neighborhoods/Midtown.aspx |archivedate=April 5, 2008 |df= }}.''Model D Media'' (April 4, 2008). Retrieved on January 24, 2011.</ref> for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.<ref name=Midtown2/>

Annual summer events include the [[Detroit Electronic Music Festival|Electronic Music Festival]], [[Detroit International Jazz Festival|International Jazz Festival]], the [[Woodward Dream Cruise]], the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and [[Dally in the Alley]]. Within downtown, [[Campus Martius Park]] hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the [[North American International Auto Show]]. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theparade.org/ |title=The Parade Company &#124; Home of America's Thanksgiving Day Parade |website=Theparade.org |date= |accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref> River Days, a five-day summer festival on the [[Detroit International Riverfront|International Riverfront]] lead up to the [[Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival]] fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.<ref name="Visitor poll"/><ref name=Almanac2/><ref name=Winterblast>Fifth Third Bank rocks the Winter Blast.''[[Michigan Chronicle]]''. (March 14, 2006).</ref>

An important civic sculpture in Detroit is ''[[The Spirit of Detroit]]'' by [[Marshall Fredericks]] at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.<ref>Baulch, Vivian M. (August 4, 1998). [http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=159 Marshall Fredericks – the Spirit of Detroit] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20120711220627/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=159 |date=July 11, 2012 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.</ref> A [[Monument to Joe Louis|memorial to Joe Louis]] at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' and executed by [[Robert Graham (sculptor)|Robert Graham]], is a {{convert|24|ft|m|adj=on}} long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.<ref>Sarah Karush, ''The Associated Press'' (February 23, 2004). [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/2004-02-23-louis-statue_x.htm Police arrest two men suspected of vandalizing Joe Louis statue]. ''USA Today''.</ref>

Artist Tyree Guyton created the controversial street art exhibit known as the [[Heidelberg Project]] in 1986, using found objects including cars, clothing and shoes found in the neighborhood near and on Heidelberg Street on the near East Side of Detroit.<ref name=Almanac2/> Guyton continues to work with neighborhood residents and tourists in constantly evolving the neighborhood-wide art installation.

==Sports==
[[File:Ford Field Super Bowl XL night.jpg|thumb|Looking toward Ford Field the night of Super Bowl XL]]
{{Further|Sports in Detroit|U.S. cities with teams from four major sports}}

Detroit is one of 13 U.S. metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. Since 2017, all of these teams play in the city limits of Detroit itself, a distinction shared with only three other U.S. cities. Detroit is the only U.S. city to have its four major sports teams play within its downtown district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/pistons-move-makes-detroit-only-north-american-city-with-4-pro-teams-in-its-downtown|title=Pistons move makes Detroit only North American city with 4 pro...|website=www.clickondetroit.com}}</ref>

There are three active major sports venues in the city: [[Comerica Park]] (home of the [[Major League Baseball]] team [[Detroit Tigers]]), [[Ford Field]] (home of the [[National Football League|NFL's]] [[Detroit Lions]]), and [[Little Caesars Arena]] (home of the [[National Hockey League|NHL's]] [[Detroit Red Wings]] and the [[National Basketball Association|NBA's]] [[Detroit Pistons]]). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname "[[Hockeytown]]".<ref name=Almanac2/>

The Detroit Tigers have won four World Series titles. The Detroit Red Wings have won 11 [[Stanley Cup]]s (the most by an American NHL franchise).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=91&category=sports |title=''Detroit News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007 |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120710164609/http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=91&category=sports |archivedate=July 10, 2012 }}</ref> The Detroit Lions have won 4 NFL titles. The Detroit Pistons have won three NBA titles.<ref name=Almanac2/> With the Pistons' first of three NBA titles in 1989, the city of Detroit has won titles in all four of the major professional sports leagues. Two new downtown stadiums for the [[Detroit Tigers]] and [[Detroit Lions]] opened in 2000 and 2002, respectively, returning the Lions to the city proper.

[[File:Ford-Field-September-10-2006.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Field]], home of the [[Detroit Lions]]]]

In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The [[University of Detroit Mercy]] has a [[NCAA Division I]] program, and [[Wayne State University]] has both NCAA Division I and [[NCAA Division II|II]] programs. The NCAA football [[Little Caesars Pizza Bowl]] is held at Ford Field each December.

The local soccer team is called the [[Detroit City Football Club]] and was founded in 2012. The team plays in the [[National Premier Soccer League]], and its nickname is ''Le Rouge''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detcityfc.com/ |title=Detroit City Football Club |publisher=Detcityfc.com |accessdate=December 9, 2012}}</ref>

The city hosted the 2005 [[MLB All-Star Game]], 2006 [[Super Bowl XL]], [[2006 World Series|2006]] and [[2012 World Series]], [[WrestleMania 23]] in 2007, and the [[NCAA]] Final Four in April 2009. 
The city hosted the [[Detroit Indy Grand Prix]] on [[Belle Isle Park (Michigan)|Belle Isle Park]] from 1989 to 2001, 2007 to 2008, and 2012 and beyond. In 2007, open-wheel racing returned to Belle Isle with both [[Indy Racing League]] and [[American Le Mans Series]] Racing.<ref name=2007IndyRacing>{{cite news| url = http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=133002| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527190926/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=133002| archivedate = May 27, 2008| title = Indy racing will return to Detroit| accessdate =May 5, 2009| date = September 29, 2006| agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured the three major professional sports championships in existence at the time in a seven-month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936).<ref name=City_of_Champions>{{cite web|last=Zacharias |first=Patricia |title=Detroit, the City of Champions |url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=91 |work=Michigan History, The Detroit News |date=August 22, 2000 |accessdate=May 5, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130110201930/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=91 |archivedate=January 10, 2013 }}</ref> In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the [[1932 Summer Olympics]]. [[Joe Louis]] won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937.

