View source for User:Micropot/Glasgow

{{for|the [[Scots language|Scots]] dialect spoken in Glasgow|Glasgow patter}}
{{About|the original Glasgow in Scotland}}



'''Glasgow''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Glasgow.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|l|ɑː|z|ɡ|ə|ʊ}}, {{IPA-all|ˈɡlazɡo|local}}, {{respell|GLAZ|goh}}; {{lang-sco|Glesga}} {{Audio|Glesca.ogg|listen}}; {{lang-gd|Glaschu}} ({{IPA-gd|ˈkɫ̪as̪əxu|}} {{Audio|Glaschu.ogg|listen}})) is the largest city in [[Scotland]] and [[List of largest United Kingdom settlements by population|third most populous]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. The city is situated on the [[River Clyde]] in the country's [[Scottish Lowlands|West Central Lowlands]].

Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become one of the largest seaports in [[Great Britain|Britain]]. Expanding from the [[medieval]] [[Archbishop of Glasgow|bishopric of Glasgow]] and the later establishment of the [[University of Glasgow]] in the 15th century, it became a major centre of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] in the 18th century. From the 18th century the city also grew as one of Britain's main hubs of [[wikt:transatlantic|transatlantic]] trade with [[British America|British North America]] and the [[British West Indies]]. 

With the onset of the [[Industrial Revolution]], the population and economy of Glasgow and the surrounding region expanded exponentially to become one of the world's pre-eminent centres of heavy engineering;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/glasgow/glasgow/index.html|title=Glasgow Feature Page|accessdate=11 December 2007|work=Undiscovered Scotland}}</ref> most notably in the [[shipbuilding]] and [[Naval architecture|marine engineering]] industry, which produced many innovative and famous vessels. Glasgow was known as the ''"[[List of second cities|Second City]] of the [[British Empire]]"'' for much of the [[Victorian era]] and [[Edwardian era|Edwardian period]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_glasgow.shtml| title=Victorian Glasgow| accessdate=14 September 2010|publisher=BBC History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/The+Second+City.htm| title=About Glasgow: The Second City of the Empire&nbsp;— the 19th century| accessdate=9 July 2007|publisher=Glasgow City Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php| title=Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914| author=Fraser, W, H| accessdate=7 January 2008|publisher=University of Glasgow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/vibrant6-glasgow.html| title=Glasgow&nbsp;— city of reality| author=McIlvanney, W| accessdate=7 January 2008|publisher=Scotland&nbsp;— the official online gateway}}</ref> Today it is one of Europe's top ten financial centres<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ifsdglasgow.co.uk/news/latest-news/glasgow-enters-european-top-ten| title=Global Financial Centres Index 10: Glasgow Enters European Top Ten| accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgowchamberofcommerce.com/news/glasgow-buzz/2011/september-2011/glasgow-enters-european-top-ten-financial-centres.aspx| title=Glasgow Jumps Thirteen Places in Financial Centre World Rankings| accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref> and is home to many of Scotland's leading businesses.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/Factsheets/| title=About Glasgow: Factsheets| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref> Glasgow is also ranked as the 57th most liveable city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|author=Česky |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_quality_of_living |title=List of cities by quality of living - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=25 August 2011}}</ref>

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, eventually reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/4population.pdf| title=Factsheet 4: Population| publisher=Glasgow City Council| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref> and was the fourth-largest city in [[Europe]], after [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Berlin]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Parks_Outdoors/Heritage/HeritageTrails/ClydeBridges/| title=Visiting Glasgow: Clyde Bridges| accessdate=11 December 2011 |publisher=Glasgow City Council}}</ref> In the 1960s, comprehensive [[urban renewal]] projects resulting in large-scale relocation of people to [[new town]]s and peripheral suburbs, followed by successive boundary changes, have reduced the current population of the City of Glasgow council area to 592,000,<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/populationaug07.pdf| title=2007 Population Estimates| accessdate=16 January 2008}}</ref> with 1,199,629<ref name=GRO>{{cite web |url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/setloc-ks01.xls |title=Key Statistics for Settlements and Localities Scotland |publisher=General Register Office for Scotland|accessdate=8 September 2008}}</ref> people living in the [[Greater Glasgow]] urban area. The entire region surrounding the [[conurbation]] covers approximately 2.3&nbsp;million people, 41% of Scotland's population.<ref name=spt>{{cite web| url=http://www.spt.co.uk/Publications/interchange/issue07.html| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070613072504/http://www.spt.co.uk/Publications/interchange/issue07.html| archivedate=13 June 2007| title=Minister backs SPT on White Paper|date=September 2004 | year=2004| publisher=Strathclyde Partnership for Transport| work=Interchange Issue 7| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref> Glasgow will host the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] and is currently [[Glasgow bid for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|bidding]] to host the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/news?articleid=156062&articlenewsgroup=-1 Six NOCs apply to host the 3rd Summer Youth Olympic Games in 2018]</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Glasgow}}

===Early origins and development===
[[File:JocelinSeal.jpg|thumb|The [[seal (emblem)|seal]] or signet of [[Jocelin (Bishop of Glasgow)|Jocelin]], [[Bishop of Glasgow]], founder of the burgh of Glasgow.]]
The present site of Glasgow has been used since prehistoric times for settlement due to it being the furthest downstream [[ford (crossing)|fording]] point of the River Clyde, at the point of its confluence with the [[Molendinar Burn]]. After the Romans left Caledonia the settlement was part of the extensive [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]], with its capital at Dumbarton {{convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on}} downstream, which merged in the 9th century with other regions to create the united Kingdom of Scotland.<ref name="ReferenceA">The City of Glasgow - The Third Statistical Account of Scotland , published 1958</ref>  The origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotland's second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by [[David I of Scotland|King David I of Scotland]] and [[John Capellanus|John, Bishop of Glasgow]].

There had been an earlier religious site established by [[Saint Mungo]] in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], bringing wealth and status to the town. Between 1175 and 1178 this position was strengthened even further when Bishop [[Jocelin (Bishop of Glasgow)|Jocelin]] obtained for the episcopal settlement the status of [[Burgh]] from [[William I of Scotland|King William I of Scotland]], allowing the settlement to expand with the benefits of trading monopolies and other legal guarantees. Sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives to this day as the [[Glasgow Fair]].

Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the ''Briggait'' area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via [[Glasgow Cross]]. The founding of the [[University of Glasgow]] in 1451 and elevation of the [[Diocese|bishopric]] to become the [[Archdiocese of Glasgow]] in 1492 served to increase the town's religious and educational status, and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe and the Mediterranean.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Following the [[Reformation]] and with the encouragement of the Convention of Royal Burghs the 14 Incorporated Trade Crafts federated as the [[Labour council#History|Trades House]] in 1605 to match the power and influence in the Town Council of the earlier Merchants Guilds who established their [[Merchants House]] in the same year.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of [[Royal Burgh]] in 1611. Glasgow's substantial fortunes came from international trade, manufacturing and invention starting in the 17th century with sugar, followed by tobacco, and then cotton and linen.

[[Daniel Defoe]] visited the city in the early 18th century and famously opined in his book ''[[A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain]]'', that Glasgow was "the cleanest and beautifullest, and best built city in Britain, London excepted."<ref>[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usebooks/defoe-scotland/letter12-2.html Letter XII] from "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" by Daniel Defoe.</ref> At that time, the city's population numbered approximately 12,000, and was yet to undergo the massive expansionary changes to the city's economy and urban fabric, brought about by the influences of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] and Industrial Revolution.

===Trading port===
After the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] in 1707, Scotland gained further access to the vast markets of the new British Empire and Glasgow became prominent in international commerce as a hub of trade to and from the Americas, especially in the movement of sugar, tobacco, cotton, and manufactured goods, into the deep water port that had been created by the city's ''[[Tobacco Lords]]'' at [[Port Glasgow]] on the [[Firth of Clyde]], due to the shallowness of the river within the city itself at that time.<ref>[http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ Abolition of the Slave Trade]. [[Learning and Teaching Scotland]] Online. Retrieved on 26 September 2007</ref>  By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgow's River Clyde, with over {{convert|47000000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of tobacco being imported at its peak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSCE03|title=The Glasgow Story: Industry and Technology&nbsp;— Food, Drink and Tobacco|publisher=[[The Glasgow Story]]|year=2004|accessdate=29 July 2008|first=Ian|last=Donnachie}}</ref>

===Industrialisation===
[[File:John Atkinson Grimshaw - Shipping on the Clyde (1881).jpg|thumb|250px|''Shipping on the Clyde'', [[John Atkinson Grimshaw|Atkinson Grimshaw]], 1881.]]
The opening of the [[Monkland Canal]] and basin linking to the [[Forth and Clyde Canal]] at [[Port Dundas]] in 1795, facilitated access to the extensive iron-ore and coal mines in [[Lanarkshire]]. After extensive [[river engineering]] projects to dredge and deepen the River Clyde as far as Glasgow, shipbuilding became a major industry on the upper stretches of the river, pioneered by industrialists such as [[Robert Napier (engineer)|Robert Napier]], [[John Elder (shipbuilder)|John Elder]], [[George Thomson (shipbuilder)|George Thomson]], [[Sir William Pearce, 1st Baronet|Sir William Pearce]] and [[Alfred Yarrow|Sir Alfred Yarrow]].

The River Clyde also became an important source of inspiration for artists, such as [[John Atkinson Grimshaw]], [[John Knox]], [[James Kay (artist)|James Kay]], [[Sir Muirhead Bone]], Robert Eadie, [[Stanley Spencer]] and [[L.S. Lowry]], willing to depict the new industrial era and the modern world.

Glasgow's population had surpassed that of Edinburgh by 1821. The development of civic institutions included the [[City of Glasgow Police]] in 1800, one of the first municipal [[police]] forces in the world. Despite the crisis caused by the [[City of Glasgow Bank]]'s collapse in 1878, growth continued and by the end of the 19th century it was one of the cities known as the ''"[[List of second cities|Second City]] of the Empire"'' and was producing more than half Britain's tonnage of shipping<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php|title=Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914|publisher=The Glasgow Story|year=2004|accessdate=9 July 2008|first=W. Hamish|last=Fraser}}</ref> and a quarter of all locomotives in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php|title=Industrial decline&nbsp;— the 20th Century |publisher=Glasgow City Council|date=28 March 2007|accessdate=9 July 2008}}</ref> In addition to its pre-eminence in shipbuilding, engineering, industrial machinery, bridge building, chemicals, explosives, coal and oil industries it developed as a major centre in textiles, garment-making, carpet manufacturing, leather processing, furniture-making, pottery, food, drink and cigarette making; printing and publishing. Shipping, banking, insurance and professional services expanded at the same time.<ref>The City of Glasgow - The Third Statistical Account of Scotland, published 1958</ref>

Glasgow became one of the first cities in Europe to reach a population of one million. The city`s new trades and sciences attracted new residents from across the [[Lowlands of Scotland|Lowlands]] and the [[Highlands of Scotland|Highlands]] of Scotland, from other parts of Britain and [[Ireland]] and from [[Continental Europe]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In particular, there was vast [[Irish Catholic]] immigration into Glasgow from [[Ulster]], especially from [[County Donegal]], during the second half of the 19th century and early 20th centuries. Large-scale immigration into the city from County Donegal would continue for most of the 20th century.

During this period, the construction of many of the city's greatest architectural masterpieces and most ambitious civil engineering projects, such as the [[Milngavie water treatment works|Loch Katrine aqueduct]], [[Glasgow Subway|Subway]], [[Glasgow Corporation Tramways|Tramway system]], [[Glasgow City Chambers|City Chambers]], [[Mitchell Library]] and [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]] were being funded by its wealth. The city also held a series of [[List of world's fairs|International Exhibitions]] at [[Kelvingrove Park]], in [[International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry|1888]], [[Glasgow International Exhibition (1901)|1901]] and [[Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry|1911]], with Britain's last major International Exhibition, the [[Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938|Empire Exhibition]], being subsequently held in 1938 at [[Bellahouston Park]], which drew 13 million visitors.<ref>Glasgow's Great Exhibitions by Perilla Kinchin and others, published 1988</ref>

<!--[[File:1960s Glasgow - geograph.org.uk - 878125.jpg|thumb|250px|Glasgow George Square in 1966.]]-->
The 20th century witnessed both decline and renewal in the city. After World War I, the city suffered from the impact of the [[Post–World War I recession]] and from the later [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]], this also led to a rise of radical socialism and the "[[Red Clydeside]]" movement. The city had recovered by the outbreak of World War II and grew through the post-war boom that lasted through the 1950s. By the 1960s, Britain's lack of investment and innovation led to growing overseas competition from countries like [[Japan]] and [[West Germany]] which weakened the once pre-eminent position of many of the city's industries.

