View source for International Council of Museums

{{Short description|Organization of museums and museum professionals founded in 1946}}
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| name                = International Council of Museums (ICOM)
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| formation           = {{start date and age|1946||}}
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| type                = [[Non-governmental organization]]
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| purpose             = Conservation, continuation and communication to society of the world's natural and [[cultural heritage]]
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| location            = [[Paris]], France
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The '''International Council of Museums''' ('''ICOM''') is a [[non-governmental organization|non-governmental organisation]] dedicated to museums, maintaining formal relations with [[UNESCO]]<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/movable-heritage-and-museums/museums/unescoicom-museum-studies-training-package/|title=UNESCO/ICOM Museum Studies Training Programme|website=unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/movable-heritage-and-museums/illicit-traffic-of-cultural-property/partnerships/|title=ICOM among UNESCO's Partners |website=unesco.org}}</ref> and having a consultative status with the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]. Founded in 1946, ICOM also partners with entities such as the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]],<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/center/specific-sectors/art/icom/rules/|title=Partnership between ICOM and WIPO|website=wipo.int|access-date=2012-08-23|archive-date=2022-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901055415/http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/center/specific-sectors/art/icom/rules/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Interpol]],<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/fr/Criminalit%C3%A9/%C5%92uvres-d'art/ICOM-Red-Lists|title=Partnership between ICOM and INTERPOL|website=interpol.int|access-date=2012-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514154150/http://www.interpol.int/fr/Criminalit%C3%A9/%C5%92uvres-d'art/ICOM-Red-Lists|archive-date=2015-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[World Customs Organization]] in order to carry out its international public service missions, which include fighting illicit traffic in cultural goods and promoting risk management and emergency preparedness to protect world cultural heritage in the event of natural or man-made disasters. Members of the ICOM get the ICOM membership card, which provides free entry, or entry at a reduced rate, to many museums all over the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://network.icom.museum/cimuset/members/benefits/|title=Benefits|website=network.icom.museum|language=en|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105061933/http://network.icom.museum/cimuset/members/benefits/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
ICOM traces it roots back to the defunct '''International Museums Office''' (OIM (''Office internalional des musées'')), created in 1926 by the [[League of Nations]]. An agency of the League's [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation|International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation]], like many of the League's initiatives the OIM was dissolved following WWII, and its activities later assumed by ICOM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atom.archives.unesco.org/international-museums-office-imo|title=International Museums Office (IMO) – UNESCO Archives AtoM catalogue|website=atom.archives.unesco.org}}</ref>

==ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums==
ICOM adopted its [[ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums]]<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://archives.icom.museum/ethics.html#intro |title=ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums|website=icom.museum}}</ref> in 1986, a reference tool that sets standards of excellence to which all members of the organisation must adhere. The ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums, translated into 39 languages and revised in 2004,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Code of Ethics|url=https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/code-of-ethics/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=International Council of Museums|language=en-US}}</ref> establishes values and principles shared by ICOM and the international museum community. These standards of self-regulation by museums include basic principles for museum governance, the acquisition and disposal of collections, and rules for professional conduct.

A decision was reached in 2019 following the 25th General Conference of ICOM that the Code should be reviewed and revised if necessary. The review process is ongoing and is coordinated by the ICOM Standing Committee for Ethics (ETHCOM), a dedicated ICOM body which handles ethical issues relating to museums.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Code of Ethics|url=https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/code-of-ethics/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=International Council of Museums|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Red Lists==
Since 2000, ICOM has published its Red Lists to combat the [[UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property|illicit traffic in cultural goods]] which causes significant damage to heritage, particularly in regions of the world where [[cultural property]] is most susceptible to theft and looting. Supporting the fight against illicit traffic in cultural goods is among ICOM's highest priorities,<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://icom.museum/programmes/fighting-illicit-traffic/|title=ICOM's actions in Fighting Illicit Traffic|website=icom.museum|access-date=2012-08-23|archive-date=2018-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604085120/http://icom.museum/programmes/fighting-illicit-traffic/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Lists raise awareness on smuggling and illicit trade in cultural objects. The ICOM Red Lists are tools designed to help police and customs officials, heritage professionals, and art and antiquities dealers to identify the types of objects that are most susceptible to illicit trafficking.