Detroit has made the most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games: seven unsuccessful bids for the 1944, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972 games.<ref name=Almanac2/>

==Law and government==
{{Further|Government of Detroit|List of mayors of Detroit}}
[[File:Spirit of Detroit-2560x1600.jpg|thumb|The [[Coleman A. Young Municipal Center]] houses the City of Detroit offices; shown here is [[The Spirit of Detroit]] statue]]
[[File:Detroit December 2015 29 (Guardian Building).jpg|thumb|The [[Guardian Building]] serves as the headquarters of [[Wayne County, Michigan]]|alt=]]
The city is governed pursuant to the ''[[home rule|Home Rule]] Charter of the City of Detroit''. The city government is run by a mayor and [[Detroit City Council|a nine-member city council]] and clerk. Seven city council members are elected via district while two are elected at large. The mayor and clerk are elected in an at large election as well. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a "[[Mayor–council government|strong mayoral]]" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any [[Earmark (politics)|earmarking]]. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council.<ref name="crcmich.org">Ward, George E. (July 1993). [http://www.crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/1990s/1993/rpt31002.pdf Detroit Charter Revision – A Brief History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228003247/http://www.crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/1990s/1993/rpt31002.pdf# |date=December 28, 2016 }}. ''Citizens Research Council of Michigan'' (pdf file).</ref> The ''Detroit City Code'' is the [[codification (law)|codification]] of Detroit's [[local ordinance]]s.

The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections.<ref name="crcmich.org"/> Following a November 2009 referendum, seven council members will be elected from districts beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.<ref name=cdet>Nelson, Gabe (November 3, 2009).[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20091103/FREE/911039978 Voters overwhelmingly approve Detroit Proposal D].''Crains Detroit Business''. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.</ref>

Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Avenue in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the [[Michigan Court of Appeals]] and the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan]]. The city provides law enforcement through the [[Detroit Police Department]] and emergency services through the [[Detroit Fire Department]].

===Crime===
{{Further|Crime in Detroit|Detroit Police Department}}
[[File:Theodore Levin United States Courthouse Detroit MI.jpg|thumb|[[Theodore Levin United States Courthouse]], Downtown]]
Detroit has struggled with high crime for decades. The number of homicides peaked in 1974 at 714 and again in 1991 with 615. The Murder rate for the city have gone up and down throughout the years averaging over 400 murders with a population of over 1,000,000 residents. The crime rate however has been above the nation average since the 1970s<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/28/archives/april-in-detroit-is-murder-statistical-sample-half-a-million.html</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/07/archives/detroit-reports-rise-in-homicides-126-murders-in-2-months-up-from.html</ref> 
Crime has since decreased and, in 2014, the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000, lower than in [[St. Louis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2015/10/01/st-louis-has-the-highest-murder-rate-in-the-nation|title=St. Louis Has the Highest Murder Rate in the Nation|work=Riverfront Times}}</ref>

About half of all murders in Michigan in 2015 occurred in Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/tables/table8statecuts/table_8_offenses_known_to_law_enforcement_michigan_by_city_2011.xls|title=Table 8 – Michigan|website=Ucr.fbi.gov|accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/micrime.html]{{dead link|date=July 2017}}</ref> Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11% in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2009/09/kym_worthy_on_reported_detroit.html|title=Detroit crime drops|publisher=Michigan Live LLC.|accessdate=September 18, 2009}}</ref> violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/tables/table-7 |title=Offense Analysis, United States, 2007 to 2011 |publisher=Fbi.gov |year=2012 |accessdate=February 6, 2013}}</ref> The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).<ref name="Detroit crime rates and statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.neighborhoodscout.com/mi/detroit/crime/ |title=Detroit crime rates and statistics |publisher=Neighborhood Scout |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> Annual statistics released by the Detroit Police Department for 2016 indicate that while the city's overall crime rate declined that year, the murder rate rose from 2015.<ref name="freep.com">Williams, Corey (January 3, 2017). [http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2017/01/03/crime-detroit-overall-homicides/96134646/ "Crime in Detroit is down overall in 2016; homicide up by 7."] ''Detroit Free Press.''  Retrieved January 13, 2017.</ref> In 2016 there were 302 homicides in Detroit, a 2.37% increase in the number of murder victims from the preceding year.<ref name="freep.com"/>

The city's downtown typically has lower crime than national and state averages.<ref name=MIC>Booza, Jason C. (July 23, 2008).[http://thedetroithub.com/site/user/files/2007RealityvsPerceptionsCrimeReport.pdf Reality v. Perceptions: An Analysis of Crime and Safety in Downtown Detroit]. ([https://www.webcitation.org/6DUJ7jtQb?url=http://thedetroithub.com/site/user/files/2007RealityvsPerceptionsCrimeReport.pdf Archive]) Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, ''[[Wayne State University]] Center for Urban Studies''. Retrieved August 14, 2011.</ref> According to a 2007 analysis, Detroit officials note that about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related,<ref name=analysis>Shelton, Steve Malik (January 30, 2008).{{cite web|url=http://www.michronicleonline.com/articlelive/articles/2322/1/Top-cop-urges-vigilance-against-crime/Page1.html |title=Top cop urges vigilance against crime |accessdate=March 17, 2008 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802131457/http://www.michronicleonline.com/articlelive/articles/2322/1/Top-cop-urges-vigilance-against-crime/Page1.html |archivedate=August 2, 2008  }}. ''Michigan Chronicle''. Retrieved on March 17, 2008.</ref> with the rate of unsolved murders roughly 70%.<ref name=time/>

Areas of the city closer to the Detroit River are also patrolled by the [[United States Border Patrol]].{{citation-needed|date=May 2019}}

In 2012, crime in the city was among the reasons for more expensive car insurance.<ref name="car insurance">{{cite web |url=http://education.yahoo.net/auto-insurance/articles/most_expensive_cities_for_car_insurance.htm?kid=1KQVK |title=Most Expensive Cities for Car Insurance |accessdate=February 19, 2012 |date=February 19, 2012 |publisher=yahoo.com |quote=I&nbsp;... it has a high crime rate – it scored an 889 on the City-Data.com 2010 crime index,&nbsp;...  * Source: Runzheimer International. Average insurance rates are as of August 2011, and based on business driving for a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu LS. Assumes $100,000/$300,000/$50,000 liability limits, collision, and comprehensive with $500 deductibles, 100/300 uninsured motorist coverage, and any mandatory insurance coverage. }}</ref>

===Politics===
[[File:Mike Duggan 2013.jpg|thumb|In 2013 [[Mike Duggan]] was elected Mayor of Detroit<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/07/us/politics/for-detroits-new-mayor-a-delicate-balancing-act.html | work=The New York Times | first=Steven | last=Yaccino | title=For Detroit's New Mayor, Power, With Conditions | date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>]]
Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of [[List of mayors of Detroit, Michigan|74 mayors]]. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was [[Louis Miriani]], who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, [[Coleman Young]]. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/US/9711/29/young.obit.pm/ Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies (November 29, 1997)]. ''CNN.com''.</ref> Mayor [[Dennis Archer]], a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.

