View source for German aviso Grille

{{Short description|Adolf Hitler's yacht}}
{{for|the earlier Prussian vessel|SMS Grille}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=October 2022}}
{{good article}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-63-30, Staatsjacht Aviso "Grille".jpg
|Ship caption={{lang|de|Grille}} in 1935
}}{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Nazi Germany]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}
|Ship yard number=
|Ship name= {{lang|de|Grille}}
|Ship namesake={{SMS|Grille||2}}
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Blohm + Voss]], Hamburg
|Ship laid down=June 1934
|Ship launched=15 December 1934
|Ship commissioned=19 May 1935
|Ship fate=Sold for private use 1946. Scrapped 1951
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Aviso]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|3430|LT|t|lk=on}}
|Ship length=*Waterline {{Convert|115|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*Overall {{Convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{Convert|13.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{Convert|4.20|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=
*2 × [[geared turbine]]s
*2 × [[screw propeller]]s
|Ship power=
*2 × [[Mark Benson (engineer)|Benson]]-high-pressure steam boiler
*{{convert|22000|shp|lk=on}}
|Ship speed={{Convert|26|kn|km/h mph|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|9500|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}}
|Ship complement=248
|Ship armament=*3 × [[12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun|{{cvt|12.7|cm|0}} SK C/34 guns]]
*4 × [[3.7 cm SK C/30|{{cvt|3.7|cm}} SK C/30]] anti-aircraft guns
*4 × [[2 cm FlaK 30/38/Flakvierling|{{cvt|2|cm}} C/30]] anti-aircraft guns
*Storage for 228 mines
}}
|}

'''{{lang|de|Grille}}''' was an [[aviso]] built in [[Nazi Germany]] for the {{lang|de|[[Kriegsmarine]]}} (War Navy) in the mid-1930s for use as a state [[yacht]] by [[Adolf Hitler]] and other leading individuals in the Nazi regime. The ship received a light armament of three {{convert|12.7|cm|sp=us|adj=on|0}} guns and was fitted to be capable of serving as an auxiliary [[minelayer]]. Completed in 1935, her experimental high-pressure [[steam turbine]]s, which were installed to test them before they were used in [[destroyer]]s, required significant modifications and the ship finally entered service in 1937. Over the next two years, she was used in a variety of roles, including as a [[training ship|training vessel]] and a [[target ship]], in addition to her duties as a yacht.

After the start of [[World War II]] in September 1939, {{lang|de|Grille}} was used as a minelayer and as a patrol vessel in the [[Baltic Sea]], tasked with searching for enemy merchant vessels. She collided with a German transport ship in January 1940 and after repairs, resumed minelaying duties in the [[North Sea]], thereafter being used as a gunnery training ship. She was briefly assigned to the minelaying unit tasked with supporting [[Operation Sea Lion]] in September before the planned invasion of Britain was cancelled, and she was reassigned to the Baltic during [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German invasion of the [[Soviet Union]] in June 1941. Gunnery training duties followed from August 1941 until March 1942, when she was reduced to a [[command ship|headquarters ship]] for the commander of naval forces based in [[occupied Norway]]; she served in this capacity for the rest of the war.

Seized by British forces as [[war reparations]] in 1945, she was later sold either to a Lebanese businessman who intended to use the ship as a yacht or a Lebanese shipping company for use as a passenger vessel. During this period, she was involved in a collision in March 1947, and in November 1948, she was attacked by a Jewish saboteur with [[limpet mine]]s after the intelligence arm of the [[Haganah]] incorrectly assessed the vessel as having been intended to attack the Jewish fleet. After repairs were completed, the owner instead brought the ship to the United States in 1949 in an unsuccessful attempt to find a buyer. He ultimately sold {{lang|de|Grille}} for [[scrap]] in 1951.