As of 2023, ICOM has already published Red Lists for many different countries and regions:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Afghanistan
* Africa
* Brazil
* Cambodia
* Central America and Mexico
* China
* Colombia
* Dominican Republic
* Egypt
* Haiti
* Iraq (and 2015 update)
* Latin America 
* Libya
* Mali and West Africa
* Peru
* Southeast Europe
* Syria
* Ukraine
* Yemen
{{div col end}}

Red Lists are not lists of stolen objects, but are awareness raising tools that identify the categories of cultural objects that can be subjected to theft and traffic. They help individuals, organisations and authorities, such as police or customs officials, identify objects at risk and prevent them from being illegally sold or exported. The cultural goods depicted on the lists are inventoried objects within the collections of recognised institutions. They serve to illustrate the categories of cultural goods most vulnerable to illicit traffic.<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=https://icom.museum/en/our-actions/heritage-protection/red-lists/|title=Red Lists|website=icom.museum|access-date=2021-09-01|archive-date=2022-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719175416/https://icom.museum/en/our-actions/heritage-protection/red-lists/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

ICOM publishes the Red Lists with the scientific collaboration of national and international experts and the support of dedicated sponsors, to cover the most vulnerable areas of the world in terms of illicit trafficking of cultural objects. The lists are published in different languages according to the context of each List. Among other success stories, these tools have contributed to the identification, recovery and restitution of thousands of cultural objects from Iraq, Afghanistan and Mali.<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=https://icom.museum/en/our-actions/heritage-protection/red-lists/|title=Red Lists|website=icom.museum|access-date=2021-09-01|archive-date=2022-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719175416/https://icom.museum/en/our-actions/heritage-protection/red-lists/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Museums emergency programme==
ICOM is committed to providing cultural institutions with the necessary support and risk prevention tools when faced with conflict situations or [[natural disasters]]. Through its Disaster Relief for Museums Task Force (DRTF), its Museums Emergency Programme (MEP) and its active role in the [[Blue Shield International|Blue Shield]],<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_5vqfWYRCM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/d_5vqfWYRCM| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Julien Anfruns, ICOM Director General, at the International Conference of ICBS, December 2011|website=youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ICOM assists museums worldwide by mobilising its resources quickly and efficiently to provide support in both the prevention and the aftermath of disaster situations.

The [[Getty Conservation Institute]] and [[ICCROM]] (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) took part in this programme and helped develop training tools for MEP. ICOM's action programme offers a long-term global response that strengthens the [[Blue Shield International|Blue Shield]] dynamism.

==International Museum Day==
Every year since 1977, ICOM has organised [[International Museum Day]], a worldwide event held around 18 May.<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url= http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite4_1_16/05/2012_442466|title=International Museum Day in Greece|year=2012|website=ekathimerini.com}}</ref> From America and Oceania to Europe, Asia and Africa, International Museum Day aims to increase public awareness of the role of museums in developing society.