In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the [[United States Justice Department]] into the [[Detroit Police Department]] which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.<ref>Lin, Judy and David Joser, (August 30, 2005). Detroit to trim 150 cops, precincts. ''Detroit News''.</ref>

===Public finances===
In March 2013, [[Governor of Michigan|Governor]] [[Rick Snyder]] declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state [[escrow]] account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams |first=Corey |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/governor-declares-financial-emergency-detroit-180448318.html |title=Governor declares financial emergency in Detroit – Yahoo! Finance |publisher=Finance.yahoo.com |date=March 1, 2013 |accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while [[Emergency Manager]] [[Kevyn Orr]] met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy.<ref name="Detroit DebtDefault">{{cite web|title=Debt default by Detroit city rocks bondholders|url=http://www.detroitstar.com/index.php/sid/215221308/scat/3d33b780d0e24349/ht/Debt-default-by-Detroit-city-rocks-bondholders|accessdate=June 15, 2013|publisher=''Detroit Star''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102160235/http://www.detroitstar.com/index.php/sid/215221308/scat/3d33b780d0e24349/ht/Debt-default-by-Detroit-city-rocks-bondholders|archive-date=November 2, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for [[Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.clickondetroit.com/money/detroit-files-for-chapter-9-municipal-bankruptcy/-/1719116/21019898/-/14iqaycz/-/index.html |title=WDIV: Detroit files for Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy |work=Clickondetroit.com |date=July 18, 2013 |accessdate=October 31, 2013}}</ref><ref>See generally Chapter 9 bankruptcy petition, July 18, 2013, docket entry 1, ''In re City of Detroit, Michigan'', case no. 13-53846-swr, U.S. Bankr. Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (Detroit Div.), U.S. Bankr. Judge Steven W. Rhodes, Presiding.</ref> It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt; he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.<ref name="bankrupt city"/> The city levies an income tax of 2.4 percent on residents and 1.2 percent on nonresidents.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gibbons|first1=Lauren|title=Michigan State University, city of East Lansing at odds over proposed income tax
|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/08/michigan_state_university_city.html|access-date=August 16, 2017
|work=MLive Lansing|publisher=Mlive Media Group |date=August 16, 2017}}</ref>

==Education==

===Colleges and universities===
{{See also|Metro Detroit#Education|l1=Colleges and universities in Metro Detroit}}
[[File:Old Main WSU - Detroit Michigan.jpg|thumb|[[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main]], a historic building at [[Wayne State University]], originally built as Detroit Central High School]]
[[File:Sacred Heart Major Seminary.jpg|thumb|[[Sacred Heart Major Seminary]]]]
[[File:UDMCommons.jpg|thumb|Commons at [[University of Detroit Mercy]]]]
Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including [[Wayne State University]], a national research university with medical and [[Wayne State University Law School|law schools]] in the [[Midtown, Detroit|Midtown]] area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The [[University of Detroit Mercy]], located in Northwest Detroit in the [[University District, Detroit|University District]], is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the [[Society of Jesus]] (the Jesuits) and the [[Sisters of Mercy]]. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, [[dentistry]], [[law school|law]], engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The [[University of Detroit Mercy School of Law]] is located [[Downtown Detroit|Downtown]] across from the [[Renaissance Center]].

[[Sacred Heart Major Seminary]], founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'' in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Sacred Heart Major Seminary offers a variety of academic programs for both clerical and lay students. Other institutions in the city include the [[College for Creative Studies]], [[Lewis College of Business]], [[Marygrove College]] and [[Wayne County Community College]]. In June 2009, the [[Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine]] which is based in [[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing]] opened a satellite campus located at the [[Detroit Medical Center]]. The [[University of Michigan]] was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] in 1837. In 1959, [[University of Michigan–Dearborn]] was established in neighboring [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]].

===Primary and secondary schools===

{{Asof|2016}} many K-12 students in Detroit frequently change schools<!--The cited quote means it applies to private, charter, and public-->, with some children having been enrolled in seven schools before finishing their K-12 careers. There is a concentration of senior high schools and [[charter schools]] in the [[Downtown Detroit]] area, which had wealthier residents and more gentrification relative to other parts of Detroit: Downtown, northwest Detroit, and northeast Detroit have 1,894, 3,742, and 6,018 students of high school age each, respectively, while they have 11, three, and two high schools each, respectively.<ref name=Zernike>{{cite web|author=Zernike, Kate|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/us/for-detroits-children-more-school-choice-but-not-better-schools.html|title=A Sea of Charter Schools in Detroit Leaves Students Adrift|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=2016-06-29|accessdate=2019-05-11|quote=Dawn Wilson’s four oldest children have attended between five and seven schools each — not uncommon in Detroit — moving among charter schools, traditional schools, private religious schools and suburban districts that take Detroit students,[...]}}</ref>

{{Asof|2016}} because of the lack of public transportation and the lack of school bus services, many Detroit families have to rely on themselves to transport children to school.<ref name=Zernike/>