==Design==
[[File:Lot-2275-89 (26867153275).jpg|thumb|left|{{lang|de|Grille}} sometime before the war]]

{{lang|de|Grille}} was {{convert|115|m|sp=us}} [[length at the waterline|long at the waterline]] and {{convert|135|m|abbr=on}} [[length overall|long overall]]. She had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|13.5|m|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|4.2|m|abbr=on}}. Her [[standard displacement]] was {{convert|2560|LT|t|lk=on}}, and at [[full load]], her displacement rose to {{convert|3430|LT|t}}. The ship had a crew of 248&nbsp;officers and men.{{sfn|Sieche|p=253}}

The ship's propulsion system consisted of two high-pressure [[geared turbine]]s manufactured by [[Blohm & Voss]], with steam provided by two Benson [[water-tube boiler]]s that were ducted into a single raked [[funnel (ship)|funnel]]. {{lang|de|Grille}} was equipped with these turbines to test them before they were installed in new destroyers. The engines were rated at {{convert|22000|shp|lk=on}}, for a top speed of {{convert|26|kn|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Sieche|p=253}} She had a cruising radius of {{convert|9500|nmi|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Williamson|p=42}}

She was armed with three [[12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun|{{cvt|12.7|cm|0}} SK C/34 naval guns]] in individual mountings, one forward and two aft. She also carried four [[3.7 cm SK C/30|{{cvt|3.7|cm}} SK C/30]] anti-aircraft guns in two dual mounts and four [[2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling|{{cvt|2|cm}} C/30]] anti-aircraft guns in a single quadruple mount. {{lang|de|Grille}} had provisions to carry up to 228 [[naval mine]]s for service as an auxiliary [[minelayer]].{{sfn|Sieche|p=253}}{{sfn|Williamson|p=42}}

==Service history==
===Construction and prewar career===
[[File:Olympische Segelwettbewerbe 1936 (Kiel 53.190).jpg|thumb|left|{{lang|de|Grille}} with the Italian [[heavy cruiser]] {{ship|Italian cruiser|Gorizia||2}} in 1936]]

The ship was built by Blohm & Voss in [[Hamburg]]; her [[keel]] was [[keel laying|laid down]] in June 1934 under the provisional name "{{lang|de|Flottentender}} 'C'" (fleet tender). She was [[ship launching|launched]] on 15 December that year and was named {{lang|de|Grille}} after the old [[aviso]] {{SMS|Grille||2}}; {{lang|de|[[Konteradmiral]]}} (Rear Admiral) [[Eugen Lindau]] gave a speech at her launching ceremony. Following builder's [[sea trials]] off [[Helgoland]], she was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the {{lang|de|[[Kriegsmarine]]}} (War Navy) on 19 May 1935. Her first commander was {{lang|de|[[Fregattenkapitän]]}} (Frigate Captain) [[Helmuth Brinkmann]]. The experimental high-pressure turbines with the Benson boilers proved to be unacceptable for use in warships, and {{lang|de|Grille}} returned to Blohm & Voss to have the boilers replaced with a different type of boiler and control equipment for the turbines. The work was carried out between 3 October 1936 and 13 March 1937, after which the ship conducted a long-range test cruise to Iceland in July, which was completed without problems.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=31–32}}

For the next three years, {{lang|de|Grille}} served in a variety of roles: she represented [[Adolf Hitler]] as the head of state of [[Nazi Germany]] and the {{lang|de|[[Oberkommando der Marine]]}} (Naval High Command), as a navigational [[training ship]], and as a [[target ship]] during training exercises. Throughout this period, she was based in [[Kiel]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. In May 1936, she embarked Hitler and Admiral [[Erich Raeder]], the commander of the {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}}, and carried them to [[Laboe]] for the dedication of the [[Laboe Naval Memorial]] and observe a [[naval review]]. In October, she carried {{lang|de|[[Generalfeldmarschall]]}} (General Field Marshal) [[Werner von Blomberg]], the [[List of German defence ministers|Minister of War]] on a visit to Norway, cruising as far north as [[North Cape (Norway)|Nordkapp]]. On the way back to Germany, she stopped in [[Narvik (town)|Narvik]], Norway, where Blomberg and his entourage disembarked and traveled by train.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=32}}