As a result of this, Glasgow entered a lengthy period of relative economic decline and rapid de-industrialisation, leading to high unemployment, urban decay, population decline, welfare dependency and poor health for the city's inhabitants. There were active attempts at regeneration of the city, when the Glasgow Corporation published its controversial ''[[Bruce Report]]'', which set out a comprehensive series of initiatives aimed at turning round the decline of the city.  The report led to a huge and radical programme of rebuilding and regeneration efforts which started in the mid 1950s and lasted into the late 1970s, which saw the mass demolition of the city's infamous slums and their replacement with large suburban housing estates and tower blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050119043309/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002|archivedate=19 January 2005|title=Secret plot to strip Glasgow of influence|work=The Scotsman |location=UK|date=5 September 2002|accessdate=11 December 2007|first=John|last=Staples}}</ref>

The city invested heavily in its roads infrastructure, with an extensive system of arterial roads and motorways which biscected the central area.  There are also accusations that the [[Scottish Office]] had deliberately attempted to undermine Glasgow's economic and political influence in post-war Scotland by diverting inward investment in new industries to other regions during the [[Silicon Glen]] boom and creating the [[New towns#United Kingdom|new towns]] of Cumbernauld, Glenrothes, Irvine, Livingston and East Kilbride, dispersed across the [[Scottish Lowlands]], in order to halve the city's population base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050119043309/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002|archivedate=19 January 2005|title=Secret plot to strip Glasgow of influence|work=The Scotsman |location=UK|date=5 September 2002|accessdate=11 December 2007|first=John|last=Staples}}</ref>

By the late 1980s, there had been a significant resurgence in Glasgow's economic fortunes. The "[[Glasgow's miles better]]" campaign, launched in 1983, and opening of the [[Burrell Collection]] in 1983 and [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]] in 1985 facilitated Glasgow's new role as a European centre for business services and finance and promoted an increase in tourism and inward investment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7468870.stm|title=Why Glasgow was "miles better"|publisher=BBC News |date=23 June 2008|accessdate=30 July 2008|first=Reevel|last=Alderson}}</ref> The latter continues to be bolstered by the legacy of the city's [[Glasgow Garden Festival]] in 1988, its status as [[European City of Culture]] in 1990, and concerted attempts to diversify the city's economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openscotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/27153210/10| title=Interim Evaluation of the Cities Growth Fund: A Report to the Scottish Executive&nbsp;— Appendix 4: Glasgow| publisher=[[Scottish Government]]| date=March 2007| accessdate=26 June 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Wider economic revival has persisted and the ongoing [[Urban renewal|regeneration]] of inner-city areas, including the large-scale [[Clyde Waterfront Regeneration]], has led to more affluent people moving back to live in the centre of Glasgow, fuelling allegations of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_41198_en.pdf|title=Housing regeneration in Glasgow: Gentrification and upward neighbourhood trajectories in a post-industrial city| publisher=[[eSharp]]| year=2006| accessdate=10 July 2008| first=Zhan| last=McIntyre}}</ref> The city is now considered by [[Lonely Planet]] to be one of the world's top 10 tourist cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/oct/15/glasgow-scotland|title=Lonely Planet guide rates Glasgow as one of the world's top 10 cities|accessdate=15 October 2008 | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Severin | last=Carrell | date=15 October 2008}}</ref>

Despite Glasgow's economic renaissance, the [[East End of Glasgow|East End]] of the city remains the focus of social deprivation.<ref name = breakthrough/> A Glasgow Economic Audit report published in 2007 stated that the gap between prosperous and deprived areas of the city is widening.<ref name=audit>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2D5AF9D8-CE27-40D1-9BDF-47020507440A/0/GlasgowEconomicAudit2007SummaryReportFinal.pdf| title=Glasgow Economic Audit 2007—Summary Report| publisher=Glasgow Economic Forum| year=2007| accessdate=10 July 2008}}</ref> In 2006, 47% of Glasgow's population lived in the most deprived 15% of areas in Scotland,<ref name=audit/> while the [[Centre for Social Justice]] reported 29.4% of the city's working-age residents to be "economically inactive".<ref name=breakthrough>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/breakthroughglasgow_05_02_08.pdf| title=Breakthrough Glasgow| publisher=The Centre for Social Justice| date=1 February 2008| accessdate=8 February 2008}}</ref> Although marginally behind the UK average, Glasgow still has a higher employment rate than Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester.<ref name=audit/>  

In 2008 the city was ranked at 43 for Personal Safety in the [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] index of top 50 safest cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1307990|title=Quality of living global city rankings&nbsp;— Mercer survey|accessdate=10 July 2008}}</ref>  The Mercer report was specifically looking at Quality of Living, yet by 2011 within Glasgow, certain areas were (still) ''"failing to meet the Scottish Air Quality Objective levels for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10)."''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingglasgow.com/indicators/environment/air_quality |title=Air quality &#124; The Glasgow Indicators Project |publisher=Understandingglasgow.com |date= |accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

===Toponymy===
It is common to derive the name ''Glasgow'' from the older [[Cumbric language|Cumbric]] ''glas cau'' or a [[Middle Irish|Middle Gaelic]] cognate, which would have meant ''green hollow''. The settlement probably had an earlier Cumbric name, '''Cathures'''; the modern name appears for the first time in the Gaelic period (1116), as ''Glasgu''. It is also recorded that the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|King of Strathclyde]], [[Rhydderch Hael]], welcomed Saint Kentigern (also known as Saint Mungo), and procured his consecration as bishop about 540. For some thirteen years Kentigern laboured in the region, building his church at the [[Molendinar Burn]], and making many converts. A large community developed around him and became known as ''Glasgu'' (often glossed as "the dear Green" or "dear green place").