====Public schools and charter schools====
With about 66,000 public school students (2011–12), the [[Detroit Public Schools]] (DPS) district is the largest [[school district]] in Michigan. Detroit has an additional 56,000 [[charter school]] students for a combined enrollment of about 122,000 students.<ref name=charter/><ref name="Enrollment">Dawsey, Chastity Pratt (October 20, 2011). Detroit Public Schools hits enrollment goal. ''Detroit Free Press''</ref> {{As of|2009}} there are about as many students in charter schools as there are in district schools.<ref>Winerip, Michael. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/education/14winerip.html For Detroit Schools, Mixed Picture on Reforms]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. March 13, 2011. Retrieved on November 9, 2012.</ref> {{Asof|2016}} DPS continues to have the majority of the special education pupils. In addition, some Detroit students, as of 2016, attend public schools in other municipalities<!--"suburban districts that take Detroit students,"-->.<ref name=Zernike/>

In 1999, the [[Michigan Legislature]] removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education was re-established following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new 11-member board of education occurred on November 8, 2005.<ref>LewAllen, Dave (August 3, 2005). [http://www1.wxyz.com/wxyz/nw_local_news/article/0,2132,WXYZ_15924_3974896,00.html Detroiters Vote for New School Board] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621084200/http://www1.wxyz.com/wxyz/nw_local_news/article/0%2C2132%2CWXYZ_15924_3974896%2C00.html |date=June 21, 2006 }}. ''WXYZ.com''.</ref>

Due to growing Detroit charter schools enrollment as well as a continued exodus of population, the city planned to close many public schools.<ref name=charter>Hing, Julianne (March 17, 2010).[http://colorlines.com/archives/2010/03/45_dps_schools_to_close_where_have_all_of_detroits_students_gone.html Where Have All The Students Gone?].''Color Lines.com''. Retrieved on August 19, 2010.</ref> State officials report a 68% graduation rate for Detroit's public schools adjusted for those who change schools.<ref>Shultz, Marissa and Greg Wilkerson (June 13, 2007).[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070613/SCHOOLS/706130409/1003/METRO Graduation rate]. ''[[Detroit News]]''. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Detroitk12">[http://detroitk12.org/content/2007/06/15/study-on-districts-graduation-rate-is-wrong/ Detroit Public Schools news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042631/http://detroitk12.org/content/2007/06/15/study-on-districts-graduation-rate-is-wrong/ |date=January 12, 2018 }} (June 15, 2007). Retrieved February 13, 2017.</ref> Traditional public and charter school students in the city have performed poorly on standardized tests. Circa 2009 and 2011, while Detroit traditional public schools scored a record low on national tests, the publicly funded charter schools did even worse than the traditional public schools.<ref>Resmovits, Joy. "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/08/detroit-charter-high-schools-underperform_n_893327.html Detroit Charter High Schools Underperform Public Counterparts, Analysis Shows]." ''[[Huffington Post]]''. July 8, 2011. Updated September 7, 2011.</ref><ref>Erb, Robin and Chastity Pratt Dawsey. "[http://www.freep.com/article/20091208/NEWS01/91208020/Detroit-students-scores-record-low-national-test Detroit students' scores a record low on national test]." ''[[Detroit Free Press]]''. December 8, 2009.</ref> {{Asof|2016}} there were 30,000 excess openings in Detroit traditional public and charter schools, bearing in mind the number of K-12-aged children in the city. In 2016 Kate Zernike of ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated that school performance did not improve despite the proliferation of charters, describing the situation as "lots of choice, with no good choice."<ref name=Zernike/>

Detroit public schools students scored the lowest on tests of reading and writing of all major cities in the United States in 2015. Among eighth-graders, only 27% showed basic proficiency in math and 44% in reading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2015/10/28/national-assessment-educational-progress-detroit-math-reading-results/74718372/|title=Detroit worst in math, reading scores among big cities|website=Detroitnews.com|accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref> Nearly half of Detroit's adults are functionally illiterate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/07/detroit-illiteracy-nearly-half-education_n_858307.html|title=Nearly Half Of Detroit's Adults Are Functionally Illiterate, Report Finds|date=May 7, 2011|publisher=[[Huff Post]]}}</ref>

====Private schools====
Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit|Archdiocese of Detroit]]. {{As of|2013}} there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side.<ref name=Cathschool>"[http://www.freep.com/article/20130201/NEWS01/302010079/Detroit-area-s-Catholic-schools-shrink-but-tradition-endures Detroit area's Catholic schools shrink, but tradition endures]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6SY5NJ0zC?url=http://www.freep.com/article/20130201/NEWS01/302010079/Detroit-area-s-Catholic-schools-shrink-but-tradition-endures Archive]). ''[[Detroit Free Press]]''. February 1, 2013. Retrieved on September 13, 2014.</ref> The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educationreport.org/pubs/mer/article.aspx?id=7247 |title=Detroit Catholic high school "sees God in the challenges" [Education Report&#93; |publisher=Educationreport.org |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>Pratt, Chastity, Patricia Montemurri, and Lori Higgins. "[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1814901451.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+17%2C+2005&author=CHASTITY+PRATT%3B+PATRICIA+MONTEMURRI%3B+LORI+HIGGINS&pub=Detroit+Free+Press&desc=PARENTS%2C+KIDS+SCRAMBLE+AS+EDUCATION+OPTIONS+NARROW&pqatl=google PARENTS, KIDS SCRAMBLE AS EDUCATION OPTIONS NARROW]." ''[[Detroit Free Press]]''. March 17, 2005. A1 News. Retrieved on April 30, 2011.</ref> Of the three Catholic high schools in the city, two are operated by the [[Society of Jesus]] and the third is co-sponsored by the [[Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary]] and the [[Congregation of St. Basil]].<ref name=AOD>{{cite web|url=http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Catholic+Schools+2159/School+Locator+7699/SchoolLocator.htm#Z |title=Archdiocese of Detroit – Schools |publisher=Aodonline.org |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://detroitcristorey.org/about |title=About &#124; Detroit Cristo Rey High School |publisher=Detroitcristorey.org |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211040254/http://detroitcristorey.org/about |archivedate=February 11, 2010 |df= }}</ref>

In the 1964–1965 school year there were about 110 Catholic grade schools in Detroit, [[Hamtramck]], and [[Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park]] and 55 Catholic high schools in those three cities. The Catholic school population in Detroit has decreased due to the increase of [[charter schools]], increasing tuition at Catholic schools, the small number of African-American Catholics, White Catholics moving to suburbs, and the decreased number of teaching nuns.<ref name=Cathschool/>