{{lang|de|Grille}} next carried the {{lang|de|[[Wehrmacht]]}} (Defense Force) delegation to represent Germany for the [[coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth]] in mid-May 1937. The ship visited [[Southampton]] and [[Spithead]] during the voyage. In early June, she served as the [[flagship]] for Admiral [[Rolf Carls]], the commander of the German fleet, during exercises with the fleet's scouting force in the [[North Sea]]. Blomberg again boarded the vessel in October for a cruise into the Atlantic, which included visits to a series of ports, including [[Funchal]], [[Madeira]] and [[Ponta Delgada]] in the [[Azores]], Portugal. In May 1938, {{lang|de|[[Kapitän zur See]]}} (''KzS''—Captain at Sea) [[Günther von der Forst]] replaced Brinkmann as the ship's captain. Another naval review was held on 22 August for the launching ceremony for the [[heavy cruiser]] {{ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}}, during which {{lang|de|Grille}} hosted Hitler and his entourage, which included [[Miklós Horthy]], the [[Regent of Hungary]], who was visiting Germany at the time. Toward the end of 1938, {{lang|de|Grille}} was used as a torpedo target for the aircraft of 3. [[Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)#Staffel|Staffel]], [[Kustenfliegergruppe 506|Group 506]]. The ship was then assigned to the {{lang|de|Befehlshaber der Sicherung der Ostsee}} (BSO—Commander of the Defense of the Baltic Sea) to support the planned [[Invasion of Poland]].{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=31–32}} During the [[Kiel Week]] sailing [[regatta]] in June 1939, {{lang|de|Grille}} hosted Raeder and several foreign naval officers.{{sfn|Bird|p=152}}

===World War II===
[[File:Aviso "Grille" (13942491381).jpg|thumb|{{lang|de|Grille}} in Norway during [[World War II]]]]
At the outbreak of [[World War II]] on 1 September 1939, {{lang|de|Grille}} was mobilized wartime service. She was initially used for minelaying operations, and from 1 to 9 September, {{lang|de|[[Vizeadmiral]]}} (Vice Admiral) [[Wilhelm Marschall]] used her as a temporary flagship. Marschall was at that time the {{lang|de|[[Commander of Ships of the Line|Befehlshaber der Panzerschiffe]]}} (Commander of Armored Ships). {{lang|de|Grille}} was transferred back to the BSO in mid-September, where she was used to patrol for enemy merchant shipping in the Baltic. She accidentally collided with the German steamer {{SS|Axel}} on 10 January 1940, sinking the latter. {{lang|de|Grille}}{{'}}s bow was damaged in the incident and required repairs that were concluded on 5 February. The ship was then transferred to the North Sea to assist in the laying of minefields to guard against British attacks. She embarked on two operations to lay {{lang|de|Minensperre}} (mine barrier) 16 in company with the [[light cruiser]] {{ship|German cruiser|Köln||2}} and several destroyers, the first on 17–18 May and the second on 19–20 May. {{lang|de|Grille}} was then attached to the gunnery school for training purposes.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=32}}

For [[Operation Sea Lion]], the planned invasion of Great Britain in September 1940, {{lang|de|Grille}} was assigned as the flagship of ''KzS'' [[Walter Krastel]], the deputy commander of mine warfare vessels under {{lang|de|[[Marinegruppenkommando Nord]]}} (Navy Group Command North). She led the Eastern Group to [[Ostend]], Belgium in early September; the Eastern Group was tasked with covering the landing beaches by laying minefields on either side to prevent the British [[Royal Navy]] from intervening. The invasion was postponed "until further notice" on 17 September, and three days later {{lang|de|Grille}} and the other vessels were moved to [[Rotterdam]], the Netherlands. The next day, the German high command cancelled the operation outright and {{lang|de|Grille}} was immediately transferred back to the gunnery school. During [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German invasion of the [[Soviet Union]], which began in June 1941, {{lang|de|Grille}} was again assigned to the minelayer command. She assisted in the laying of a minefield in the Baltic in late June, and she served as the unit flagship from 5 July to 15 August.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=32–33}}