==Committees==
ICOM operates 32 international committees on a range of museum specialties,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Committees' directory|url=https://icom.museum/en/network/committees-directory/|access-date=2020-06-24|website=ICOM|language=en-US}}</ref> who conduct advanced research in their respective fields for the benefit of the museum community.
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* AFRICOM – International Council of African Museums
* AVICOM – Audio-visual & New Technologies and Social Media
* CAMOC – Museums of Cities
* CECA – Education & Cultural Action
* CIDOC – Documentation
* CIMCIM – Museums and Collections of Instruments and Music
* CIMUSET – Science & Technology
* COMCOL – Collecting
* COSTUME – International Committee for Museums and Collections of Costume<ref>{{cite web|url=http://network.icom.museum/costume/|title=ICOM Costume|access-date=22 January 2017|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204015821/http://network.icom.museum/costume|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* DEMHIST – Historic House Museums
* GLASS
* ICAMT- Architecture & Museum Techniques
* ICDAD – Decorative Arts and Design
* [[International Committee for Exhibition Exchange|ICEE – Exhibition Exchange]]
* ICFA – Fine Arts
* ICLM – Literary Museums
* ICMAH – Archaeology & History
* ICME – Ethnography
* ICMEMO – Memorial Museums
* ICMS – Museum Security
* ICR – Regional Museums
* [[ICOFOM, the International Committee for Museology|ICOFOM – Museology]]
* ICOMAM – Arms & Military History
* ICOM-CC – Conservation
* ICOMON – Money & Banking Museums
* ICTOP – Training of Personnel
* INTERCOM – Management
* NATHIST – Natural History
* [[ICOM MPR]] (International Committee for Marketing and Public Relation): this committee was founded in 1977 by Jan Jelínek, and provides training for museum professionals in marketing and communications, through annual conferences and a regular online newsletter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://network.icom.museum/mpr/about-mpr/what-is-mpr/|title=What is MPR?|publisher=ICOM MPR|access-date=2015-12-08|archive-date=2019-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911074352/http://network.icom.museum/mpr/about-mpr/what-is-mpr|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most recent conference was held in [[Armenia]] in 2015, with the theme of "Emerging Trends".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumarm.am/en|title=Home|publisher=Sergei Paradjanov Museum}}</ref> Previous conferences have been held in [[Taiwan]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Palermo]], [[Brno]], [[Shanghai]], [[Moscow]] and [[Yasnaya Polyana]], and [[Paraty]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://network.icom.museum/mpr/conferences/previous-conferences/|title=Previous Conferences|publisher=ICOM MPR}}</ref>  The MPR board consists of marketing and communication museum professionals from several countries. Each member is elected for a 3-year term at ICOM General Conferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://network.icom.museum/mpr/about-mpr/board-members/|title=Board Members|publisher=ICOM MPR|access-date=2015-12-08|archive-date=2020-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620210922/http://network.icom.museum/mpr/about-mpr/board-members/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* UMAC – University Museums
International Council of African Museums{{div col end}}
ICOM comprises also 118 national committees that ensure that the interests of the organisation are managed in their respective countries. The national committees represent their members within ICOM and they contribute to the implementation of the organisation's programmes.

==General Conference==
The ICOM General Conference is held every three years and gathers museum professionals from several countries. The first meeting was held in Paris in 1948. In recent years, General Conferences have been held in [[Seoul]] in 2004 (the first meeting in [[Asia]]), in [[Vienna]] in 2007, and in [[Shanghai]] in 2010. This 22nd General Conference in Shanghai followed the [[World Expo]] where the ICOM's Pavilion was inaugurated and named "Museums, Heart of the City".<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xdf50h_icom-pavilion_news|title=Inauguration of ICOM's Pavilion at the Expo|year=2010|website=dailymotion.com}}</ref> The General Conference was held in [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 2013, in [[Milan]] in 2016, in [[Kyoto]] in 2019, in [[Prague]] in 2022. [[Dubai]] is to welcome the 27th ICOM General Conference dedicated to "The Future of Museums in Rapidly Changing Communities" in 2025.

==Governance==
The current ICOM President is Ms. [[Emma Nardi]]. She succeeded Mr. [[Alberto Garlandini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alberto Garlandini appointed new ICOM President|url=https://icom.museum/en/news/alberto-garlandini-appointed-new-icom-president/|access-date=2020-06-24|website=ICOM|language=en-US}}</ref> The current Director General is Medea Ekner, who replaced Peter Keller.<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://icom.museum/news/news/article/peter-keller-appointed-director-general-of-icom/|title=Peter Keller appointed Director General of ICOM|website=icom.museum|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719233007/http://icom.museum/news/news/article/peter-keller-appointed-director-general-of-icom/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Previous Directors General were [[Anne-Catherine Robert-Hauglustaine]] (2014–2016) and Hanna Pennock (2013–2014).