==Media==
{{Main|Media in Detroit}}
[[File:DetroitLibrary2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Detroit Public Library]] in May 2010]]
The ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' and ''[[The Detroit News]]'' are the major daily newspapers, both [[broadsheet]] publications published together under a [[joint operating agreement]] called the [[Detroit Newspaper Partnership]]. Media philanthropy includes the ''Detroit Free Press'' high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldnewsboysgoodfellows.org/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=April 21, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131032800/http://www.oldnewsboysgoodfellows.org/ |archivedate=January 31, 2009  }}</ref> In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitmedia.com/fptransform/dec1608pr.php |title=Bold Transformation Of Detroit Free Press And The Detroit News Lead Nation And Industry With Expanded Digital Offerings; Launch Of New Magazine; Colorful, Easy-To-Use Newsstand Editions |publisher=Detroitmedia.com |date=December 16, 2008 |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703095749/http://www.detroitmedia.com/fptransform/dec1608pr.php |archivedate=July 3, 2010 |deadurl=yes  }}</ref> The ''[[Metro Times]]'', founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrotimes.com/ |title=Metro Times |publisher=''Metro Times'' |accessdate=December 9, 2012}}</ref>

Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the ''[[Michigan Chronicle]]'' is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America. Covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michronicleonline.com/ |title=Michigan Chronicle |publisher=Michronicleonline.com |accessdate=December 9, 2012}}</ref> The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States;<ref name=Nielson>[http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |date=May 17, 2006 }} ''The Nielson Company''</ref> according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of [[Ontario]], Canada ([[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of [[Ottawa]]) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.<ref name=Nielson/>

Detroit has the 11th largest [[radio market]] in the United States,<ref name=Arbitron>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/mm001050.asp |title=Market Ranks and Schedule |publisher=Arbitron.com |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref> though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.<ref name=Arbitron/> Nearby Canadian stations such as Windsor's [[CKLW]] (whose jingles formerly proclaimed "CKLW-the Motor City") are popular in Detroit.

[[Hardcore Pawn]], a U.S. documentary [[reality television series]] produced for [[truTV]], features the day-to-day operations of American Jewelry and Loan, a family-owned [[pawn shop]] on Greenfield Road.

==Infrastructure==

===Health systems===
Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the [[Detroit Medical Center]] (DMC), [[Henry Ford Hospital|Henry Ford Health System]], [[St. John Health|St. John Health System]], and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional [[Level I trauma center]], consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, [[Children's Hospital of Michigan]], Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit.<ref name=WSUMED>{{cite web|url=http://www.med.wayne.edu/about_the_school/ |title=Organization History and Profile |accessdate=April 20, 2006 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415162018/http://www.med.wayne.edu/about_the_school/ |archivedate=April 15, 2006 |df= }} ''Wayne State University'' Retrieved January 24, 2011.</ref> The center is staffed by physicians from the [[Wayne State University]] School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.<ref name=WSUMED/>

[[Detroit Medical Center]] formally became a part of [[Vanguard Health Systems]] on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment.<ref name =Lane>{{cite web|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100611/FREE/100619971 |title=For-profit Vanguard signs deal to buy nonprofit Detroit Medical Center – Detroit News and Information – Crain's Detroit Business |publisher=Crainsdetroit.com |date=June 11, 2010 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Anstett>Anstett, Patricia (March 20, 2010).[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120905091819/http://www.dmc.org/upload/docs/News/FREEP3202010.pdf $1.5&nbsp;billion for new DMC].''Detroit Free Press''. DMC.org. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.</ref> Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations.<ref name="Lane"/> The metro area has many other hospitals including [[William Beaumont Hospital]], St. Joseph's, and [[University of Michigan Health System|University of Michigan Medical Center]].
 
In 2011, [[Detroit Medical Center]] and [[Henry Ford Health System]] substantially increased investments in medical research facilities and hospitals in the city's [[Midtown Detroit|Midtown]] and [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]].<ref name="Lane"/><ref name=Greene>Greene, Jay (April 5, 2010).[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100405/FREE/100409959 Henry Ford Health System plans $500 million expansion]. ''Crains Detroit Business''. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.</ref>

In 2012, two major construction projects were begun in [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]], the [[Henry Ford Health System]] started the first phase of a $500 million, 300-acre revitalization project, with the construction of a new $30 million, 275,000-square-foot, ''Medical Distribution Center'' for [[Cardinal Health, Inc.]]<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/30/henry-ford-health-system-300-acre-detroit-development-cardinal-health-_n_1556870.html |title= Henry Ford Health System Plans $500 Million, 300-Acre Detroit Development | work=Huffington Post | date=May 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dbusiness.com/September-October-2014/Block-By-Block/ |title= Blight removal in Detroit isn't impossible, but it is difficult}}</ref> and [[Wayne State University]] started construction on a new $93 million, 207,000-square-foot, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio).<ref name=Henderson>Henderson, Tom (April 15, 2012).[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20120415/FREE/304159964/wsu-to-build-93m-biotech-hub WSU to build $93M biotech hub]. ''Crains Detroit Business''. Retrieved on March 15, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archinect.com/dehronek_leedap/project/wayne-state-university-ibio-the-integrative-biosciences-center |title=Wayne State University IBio – The Integrative Biosciences Center |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925081546/http://archinect.com/dehronek_leedap/project/wayne-state-university-ibio-the-integrative-biosciences-center |archivedate=September 25, 2015  }}</ref> As many as 500 researchers, and staff will work out of the IBio Center.
<ref>{{cite web|url= http://media.wayne.edu/2012/10/15/wayne-state-breaks-ground-on-multidisciplinary- |title= Wayne State breaks ground on Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research Building}}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{Main|Transportation in metropolitan Detroit}}
[[File:RosaparksBusTerminaldetroit.jpg|thumb|[[Rosa Parks]] bus terminal downtown]]
With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]] and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]], linking Detroit to [[Windsor, Ontario]]. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.<ref>[http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/ambass_brdg/ambass_brdge_ovrvw.htm Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary] (May 11, 2005). ''U.S. Department of Transportation''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.</ref>