===Heraldry===
{{Infobox coat of arms
|name = The coat of arms of the City of Glasgow
|year_adopted = 1866
|crest = [[Saint Mungo]]
|image = Glasgow Coat of Arms.png
|image_width      = 150
|supporters = Two salmon, bearing rings
|motto = Let Glasgow Flourish by the preaching of Your word, and the praising of Your name.
}}

The [[coat of arms]] of the City of Glasgow was granted to the [[royal burgh]] by the [[Lord Lyon King of Arms|Lord Lyon]] on 25 October 1866.<ref>Urquhart, R.M. (1973) ''Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry''. London. Heraldry Today. {{ISBN|978-0-900455-24-7}}.</ref> It incorporates a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow's patron saint, Mungo, which had been used on official seals prior to that date. The emblems represent [[Saint Mungo#Miracles|miracles]] supposed to have been performed by Mungo and are listed in the traditional rhyme:
::::''Here's the bird that never flew''
::::''Here's the tree that never grew''
::::''Here's the bell that never rang''
::::''Here's the fish that never swam''

St Mungo is also said to have preached a sermon containing the words ''Lord, Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name''. This was abbreviated to "Let Glasgow Flourish" and adopted as the city's motto.

In 1450, John Stewart, the first [[Lord Provost]] of Glasgow, left an endowment so that a "St Mungo's Bell" could be made and tolled throughout the city so that the citizens would pray for his soul. A new bell was purchased by the magistrates in 1641 and that bell is still on display in the [[People's Palace]] Museum, near [[Glasgow Green]].

The supporters are two salmon bearing rings, and the crest is a half length figure of Saint Mungo. He wears a bishop's mitre and liturgical vestments and has his hand raised in "the act of [[benediction]]". The original 1866 grant placed the crest atop a helm, but this was removed in subsequent grants. The current version (1996) has a gold [[mural crown]] between the shield and the crest. This form of coronet, resembling an embattled city wall, was allowed to the four area councils with city status.

The arms were re-matriculated by the City of [[Glasgow District Council]] on 6 February 1975, and by the present area council on 25 March 1996. The only change made on each occasion was in the type of coronet over the arms.<ref>Urquhart, R.M. (1979). ''Scottish Civic Heraldry''. London. Heraldry Today. {{ISBN|978-0-900455-26-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Urquhart| first=R.M.| title=Scottish Civic Heraldry| publisher=School Library Association| location=Swindon| year=2001| origyear=1979| edition=2nd| isbn=978-0-900649-23-3}}</ref>
{{clear right}}

==Government==
{{See also|Politics of Glasgow}}

<!--[[File:Glasgow City Chambers and War Memorial.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Glasgow City Chambers]]-->, located on [[George Square]], is the headquarters of Glasgow City Council and the seat of Local Government in the city.]]
Although the Glasgow [[Municipal corporation|Corporation]] had been a pioneer in the [[Municipal socialism|municipal socialist]] movement from the late 19th century, since the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]], Glasgow increasingly supported [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] ideas and politics at a national level. The [[Politics of Glasgow|city council]] has been controlled by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] for 30 years, since the decline of the [[Progressives (Scotland)|Progressives]]. The left-wing support emanates from the city's legacy as an industrial powerhouse, and the relative poverty of many Glaswegian [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituencies]] and [[Wards of the United Kingdom|wards]]. 

In the aftermath of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] and [[German Revolution of 1918–1919]], the city's frequent strikes and [[Militant]] organisations caused serious alarm at [[Her Majesty's Government|Westminster]], with one [[Battle of George Square|uprising in January 1919]] prompting the Prime Minister, [[David Lloyd George]] to deploy 10,000 troops and tanks onto the city's streets. A huge demonstration in the city's [[George Square]] on 31 January ended in violence after the [[Riot Act]] was read.

Since 2007 when local government elections in Scotland began to use the [[Single Transferable Vote]] rather than First Past the Post system, the dominance of the Labour party within the city has declined (though it remains one of only two local authorities - along with North Lanarkshire, where Labour maintains an outright majority over the other parties)

[[Industrial action]] at the shipyards gave rise to the "[[Red Clydeside]]" epithet. During the 1930s, Glasgow was the main base of the [[Independent Labour Party]]. Towards the end of the 20th century it became a centre of the struggle against the [[Community Charge|poll tax]], and then the main base of the [[Scottish Socialist Party]], a left-wing unity party in Scotland. The city has not had a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP since the [[Glasgow Hillhead by-election, 1982|1982 Hillhead by-election]], when the SDP took the seat, which was in Glasgow's wealthiest area. The resultant general political bias against the Conservative party continued and currently they have only 1 of the 79 councillors on Glasgow City Council, despite having been the controlling party (as the [[Progressives (Scotland)|Progressives]]) from 1969-1972 when Sir Donald Liddle was the last non-Labour [[Lord Provost of Glasgow|Lord Provost]].

===Scottish Parliament region===
{{See also|Glasgow Scottish Parliament region}}
The [[Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Glasgow electoral region of the Scottish Parliament]] covers the Glasgow City council area, the [[Rutherglen]] area of the [[South Lanarkshire]] and a small eastern portion of [[Renfrewshire]]. It elects nine of the parliament's 73 [[first past the post]] constituency members and seven of the 56 [[Mixed member proportional representation|additional members]]. Both kinds of member are known as [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs)]]. The system of election is designed to produce a form of [[proportional representation]].

The first past the post seats were created in 1999 with the names and boundaries of then existing [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] ([[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]) constituencies. In 2005, the number of Westminster [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament (MPs)]] representing Scotland was cut to 59, with new constituencies being formed, while the existing number of [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSPs]] was retained at Holyrood. In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the boundaries of the Glasgow region were redrawn.

Currently, the nine Scottish Parliament constituencies in the Glasgow electoral region are:-
* [[Glasgow Anniesland (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Anniesland]]
* [[Glasgow Cathcart (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Cathcart]]
* [[Glasgow Kelvin (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Kelvin]]
* [[Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn]]
* [[Glasgow Pollok (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Pollok]]
* [[Glasgow Provan (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Provan]]
* [[Glasgow Shettleston (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Shettleston]]
* [[Glasgow Southside (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Southside]]
* [[Rutherglen (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Rutherglen]]

===United Kingdom Parliament constituencies===
{{See also|United Kingdom constituencies}}

Following reform of constituencies of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] ([[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]]) in 2005, which reduced the number of Scottish [[Member of Parliament (U.K.)|Members of Parliament (MPs)]], the current Westminster constituencies representing Glasgow are:-
* [[Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Central]]
* [[Glasgow East (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow East]]
* [[Glasgow North (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North]]
* [[Glasgow North East (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North East]]
* [[Glasgow North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North West]]
* [[Glasgow South (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow South]]
* [[Glasgow South West (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow South West]]

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Glasgow}}
Glasgow is located on the banks of the River Clyde, in [[Strathclyde|West Central]] Scotland. Its second most important river is the [[River Kelvin|Kelvin]] whose name was used for creating the title of [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Baron Kelvin]] and thereby ended up as the [[Kelvin|scientific unit of temperature]].
On older maps Glasgow will be found within the area of the pre-1975 county of [[Lanarkshire]], from 1975 to 1996 it will appear within [[Strathclyde Region]]; current maps will generally show Glasgow as one of 32 [[Subdivisions of Scotland|Council Areas]] in Scotland.