She was transferred back to the gunnery school on 15 August, where she served for the next seven months. During this period, she was also used as a target ship for [[U-boat]] crews. She was decommissioned in March 1942 and on 24 August, was assigned as a stationary [[command ship|headquarters ship]] for the commander of naval forces in [[occupied Norway]]. She arrived in Narvik, where on 2 October, ''KAdm'' [[Otto Klüber]] came aboard. The ship was moved from Narvik to [[Ankenesstranda|Ankenes]] between 25 and 31 July 1943. She had her crew reduced there on 10 January 1944; she was still capable of going to sea, but lacked crew for her weapons. In March, the staff for the commander was reduced, and {{lang|de|Grille}} was then used as a headquarters ship for the commander of U-boats in Norway, ''KzS'' [[Rudolf Peters]]. She remained in Norwegian waters until the end of the war in May 1945, when she was seized by British forces. They set up one of the rooms as "[[Eva Braun]]'s bedroom", but she had never visited the ship.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=33}} According to the naval historians [[J. J. Colledge]] and Ben Warlow, {{lang|de|Grille}} returned to northern Germany at some point after the war, and it was there that she was occupied by British forces, in August 1945.{{sfn|Colledge & Warlow|p=146}}

===Postwar===
[[File:IgrisBeyrut2.jpg|thumb|{{lang|de|Grille}} in [[Beirut]] in November 1948]]

The ship's postwar fate is uncertain; according to the naval historians Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Hans-Otto Steinmetz, {{lang|de|Grille}} was sold in 1946 to a Lebanese shipping company for use as a passenger ship in the Mediterranean Sea.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=31}} Others, including a contemporary report of the vessel's disposal in 1951, state that a Lebanese businessman named George Arida purchased the vessel for use as his personal yacht in September 1946.{{sfn|Morse|p=99}}{{sfn|Colledge & Warlow|p=146}} In March 1947, the ship was involved in a collision and repairs were completed in [[Beirut]] by November 1947, when she was re-launched from the dry dock.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=31}}

In either event, the ship had been disarmed and any equipment with military use was removed by the British before the sale. The intelligence service of the [[Haganah]] incorrectly suspected that Arida or the Lebanese company intended to use the vessel for the [[Lebanese Navy]] to attack [[Haifa]], so they sent a saboteur to attack it with [[limpet mine]]s in November 1948. The mines exploded a few days later and blew a hole in the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] below the [[waterline]], but did little serious damage and {{lang|de|Grille}} was quickly repaired.{{sfn|Morse|p=99}}{{sfn|Friedman}}{{sfn|Magarik}}

According to reports that indicate Arida purchased the ship, after he realized the very high cost involved in keeping the ship in service, he brought the ship to the United States in 1949 in an attempt to sell her. He was unable to secure a buyer, and {{lang|de|Grille}} was instead moored in New York and left idle for the next two years. While there, the ship became a tourist attraction. In April 1951, she was sold for [[scrap]] to the North American Smelting and Refining Company and was transferred to the Doan Salvage Yard in [[Bordentown, New Jersey]].{{sfn|Morse|p=99}}{{sfn|Friedman}}{{sfn|Magarik}} The ship was broken up later that year.{{sfn|Sieche|p=253}}

Before the scrapping began, souvenir hunters removed artifacts from the vessel. The yacht's toilet was one of many relics scattered throughout New Jersey, before it was purchased by British military memorabilia collector, Bruce Crompton.{{sfn|Manger}}{{sfn|Hafetz}} A [[blood transfusion]] kit taken from the {{lang|de|Grille}} forms part of the permanent collection of the [[Thackray Medical Museum]] in [[Leeds]], Britain.{{sfn|Thackray}}

In October 2020 a Maryland auctioneer announced they would offer for sale a large aluminum globe-shaped bar with five barstools from the yacht.<ref name=guardian-globe-shaped-bar-hitlers-yacht-auction>{{Cite news|title=Giant globe-shaped bar from 'Hitler's yacht' to be auctioned in US|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/19/globe-shaped-bar-hitlers-yacht-auction|last=Luscombe|first=Richard|date=19 October 2020|access-date=19 October 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Commons category|Grille (ship, 1935)}}