On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the [[Gordie Howe International Bridge]]. Canada had already planned to pay for 95% of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion, and is expected to open in 2022 or 2023. "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border," Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons.
<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/250m-u-s-customs-plaza-to-be-paid-for-by-canada-1.2962166 |title= $250M U.S. customs plaza to be paid for by Canada | work=CBC News | date=February 18, 2015}}</ref>

===Transit systems===
[[File:DPMoverRenCenstop.jpg|thumb|People Mover train comes into the [[Renaissance Center station]]]]
[[Mass transit]] in the region is provided by bus services. The [[Detroit Department of Transportation]] (DDOT) provides service within city limits up to the outer edges of the city. From there, the [[Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation|Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART)]] provides service to the suburbs and the city regionally with local routes and SMART's FAST service. [http://www.ridesmartfast.org/ FAST] is a new service provided by SMART which offers limited stops along major corridors throughout the Detroit metropolitan area connecting the suburbs to downtown. The new high-frequency service travels along three of Detroit's busiest corridors, Gratiot, Woodward, and Michigan, and only stops at designated FAST stops. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by [[Transit Windsor]] via the Tunnel Bus.<ref name=Tunnelbus>{{cite web|url=http://www.citywindsor.ca/000600.asp |title=Routes and Schedules |accessdate=May 5, 2009 |author=Transit Windsor. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205706/http://www.citywindsor.ca/000600.asp |archivedate=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

An elevated rail system known as the [[Detroit People Mover|People Mover]], completed in 1987, provides daily service around a {{convert|2.94|mi|km}} loop downtown. The [[QLINE]] serves as a link between the [[Detroit People Mover]] and [[Detroit (Amtrak station)|Detroit Amtrak station]] via Woodward Avenue.<ref>{{cite news  |date= July 28, 2014 |title= Construction Starts on Detroit Rail |work= [[The Mining Journal]] |location= Marquette, Michigan |agency= [[Associated Press]] |page= 5A}}</ref> The [[SEMCOG Commuter Rail]] line will extend from Detroit's [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]], connecting to [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] via [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]], [[Wayne, Michigan|Wayne]], and [[Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti]] when it is opened.<ref name=SEMCOGrail>[http://www.semcog.org/AADD.aspx Ann Arbor – Detroit Regional Rail Project] ''SEMCOG''. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.</ref>

The [[Regional Transit Authority of Southeast Michigan|Regional Transit Authority (RTA)]] was established by an act of the Michigan legislature in December 2012 to oversee and coordinate all existing regional mass transit operations, and to develop new transit services in the region. The RTA's first project was the introduction of RelfeX, a [[limited-stop]], cross-county bus service connecting downtown and midtown Detroit with Oakland county via Woodward avenue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lawrence|first1=Eric D.|title=New express bus connects Detroit to Somerset mall|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2016/09/18/reflex-bus-connects-detroit-somerset-macomb/90350598/|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=Joyce Jenereaux|date=September 19, 2016}}</ref>

[[Amtrak]] provides service to Detroit, operating its ''[[Wolverine (train)|Wolverine]]'' service between Chicago and [[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]]. The Amtrak station is located in New Center north of downtown. The ''[[J. W. Westcott II]]'', which delivers mail to [[lake freighter]]s on the Detroit River, is the world's only floating post office.<ref>[http://continuouswave.com/boats/westcott/ America's Floating ZIP Code 48222] ''J.W. Westcott Homepage''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.</ref>

===Modal characteristics===
The city of Detroit has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 24.7 percent of Detroit households lacked a car, much higher than the national average of 8.7. Detroit averaged 1.15 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<ref>{{cite web|title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map|journal=Governing|url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html|accessdate=May 4, 2018}}</ref>

===Airports===
[[File:DTW aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial of [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport|Detroit Metro Airport]], one of the largest air traffic hubs in the US]]
[[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]] (DTW), the principal airport serving Detroit, is located in nearby [[Romulus, Michigan|Romulus]]. DTW is a primary hub for [[Delta Air Lines]] (following its acquisition of Northwest Airlines), and a secondary hub for [[Spirit Airlines]]. The airport is connected to [[Downtown Detroit]] by the [[Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation|Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART)]] FAST Michigan route.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartbus.org/ridesmart-fast|title=Ride Smart-Fast|last=SMART|website=www.smartbus.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-10}}</ref>

[[Coleman A. Young International Airport]] (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side; the airport now maintains only charter service and [[general aviation]].<ref>Sapte, Benjamin (2003). {{cite web|url=http://www.erau.edu/research/BA590/chapters/ch2.htm |title=Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971 |accessdate=April 10, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411080441/http://www.erau.edu/research/BA590/chapters/ch2.htm |archivedate=April 11, 2006 |df= }}. ''Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Retrieved on April 20, 2006.'' Retrieved January 24, 2011.</ref> [[Willow Run Airport]], in far-western Wayne County near [[Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti]], is a general aviation and cargo airport.

===Freeways===
{{Main|Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit}}

Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of [[freeway]]s administered by the [[Michigan Department of Transportation]]. Four major [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate Highways]] surround the city. Detroit is connected via [[Interstate 75 in Michigan|Interstate&nbsp;75]] (I-75) and [[Interstate 96|I-96]] to [[Ontario Highway 401|Kings Highway 401]] and to major [[Southern Ontario]] cities such as [[London, Ontario]] and the [[Greater Toronto Area]]. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving [[Flint, Michigan|Flint]], [[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[Troy, Michigan|Troy]], and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.<ref name="Cantor">{{Cite book |last= Cantor |first= George |title= Detroit: An Insiders Guide to Michigan |year= 2005 |publisher= University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-03092-2}}</ref>

[[Interstate 94 in Michigan|I-94]] (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. [[Henry Ford]] built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The [[Interstate 96 in Michigan|I-96]] freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.<ref name="Cantor"/>

[[Interstate 275 (Michigan)|I-275]] runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and [[Interstate 696|I-696]] in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. [[Interstate 375 (Michigan)|I-375]] is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.<ref name="Cantor"/>

=== Floating Post Office ===
Detroit is home to the only floating post office in the United States. In 1948, The [[J. W. Westcott II]] became a floating post office servicing the Port of Detroit. Its zip code is 48222. Originally established in 1874 as a maritime reporting agency to inform other vessels about port conditions, the J. W. Westcott II is still in operation today.