===Location===
{{Geographic location
|title = '''Destinations from Glasgow'''
|Northwest = [[Dumbarton]], [[Helensburgh]], [[Crianlarich]]
|North     = [[Aberfoyle, Stirling|Aberfoyle]], [[Callander]], [[Crianlarich]]
|Northeast = [[Cumbernauld]], '''[[Stirling]]''', '''[[Falkirk]]'''
|West      = [[Erskine]], '''[[Paisley]]''', [[Renfrew]], [[Port Glasgow]], [[Greenock]]
|Centre    = Glasgow
|East      = [[Coatbridge]], [[Airdrie, North Lanarkshire|Airdrie]], '''[[Livingston, Scotland|Livingston]]''', '''[[Edinburgh]]'''
|Southwest = '''[[Kilmarnock]]''', [[Prestwick]], [[Ayr]]
|South     = '''[[East Kilbride]]''', [[Strathaven]], [[Cumnock]]
|Southeast = [[Motherwell]], '''[[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire|Hamilton]]''', [[Lanark]], [[Wishaw]]
}}

===Climate===
In spite of its northerly latitude, close to the same line as Moscow and Copenhagen, Glasgow's climate is classified as [[Oceanic climate|Oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] '''Cfb''').
Data is available online for 3 official weather stations in the Glasgow area: Paisley, Abbotsinch and Bishopton. All are located to the West of the city centre.
Owing to its westerly position and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, Glasgow is one of Scotland's milder areas. Temperatures are usually higher than most places of equal latitude away from the UK, due to the warming influence of the [[Gulf Stream]].
The downside of this is that Glasgow does not get distinct seasons like many other Western European cities.

Winters are cold and overcast, with a January mean of {{convert|4.0|C|1}}, though lows sometimes fall below freezing. Since 2000 Glasgow has experienced few very cold, snowy and harsh winters where temperatures have fallen much below freezing.  The most extreme instances have however seen temperatures around {{convert|-12|C}} in the area. Snowfall resulting in snow lying on the ground is an infrequent occurrence and generally short-lived. The spring months (March to May) are usually mild and often quite pleasant. Many of Glasgow's trees and plants begin to flower at this time of the year and parks and gardens are filled with spring colours. 

During the summer months (June to August) the weather can vary considerably from day to day ranging from relatively cool and wet to quite warm with the odd sunny day. Long dry spells of warm weather are generally very scarce. Overcast and humid conditions without rain are frequent. Generally the weather pattern is quite unsettled and erratic during these months, with only occasional heatwaves. 

The last few summers have seen below average temperatures, sunshine hours and also above average rainfall. Often these months have now resembled something like a [[monsoon]].{{CN|date=July 2012}} This has been attributed to by the position of the [[jet stream]] which has moved from its more northerly route to the north of Scotland to a more southerly direction which has caused low pressure systems to circulate and develop to the South and West of the UK. This has of course stopped the warm continental high pressures developing across the country and moving upwards from the south. 

It is quite possible that Glasgow and the West of Scotland has received the wettest summer conditions in Europe for last 2 or 3 years.{{CN|date=July 2012}} The warmest month is usually July, with average highs above {{convert|19|C}}. Autumns are generally cool to mild with increasing precipitation. During early autumn there can be some settled periods of weather and it can feel pleasant with mild temperatures and some sunny days.

Temperature extremes have ranged from {{convert|-19.9|to|31.2|C|F|0}}, at Abbotsinch,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/Glasgow_Airport/12-1995/31400.htm
|title=December 1995 minimum
|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://weatherfaqs.org.uk/book/export/html/179
|title=August 1975 Maximum
|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref>  and {{convert|-14.8|to|31.0|C|F|0}} at Paisley.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1636
|title=December 1982 minimum
|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=1975&indexid=TXx&stationid=1636
|title=August 1975 Maximum
|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref> The coldest temperature to have occurred in recent years was {{convert|-12.5|C|F}} at Bishopton during December 2010.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/08/minimum-temperatures-and-snow-across-the-uk-last-night/
|title=December 2010 minimum
|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

{{Glasgow weatherbox}}
{{Weather box|location = Abbotsinch, 5m asl, 1971–2000, Extremes 1951–
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 13.5
|Feb record high C = 14.3
|Mar record high C = 18.9
|Apr record high C = 24.0
|May record high C = 27.4
|Jun record high C = 29.6
|Jul record high C = 30.1
|Aug record high C = 31.2
|Sep record high C = 26.7
|Oct record high C = 23.9
|Nov record high C = 16.0
|Dec record high C = 14.6
|year record high C = 31.2
|Jan high C = 6.6
|Feb high C = 7.1
|Mar high C = 9.0
|Apr high C = 11.8
|May high C = 15.2
|Jun high C = 17.5
|Jul high C = 19.4
|Aug high C = 18.9
|Sep high C = 16.1
|Oct high C = 12.8
|Nov high C = 9.2
|Dec high C = 7.2
|year high C = 12.6
|Jan low C = 0.7
|Feb low C = 0.8
|Mar low C = 2.0
|Apr low C = 3.4
|May low C = 5.9
|Jun low C = 8.7
|Jul low C = 10.8
|Aug low C = 10.5
|Sep low C = 8.9
|Oct low C = 5.7
|Nov low C = 2.4
|Dec low C = 1.1
|year low C = 5.0
|Jan record low C = −17.4
|Feb record low C = −15.0
|Mar record low C = −12.5
|Apr record low C = −5.4
|May record low C = −3.9
|Jun record low C = 1.2
|Jul record low C = 0.8
|Aug record low C = 1.1
|Sep record low C = -4.0
|Oct record low C = -7.1
|Nov record low C = −10.4
|Dec record low C = −19.9
|year record low C = −19.9
|Jan precipitation mm = 124
|Feb precipitation mm = 90
|Mar precipitation mm = 97
|Apr precipitation mm = 54
|May precipitation mm = 58
|Jun precipitation mm = 59
|Jul precipitation mm = 65
|Aug precipitation mm = 77
|Sep precipitation mm = 104
|Oct precipitation mm = 119
|Nov precipitation mm = 117
|Dec precipitation mm = 120
|year precipitation mm = 1083
|Jan sun = 39
|Feb sun = 62
|Mar sun = 94
|Apr sun = 142
|May sun = 192
|Jun sun = 182
|Jul sun = 175
|Aug sun = 155
|Sep sun = 119
|Oct sun = 86
|Nov sun = 57
|Dec sun = 33
|year sun = 1336
|source 1 = MeteoFrance<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://monde.meteofrance.com/monde/climat?68991.path=climatstation%252F03140 | title = Averages for Abbotsinch | publisher = MeteoFrance | language = }}</ref>
date=October 2011|source 2 = ScotClim<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.org.uk/climate/scotclim.html | title = Averages for Abbotsinch | publisher =Weather.org.uk | language = }}</ref>
date=November 2011}}