{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book
  |last=Bird
  |first=Keith W.
  |title=Erich Raeder: Admiral of the Third Reich
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |location=Annapolis
  |year=2006
  |isbn=978-1-55750-047-2
  |ref={{sfnRef|Bird}}
  }}
* {{cite web
  |title=Collection - Thackray Medical Museum
  |url=https://www.thackraymedicalmuseum.co.uk/discover/collection/
  |website=thackraymedicalmuseum.co.uk
  |access-date=22 November 2019
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122210658/https://www.thackraymedicalmuseum.co.uk/discover/collection/
  |archive-date=22 November 2019
  |ref={{sfnRef|Thackray}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last1=Colledge
  |first1=J. J.
  |last2=Warlow
  |first2=Ben
  |year=2003
  |orig-year=1969 
  |title=Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.)
  |location=London
  |publisher=Greenhill
  |isbn=1853675660
  |ref={{sfnRef|Colledge & Warlow}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite news
  |last=Friedman
  |first=Matti
  |date=15 April 2013
  |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/our-man-in-beirut-the-remarkable-story-of-isaac-shushan/
  |title=Our Man in Beirut: The Remarkable Story of Isaac Shoshan
  |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]
  |access-date=26 November 2019
  |ref={{sfnRef|Friedman}}
  }}
* {{cite news
  |last=Hafetz
  |first=David
  |title=Booty Includes Curtains, Tables. Bits Of Hitler's Yacht Scattered About N.J.
  |url=http://articles.philly.com/1997-03-27/news/25569881_1_grille-scrap-yard-cabin-cruiser
  |newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]
  |date=27 March 1997
  |access-date=30 May 2013
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920010257/http://articles.philly.com/1997-03-27/news/25569881_1_grille-scrap-yard-cabin-cruiser
  |archive-date=20 September 2015
  |ref={{sfnRef|Hafetz}}
  }}
* {{cite book
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  | first1 = Hans H.
  | last2 = Röhr
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  | last3 = Steinmetz
  | first3 = Hans-Otto
  | year = 1993
  | language = de
  | title = Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart	
  | trans-title=The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present
  | volume = 4
  | publisher = Mundus Verlag
  | location = Ratingen
  | isbn = 978-3-7822-0382-1
  |name-list-style=amp
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz}}
  }}
* {{cite news
  |last=Magarik
  |first=Raphael
  |title=A Thrilling Israeli Spy Story, But Is It Accurate? Or Moral?
  |url=https://forward.com/culture/books/420586/matti-friedman-spies-of-no-country-review/
  |website=Forward.com
  |access-date=26 November 2019
  |date=8 March 2019
  |ref={{sfnRef|Magarik}}
  }}
* {{cite news|last=Manger|first=Warren|title=The Man Who Salvaged Hitler's Toilet|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/man-who-salvaged-hitlers-toilet-10381022|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=8 May 2017|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101192448/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/man-who-salvaged-hitlers-toilet-10381022|archive-date=1 January 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Manger}}}}
* {{cite journal
  |editor-last=Morse
  |editor-first=Murray
  |title=Shipbreaking: Scrap Prices at All-Time Peak
  |journal=The Log
  |location=Los Angeles
  |publisher=Miller Freeman Publications
  |volume=46
  |number=7
  |pages=98–103
  |year=1951
  |oclc=228670556
  |ref={{sfnRef|Morse}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Sieche
  | first = Erwin
  | chapter = Germany
  | pages = 218–254
  | editor1-last = Gardiner
  | editor1-first = Robert
  | editor2-last = Chesneau
  | editor2-first = Roger
  | year = 1980
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-913-9
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Sieche}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Williamson
  |first=Gordon
  |title=Kriegsmarine Coastal Forces
  |publisher=Osprey Publishing
  |location=Oxford
  |isbn=978-1-78200-000-6
  |year=2012
  |ref={{sfnRef|Williamson}}
  }}

{{German avisos}}
{{Blohm + Voss}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grille}}
[[Category:World War II naval ships of Germany]]
[[Category:Ships built in Hamburg]]
[[Category:1934 ships]]
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Kriegsmarine]]
[[Category:Captured ships]]