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Detroit}}

==Sister cities==
{{SisterCities|Detroit|seven}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/SisterCitiesProgram/tabid/710/Default.aspx |title=Sister Cities Program &#124; City of Detroit |publisher=detroitmi.gov |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629070907/http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/SisterCitiesProgram/tabid/710/Default.aspx |archivedate=June 29, 2010  }}</ref><ref>[http://sister-cities.org/ Online Directory: Michigan, United States (2011)]. ''Sister Cities International''. Retrieved August 14, 2011.</ref>

* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Chongqing]], China
* {{flagdeco|UAE}} [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
* {{flagdeco|ZMB}} [[Kitwe]], Zambia
* {{flagdeco|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus
* {{flagdeco|ROU}} [[Bucharest]], Romania
* {{flagdeco|BHS}} [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], Bahamas
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]], [[Aichi Prefecture]], Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/e/info/sister/sister_cities.html |title=International Sister Cities |publisher=City.toyota.aichi.jp |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117145022/http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/e/info/sister/sister_cities.html |archivedate=January 17, 2010 }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Turin]], [[Piedmont]], Italy<ref name="Turin twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml|title=International Affairs – Twinnings and Agreements|accessdate=August 6, 2013|last=Pessotto|first=Lorenzo|work=International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico|publisher=City of Torino|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618182559/http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml|archivedate=June 18, 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Decline of Detroit]]
*[[History of Detroit]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book | author=Arnaud, Michel | title=Detroit: the dream is now: the design, art, and resurgence of an American city | publisher=Abrams | year=2017}}
* {{Cite book | author=Babson, Steve | title=Working Detroit | publisher=Adama Books | year=1984}}
* {{Cite book | author=Bak, Richard | year=2001 | title=Detroit Across Three Centuries|publisher=Thompson Gale | isbn=1-58536-001-5}}
* Barrow, Heather B. ''Henry Ford's Plan for the American Suburb: Dearborn and Detroit.'' DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2015.
* Bates, Beth Tompkins. ''The Making of Black Detroit in the Age of Henry Ford.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
* {{Cite book|author=Bergmann, Luke|title=Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|date=September 8, 2010|isbn=978-0-472-03436-9}}
* {{Cite book|author=Berman, Lila Corwin | year=2016| title=Metropolitan Jews : politics, race, and religion in postwar Detroit |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bjorn, Lars, and Jim Gallert | year=2001| title=Before Motown: a history of Jazz in Detroit |publisher=University of Michigan Press}}
* {{Cite book|author=Boland, S. R., and Marilyn Bond | year=2002| title=The birth of Detroit sound |publisher=Arcadia}}
* {{Cite book|author=Borden, Ernest H. | year=2003| title=Detroit's Paradise Valley |publisher=Arcadia}}
* {{Cite book | author=Bolkosky, Sidney M | year=1991| title=Harmony & dissonance: voices of Jewish identity in Detroit | publisher=Wayne State University Press}}
* {{Cite book | author=Burton, Clarence M | year=1896 | title=Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement, 1701–1710 | publisher=Detroit Society for Genealogical Research | isbn=0-943112-21-4}}
* {{Cite book | author=Burton, Clarence M | year=1912 | title=Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time | publisher=Burton Abstracts | oclc=926958 }}
* Cangany, Catherine (2014). ''Frontier Seaport: Detroit's Transformation into an Atlantic Entrepôt.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* {{Cite book | author=Catlin, George B. | title=The Story of Detroit | url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=micounty;idno=APK1036.0001.001 | year=1923 |publisher=[[The Detroit News]] Association}}
* {{Cite book | author=Chafets, Zeʼev | title=Devil's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit | publisher=Random House | year=1990}}
* {{Cite book | author=Clemens, Paul | title=Made in Detroit: a south of 8 Mile memoir | publisher=Doubleday | year=2005}}
* {{Cite book | author=Dunnigan, Brian Leigh | title=Frontier Metropolis, Picturing Early Detroit, 1701–1838 | publisher=Great Lakes Books | year=2001 | isbn=0-8143-2767-2}}
* {{Cite book | author=Farley, Reynolds | title=Detroit Divided | publisher=Russell Sage Foundation Publications | year=2002 | isbn=0-87154-281-1|display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite book | author=Foley, Aaron | title=The Detroit neighborhood guidebook | publisher=Belt Publishing | year=2017}}
* {{Cite book | author=Foley, Aaron | title=How to live in Detroit without being a Jackass | publisher=Belt Publishing | year=2015}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL161750W/The_history_of_Detroit_and_Michigan_or_The_metropolis_illustrat Farmer, Silas. (1884) (July 1969) ''The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annuals of Wayne County'', in various formats at] [[Open Library]].
* {{Cite book | author=Farmer, Silas | year=1889 | title=History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan | publisher=Omnigraphics Inc; Reprint edition (October 1998) | isbn=1-55888-991-4}}
* {{Cite book | author=Gallagher, John | title=Reimagining Detroit: opportunities for redefining an American city | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=2010}}
* Galster, George. (2012). ''Driving Detroit: The Quest for Respect in the Motor City'' University of Pennsylvania Press
* {{Cite book|author1=Gavrilovich, Peter  |author2=Bill McGraw | title=The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition | year=2006 | publisher=Detroit Free Press | isbn=978-0-937247-48-8}}
* {{Cite book | author=Godzak, Roman | title=Catholic Churches of Detroit | publisher=Arcadia | year=2004}}
* {{Cite book | author=Goldstein, Laurence (editor) | title="Detroit: An American City." Special Issue of Michigan Quarterly Review. Spring 1986| publisher=Arcadia | year=1986}}
* {{Cite book | author=Hartigan, John | title=Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1999}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Hill, Eric J.  |author2=John Gallagher | title= AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture | year=2002 | publisher=Wayne State University Press | isbn=0-8143-3120-3}}
* {{Cite book | author=Ibbotson, Patricia | title=Detroit's historic hotels and restaurants | publisher=Arcadia | year=2007}}
* {{Cite book | author=Jarvis, Donna | title=Detroit Police Department| publisher=Arcadia | year=2008}}
* {{Cite book | author=LeDuff, Charlie | title=Detroit: An American Autopsy | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2014}}
* {{Cite book | author=Lichtenstein, Nelson | title=The most dangerous man in Detroit | publisher=Basic Books | year=1995}}
* {{Cite book | author=Locke, Hubert G. | title=The Detroit Riot of 1967 | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=1969}}
* {{Cite book | author=Maraniss, David | title=Once in a great city: A Detroit story| publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=2015}}
* {{Cite book | author=Martelle, Scott | title=Detroit (a biography) | publisher=Chicago Review Press | year=2012}}
* {{Cite book | author=Morrison, Jeff | title=Guardians of Detroit: Architectural Sculpture in the Motor City | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=2019}}
* {{Cite book | author=Parkman, Francis | title=The Conspiracy of Pontiac | year=1994 | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | isbn=0-8032-8737-2}}
* Philp, Drew (2017). ''[http://drewphilp.com A $500 house in Detroit: rebuilding an abandoned home and an American city.]'' Scribner.
* {{Cite book | author=Poremba, David Lee | title=Detroit in Its World Setting | publisher=Wayne State University | year=2001 | isbn=0-8143-2870-9}}
* {{Cite book | author=Poremba, David Lee | title=Detroit: A Motor City History (Images of America) | publisher=Arcadia Publishing | year=2003 | isbn=0-7385-2435-2}}
* {{Cite book | author=Posner, Gerald | title=Motown | publisher=Random House | year=2002}}
* Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City," ''Historic Towns of the Western States'' (New York).
* {{Cite book | author=[[Robert Sharoff|Sharoff, Robert]] | title=American City: Detroit Architecture| publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2005| isbn=0-8143-3270-6}}
* {{Cite book | author=Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow | title= Detroit and Rome: building on the past | publisher=Regents of the University of Michigan| year=2005 | isbn=0-933691-09-2}}
* {{Cite book| author=Stahl, Kenneth.|title=Detroit's Great Rebellion|year=2009|isbn=978-0-9799157-0-3}}
* {{Cite book| author=Taylor, Paul |title="Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War|publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2013|isbn=978-0-8143-3603-8}}
* {{Cite book|author=Vergara, Camilo José|title=Detroit Is No Dry Bones: The Eternal City of the Industrial Age|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|date=2016}}
* {{Cite book | author=Whitall, Susan | title=Women of Motown | publisher=Avon | year=1998}}
* {{Cite book | author=Widick, J.J. | title=Detroit: City of race and class violence | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=1972}}
* {{Cite book| author=Woodford, Arthur M.|title=This is Detroit 1701–2001|publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2001|isbn=0-8143-2914-4}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|voy=Detroit}}