==Demography==
{{Main|Geography of Glasgow#Demographics}}
<!--[[File:View of Glasgow from Queens Park.jpg|thumb|250px|Panorama over Glasgow's South Side and West End from [[Queen's Park, Glasgow|Queen's Park]], looking North West.  Left of centre can be seen the [[Clyde Arc]] bridge at Finnieston, while beyond is the tower of the [[University of Glasgow]], with the [[Campsie Fells]] in the distance on the right.]]-->
The 1950s saw the population of the City of Glasgow area peak at 1,089,000. During this period, Glasgow was one of the most densely populated cities in the world. After the 1960s, clearings of poverty-stricken inner city areas like the [[Gorbals]] and relocation to "[[New town#United Kingdom|new towns]]" such as [[East Kilbride]] and [[Cumbernauld]] led to population decline. In addition, the boundaries of the city were changed twice during the late 20th century, making direct comparisons difficult. The city continues to expand beyond the official city council boundaries into surrounding suburban areas, encompassing around {{convert|400|sqmi|km2|-2}} of all adjoining suburbs, if [[commuter town]]s and villages are included.

There are two distinct definitions for the population of Glasgow: the '''Glasgow City Council Area''' (which lost the districts of [[Rutherglen]] and [[Cambuslang]] to [[South Lanarkshire]] in 1996) and the '''Greater Glasgow Urban Area''' (which includes the conurbation around the city).

Since the [[Great Irish Famine]] of the 1840s, and continuing up to the present day, large numbers of [[Irish-Scots]] and [[Irish Catholic]] immigrants (especially from [[County Donegal]] in [[Ulster]]) have settled in and contributed to the city. At one point only [[New York City]] had a bigger [[Irish people|Irish]] expatriate population than Glasgow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keep-the-faith.net/reviews.htm |title=Keep-The Faith |publisher=Keep-The Faith |accessdate=8 July 2009}}</ref> Huge numbers of Scottish [[Gàidhealtachd|Highlanders]] also migrated to the city as a result of the [[Highland Clearances]]. The Irish and the Scottish Highlanders contributed to the explosive growth of [[Catholicism]] in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyc.php |title=Industrial Revolution: 1770s to 1830s |publisher=Theglasgowstory.com |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/reviews/scottish.shtml |title=Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |publisher=Brad.ac.uk |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> 

In the early 20th century, many [[Lithuania]]n refugees began to settle in Glasgow and at its height in the 1950s there were around 10,000 in the Glasgow area.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1692714,00.html| title=Lithuanians in Glasgow|date=23 January 2006| author=The Guardian| accessdate=9 July 2007 | location=London}}</ref> Many [[Italian Scots]] also settled in Glasgow, originating from provinces like [[Frosinone]] between Rome and Naples and [[Lucca]] in north-west [[Tuscany]] at this time, many originally working as "[[Hokey pokey (ice cream)|Hokey Pokey]]" men.<ref>{{cite book| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGhvmMCbQLUC&dq=italians+scotland+%22hokey+pokey%22&pg=PA39| title=A History of Scotland| chapter=Departures and Arrivals|accessdate=9 July 2007|page=39|last=Gray|first=Alastair|coauthors=Moffat, William|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=1989|edition=Rev|origyear=1985|isbn=978-0-19-917063-0}}</ref> 

In the 1960s and 1970s, many [[Asian-Scots]] also settled in Glasgow, mainly in the [[Pollokshields]] area. These number 30,000 [[Pakistani people|Pakistanis]], 15,000 [[Indian people|Indians]] and 3,000 [[Bangladeshi people|Bangladeshis]] as well as [[Cantonese people|Chinese]] immigrants, many of whom settled in the [[Garnethill]] area of the city. {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} Since 2000, the UK government has pursued a policy of dispersal of [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|asylum seekers]] to ease pressure on social housing in the London area.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
!Location
!Population
!Area
!Density
|-
| '''Glasgow City Council'''<ref name=gro>{{cite web| url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/05mype-cahb-t9.xls| title= Mid-2005 Population Estimates Scotland - Table 9 Land area and population density, by administrative area: 30&nbsp;June&nbsp;2005
| publisher=General Register Office for Scotland| accessdate=9 July 2007| format=Microsoft Excel}}</ref>
| 592,820
| {{convert|67.76|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|8541.8|/sqmi|/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| '''Greater Glasgow Urban Area'''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fom2005/03_FOPM_UrbanAreas.pdf | title=Focus on People and Migration| author=Graham Pointer| accessdate=9 July 2007}}{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref>
| 1,750,270
| {{convert|142.27|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|8212.9|/sqmi|/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | <small>'''Source:''' ''Scotland's Census Results Online''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/analyser/analyser?topicId=1&tableId=&tableName=Population+density&selectedTopicId=&aggregated=false&subject=&tableNumber=&selectedLevelId=&postcode=&areaText=&RADIOLAYER=&actionName=view-results&clearAreas=&stateData1=&stateData2=&stateData3=&stateData4=&debug=&tempData1=&tempData2=&tempData3=&tempData4=&areaId=17&levelId=1| title=''2001 Census''| author=www.scrol.gov.uk/| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref></small>
|}