===Presidents===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|- align=center bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
!No.
!Period
!Name
!Country
|-
| 1 || 1946–1953 ||[[Chauncey Hamlin]] || {{USA}}
|- bgcolor="efefef"
| 2 || 1953–1959 ||[[Georges Salles]] || {{FRA}}
|-
| 3 || 1959–1965 ||[[Philip Hendy]] || {{GBR}}
|- bgcolor="efefef"
| 4 || 1965–1971 ||[[Arthur F.E. van Schendel|Arthur van Schendel]] || {{NED}}
|-
| 5 || 1971–1977 ||[[Jan Jelínek (anthropologist)|Jan Jelínek]] || {{TCH}}
|- bgcolor="efefef"
| 6 || 1977–1983 ||[[Hubert Landais]] || {{FRA}}
|-
| 7 || 1983–1989 ||[[Geoffrey Lewis (museologist)|Geoffrey Lewis]] || {{GBR}}
|- bgcolor="efefef"
| 8 || 1989–1992 ||[[Alpha Oumar Konaré]] || {{MLI}}
|-
| 9 || 1992–1998 ||[[Saroj Ghose]] || {{IND}}
|- bgcolor="efefef"
| 10 || 1998–2004 ||[[Jacques Perot]] || {{FRA}}
|-
| 11 || 2004–2010 ||[[Alissandra Cummins]] || {{BRB}}
|- bgcolor="efefef"
| 12 || 2010–2016 ||[[Hans-Martin Hinz]] || {{GER}}
|-
| 13 || 2016–2020 ||[[Suay Aksoy]] || {{TUR}}
|- bgcolor="efefef"
| 14 || 2020–2022 ||[[Alberto Garlandini]] || {{ITA}}
|-
| 15 || 2022– ||[[Emma Nardi]] || {{ITA}}
|-
|}

==CIDOC conceptual reference model==
{{main|CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model}}
CIDOC, ICOM's International Committee for Documentation, provides the museum community with standards and advice on museum documentation.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIDOC – Supporting Museum Documentation|url=http://network.icom.museum/cidoc/|publisher=International Council of Museums|access-date=2013-10-20|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105020023/http://network.icom.museum/cidoc/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM), formalised as the official international standard [[ISO 21127]], is used to map cultural heritage information to a common and extensible semantic framework. This "semantic glue" can be used to connect between different sources of cultural heritage information published by museums, libraries and archives.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIDOC CRM Home page|url=http://www.cidoc-crm.org/|publisher=[[CIDOC|CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group]]}}</ref>

The committee was founded by [[Ivan Illich]] in 1961 in [[Cuernavaca]], Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bienvenido a una lectura con Iván Illich |url=http://www.ivanillich.org.mx/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.ivanillich.org.mx}}</ref>

==Online museums==
ICOM was the first international organization to participate in the [[Virtual Library museums pages]] (VLmp) online museums directory in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article030103.html | title=A Brief History of Early Museums Online | first=Jonathan P. | last=Bowen | author-link=Jonathan Bowen | journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] | volume=3 | date=2010 }}</ref> It was also instrumental in the creation of the "[[.museum]]" [[top-level domain]] (TLD) for museums online<ref>{{cite web| url=http://archives.icom.museum/musedoma/naming.html | title=.museum Naming Conventions | website=archives.icom.museum | publisher=ICOM | access-date=31 January 2020 }}</ref> through the [[Museum Domain Management Association]] (MuseDoma).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://archives.icom.museum/musedoma/about.html | title=About MuseDoma | website=archives.icom.museum | publisher=ICOM | access-date=31 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Member organizations==
The '''International Association of Transport and Communication Museums''' ('''IATM''') is a world-wide membership organisation of [[museum]]s which collect, interpret and make public material and information about [[transport]] and/or [[communication]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://icom.museum/en/ ICOM website]
* [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-traffic-of-cultural-property/ UNESCO's Website]
* [https://www.icom-cc.org/ ICOM-CC]
* [http://www.icamt.icom.museum ICAMT]
* [https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll13/id/16270 The Metropolitan Museum of Art records regarding International Council of Museums, 1951–1965] from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Archives, New York.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:International Council of Museums| ]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1946]]
[[Category:Museum associations and consortia]]
[[Category:Museum-related professional associations]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]
[[Category:Conservation and restoration organizations]]
[[Category:International organizations based in France]]
[[Category:UNESCO]]
[[Category:Heritage organizations]]
[[Category:History organizations based in France]]