===Municipal government and local Chamber of Commerce===
* [http://www.detroitmi.gov/ Official website]
* [http://www.visitdetroit.com/ Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau]
* [http://www.detroitchamber.com/ Detroit Regional Chamber]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981212023751/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/ |date=December 12, 1998 |title=City of Detroit }}

===Historical research and current events===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221113422/http://www.detroitentertainmentdistrict.com/ Detroit Entertainment District]
* [http://www.detroithistorical.org/ Detroit Historical Museums & Society]
* [http://www.detroitriverfront.org/ Detroit Riverfront Conservancy]
* [http://www.experiencedetroit.com/ Experience Detroit]
* [http://reuther.wayne.edu Labor, Urban Affairs and Detroit History archival collections at the [[Walter P. Reuther Library]]]
* [https://digital.library.wayne.edu/item/wayne:collectionvmc Virtual Motor City Collection] at [[Wayne State University]] Library, contains over 30,000 images of Detroit from 1890 to 1980
* [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/travel/architecture-detroit-albert-kahn.html In Energized Detroit, Savoring an Architectural Legacy]  — New York Times, March 26, 2018

{{Adjacent communities

|Centre    = ''Detroit'', [[Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park]], [[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck]]
|North     = [[Oak Park, Michigan|Oak Park]], [[Ferndale, Michigan|Ferndale]] [[Hazel Park, Michigan|Hazel Park]]<br/>[[Royal Oak Charter Township, Michigan|Royal Oak Charter Township]]
|Northeast = [[Warren, Michigan|Warren]], [[Eastpointe, Michigan|Eastpointe]]
|East      = [[Harper Woods, Michigan|Harper Woods]], [[Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Woods]]<br/>[[Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Farms]]<br/>[[Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Park]], [[Grosse Pointe, Michigan|Grosse Pointe]]
|Southeast = ''[[Detroit River]]''<br/>{{flagdeco|Canada}} [[Windsor, Ontario]], Canada
|South     = [[River Rouge, Michigan|River Rouge]]<br/>[[Ecorse, Michigan|Ecorse]]
|Southwest = [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]]<br/>[[Melvindale, Michigan|Melvindale]]<br/>[[Lincoln Park, Michigan|Lincoln Park]]
|West      = [[Redford Charter Township, Michigan|Redford Charter Township]]<br/>[[Dearborn Heights, Michigan|Dearborn Heights]]
|Northwest = [[Southfield, Michigan|Southfield]]
}}

{{Detroit}}
{{Cities of Wayne County, Michigan}}
{{Metro Detroit}}
{{Michigan cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Michigan|Metro Detroit|New France|United States}}

[[Category:Detroit| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
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[[Category:Government units that have filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy]]
[[Category:Inland port cities and towns of the United States]]
[[Category:Metro Detroit]]
[[Category:Michigan Neighborhood Enterprise Zone]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1701]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Great Lakes]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Underground Railroad]]
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