Since the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]] the population decline has stabilised. The 2009 population of the city council area was 588,430 and the population of both the City of Glasgow Council area and Greater Glasgow are forecast to grow in the near future. Around 2,300,000 people live in the Glasgow travel-to-work area.<ref name=spt/> This area is defined as having 10% and over of residents travelling into Glasgow to work, and has no fixed boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/01/15950/15151|title=Review of Scotland's Cities&nbsp;— Transport within the City and the City-Region| publisher=Scottish Executive|accessdate=12 December 2007}}</ref>

Compared to [[Inner London]], which has {{convert|23441|/sqmi|/km2|abbr=on}}.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/dm-lonarea.htm |title=Southeast England Population by Area from 1891|publisher=Wendell Cox Consultancy|work=Demographia|accessdate=12 December 2007}}</ref> Scotland's largest city has less than half the current population density of the English capital—{{convert|8603|/sqmi|/km2|abbr=on}} In 1931 the population density was {{convert|16166|/sqmi|/km2|abbr=on}}, highlighting the subsequent "clearances" to the suburbs and new towns that were built to empty one of Europe's most densely populated cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-glasgow.htm |title=Glasgow: Population & Density 1891–2001|publisher=Wendell Cox Consultancy|work=Demographia|accessdate=12 December 2007}}</ref>

Glasgow has the lowest [[life expectancy]] of any UK city at 72.9 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4494051.stm|title=Life expectancy gap "widening"|date=29 April 2005|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 August 2008}}</ref> Much was made of this during the [[Glasgow East by-election, 2008|2008 Glasgow East by-election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7524663.stm|title=How serious is defeat for Brown?|last=Walker|first=Carole|date=25 July 2008|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 August 2008}}</ref> In 2008, a [[World Health Organization]] report about health inequalities, revealing that male life expectancy varied from 54 in [[Calton, Glasgow|Calton]] to 82 in nearby [[Lenzie]], [[East Dunbartonshire]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7584056.stm#Life%20expectancy|title=Social factors key to ill health|date=28 August 2008|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7584450.stm|title=GP explains life expectancy gap|date=28 August 2008|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 August 2008}}</ref>

==Districts and suburbs==
[[File:Glasgowareas.jpg|thumb|450px|[[Areas of Glasgow]]. Click to enlarge.]]

===City centre===
The [[Glasgow city centre|city centre]] is bounded by the High Street to the east, the River Clyde to the south and the [[M8 motorway (Scotland)|M8 motorway]] to the west and north which was built through the [[Townhead]], [[Charing Cross, Glasgow|Charing Cross]], [[Cowcaddens]] and [[Anderston]] areas in the 1960s.

====Retail and theatre district====
<!--[[File:(looking down) Buchannan Street, Glasgow.jpg|thumb|250px|Looking down [[Buchanan Street]] towards [[St Enoch subway station]].]]-->
The city centre is based on a [[grid plan|grid system]] of streets on the north bank of the River Clyde. The heart of the city is George Square, site of many of [[Public statues in Glasgow|Glasgow's public statues]] and the elaborate Victorian [[Glasgow City Chambers]], headquarters of [[Politics of Glasgow|Glasgow City Council]]. To the south and west are the shopping precincts of [[Argyle Street, Glasgow|Argyle Street]], [[Sauchiehall Street]] and [[Buchanan Street]], the last featuring more upmarket retailers and winner of the Academy of Urbanism "Great Street Award" 2008.<ref>The Academy of Urbanism : Awards http://web.archive.org/web/20080119212642/http://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/awards.htm Retrieved 28 May 2008</ref> 

The main shopping centres are [[Buchanan Galleries]] and the [[St. Enoch Centre]], with the up-market [[Princes Square]] and the Italian Centre specialising in designer labels. The London-based department store [[Selfridges]] purchased a site in the city some years ago as part of its plans to expand stores, plans which have now been shelved according to the company. Glasgow's retail portfolio forms the UK's second largest and most economically important retail sector after Central London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-strategies.co.uk/upload/newsletter_oct07/retail_market_spotlight_autumn2007.pdf |title=Retail Ranking from Experian |publisher=Business-strategies.co.uk |accessdate=12 September 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=133843 |title=Top of the Shops&nbsp;— Gerald Eve Publishes Prime Retail |publisher=Prnewswire.co.uk |date=5 November 2004 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>

The city centre is home to most of Glasgow's main cultural venues: the [[Theatre Royal, Glasgow|Theatre Royal]] (performing home of [[Scottish Opera]] and [[Scottish Ballet]]), the [[Pavilion Theatre (Glasgow)|Pavilion Theatre]], the [[King's Theatre, Glasgow|King's Theatre]], [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], [[Glasgow Film Theatre]], [[Tron Theatre]], [[Gallery of Modern Art]] (GoMA), Mitchell Library and Theatre, the [[CCA Glasgow|Centre for Contemporary Arts]], [[McLellan Galleries]] and the [[The Lighthouse (Glasgow)|Lighthouse Museum of Architecture]]. [[Cineworld (Glasgow)|The world's tallest cinema]], the eighteen-screen [[Cineworld]] is situated on Renfrew Street. The city centre is also home to four of Glasgow's higher education institutions: the [[University of Strathclyde]], the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]], [[Glasgow School of Art]] and [[Glasgow Caledonian University]].

====Merchant City====
<!--[[File:Glasgow Tolbooth Steeple, Glasgow.jpg|thumb|250px|The Tolbooth Steeple dominates [[Glasgow Cross]] and marks the east side of the [[Merchant City]].]]-->
To the east is the commercial and residential district of [[Merchant City]]. The Merchant City was formerly the residential district of the wealthy city merchants in the 18th and early 19th centuries, particularly the [[Tobacco Lords]] from whom many of the streets take their name. As the [[Industrial Revolution]] and the wealth it brought to the city resulted in the expansion of Glasgow's central area westward, the original medieval centre was left behind. Glasgow Cross, situated at the junction of [[High Street (Glasgow)|High Street]], Gallowgate, [[Trongate]] and Saltmarket was the original centre of the city, symbolised by its [[Mercat cross]]. Glasgow Cross encompasses the [[Merchant City|Tolbooth]] Clock Tower; all that remains of the original City Chambers, which was destroyed by fire in 1926. Moving northward up High Street towards [[Rottenrow]] and [[Townhead]] lies the 15th century [[Glasgow Cathedral]] and the [[Provand's Lordship]]. Due to growing industrial pollution levels in the mid-to-late 19th century, the area fell out of favour with residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgowmerchantcity.net/history1.htm|title=Glasgow's Merchant City: Historical Development|publisher=Merchant City Initiative|year=2008|accessdate=29 July 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

From the late 1980s onwards, the Merchant City has been rejuvenated with luxury city centre apartments and [[warehouse conversion]]s. This regeneration has supported an increasing number of cafés and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/4|title=Merchant City Glasgow: Restaurants and Cafés|publisher=Merchant City Glasgow&nbsp;— Merchant City Initiative|year=2008|accessdate=30 July 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080616150025/http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/4 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 16 June 2008}}</ref> The area is also home to a number of high end boutique style shops and some of Glasgow's most upmarket stores.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/7|title=Merchant City Glasgow: Shops|publisher=Merchant City Glasgow&nbsp;— Merchant City Initiative|year=2008|accessdate=30 July 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080616150040/http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/7 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Merchant City is the centre of Glasgow's growing "cultural quarter", based on King Street, the Saltmarket and [[Trongate]], and at the heart of the annual [[Merchant City Festival]]. The area has supported a huge growth in art galleries, the origins of which can be found in the late 80s when it attracted artist-led organisations that could afford the cheap rents required to operate in vacant manufacturing or retail spaces.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|url=http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/2|title=Merchant City Glasgow: Galleries and Art|publisher=Merchant City Glasgow&nbsp;— Merchant City Initiative|year=2008|accessdate=30 July 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080616150015/http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/2 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 16 June 2008}}</ref> The artistic and cultural potential of the Merchant City as a "cultural quarter" was harnessed by independent arts organisations and [[Glasgow City Council]],<ref name=autogenerated4 /> and the recent development of Trongate 103, which houses galleries, workshops, artist studios and production spaces, is considered a major outcome of the continued partnership between both.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trongate103.com/|title=Trongate 103|year=2008|accessdate=30 July 2008}}</ref> The area also contains a number of theatres and concert venues, including the [[Tron Theatre]], the Old Fruitmarket, the Trades Hall, St. Andrews in the Square, Merchant Square, and the [[Glasgow City Hall|City Halls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/1|title=Merchant City Glasgow: Venues and Theatres|publisher=Merchant City Glasgow&nbsp;— Merchant City Initiative|year=2008|accessdate=30 July 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080616150010/http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/1 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 16 June 2008}}</ref>

====Financial district====
<!--[[File:ClydeArc.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Clyde Arc]], also known as "Squinty Bridge".]]-->
''Also see Glasgow's [[International Financial Services District]]''

To the western edge of the city centre, occupying the areas of [[Blythswood Hill]] and [[Anderston]], lies Glasgow's financial district, known officially as the [[International Financial Services District]] (IFSD), although often irreverently nicknamed by the contemporary press as the "square kilometre" or "Wall Street on Clyde".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/business/glasgow-flourish.html|title=Let Glasgow flourish|accessdate=29 July 2008|work=Scotland: the official online gateway}}</ref> Since the late 1980s the construction of many modern office blocks and high rise developments have paved the way for the IFSD to become one of the UKs largest financial quarters. With a reputation as an established financial services centre, coupled with comprehensive support services, Glasgow continues to attract and grow new business. 

Of the 10 largest general insurance companies in the UK, 8 have a base or head office in Glasgow&nbsp;— including [[Direct Line]], [[Esure]], [[AXA]] and [[Norwich Union]]. Key banking sector companies have also relocated some of their services to commercial property in Glasgow&nbsp;— [[Resolution plc|Resolution]], [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[Abbey (bank)|Abbey]], [[HBOS]], [[Barclays]] Wealth, [[Tesco Personal Finance]], [[Morgan Stanley]], [[Lloyds TSB]], [[Clydesdale Bank]], [[BNP Paribas]], [[HSBC]] and the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]]. The [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] have several departments and [[Peel Group|Clydeport]], the [[Glasgow Stock Exchange]], [[Student Loans Company]], [[Scottish Executive Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department]], [[BT Group]], [[Scottish Friendly]]. [[Scottish Qualifications Authority]] and [[Scottish Enterprise]] also have their headquarters based in the district. [[Royal Dutch Shell]] also have one of their six world-wide Shared Business Centres located in the IFSD.

===West End===
[[File:Side View of the Kelvingrove Art Museum.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]] is Glasgow's premier museum and art gallery, housing one of Europe's best civic art collections.]]
Glasgow's [[West End of Glasgow|West End]] refers to the [[bohemianism|bohemian]] district of cafés, tea rooms, bars, boutiques, upmarket hotels, clubs and restaurants in the hinterland of [[Kelvingrove Park]], the [[University of Glasgow]], [[Glasgow Botanic Gardens]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], especially on the area's main thoroughfare, [[Byres Road]]. The area is popular with tourists, and contains many hotels, including the prestigious [[One Devonshire Gardens]], which has accommodated a number of celebrity guests on visits to the city.

The West End includes residential areas of [[Hillhead]], [[Dowanhill]], [[Kelvingrove]], [[Kelvinside]], [[Hyndland]] and, to an increasing extent, [[Partick]]. The name is also increasingly being used to refer to any area to the west of [[Charing Cross, Glasgow|Charing Cross]]. This includes areas such as [[Scotstoun]], [[Jordanhill]], [[Kelvindale]] and [[Anniesland]].

The West End is bisected by the [[River Kelvin]] which flows from the [[Campsie Fells]] in the north and confluences with the River Clyde at Yorkhill Quay.

The spire of [[George Gilbert Scott|Sir George Gilbert Scott]]'s [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow University]] main building (the second largest [[Gothic Revival]] building in Britain) is a major landmark, and can be seen from miles around, sitting atop Gilmorehill. The university itself is the fourth oldest in the [[English-speaking world]]. Much of the city's student population is based in the West End, adding to its cultural vibrancy.

The area is also home to the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], [[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery]], [[Kelvin Hall International Sports Arena]] and the Henry Wood Hall (home of the [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]] although they generally perform at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall).  Adjacent to the Kelvin Hall was the [[Glasgow Museum of Transport|Museum of Transport]], which reopened in 2010 after moving to a new location on a former dockland site at [[Glasgow Harbour]] where the River Kelvin flows into the Clyde.  The new building is built to a design by [[Zaha Hadid]]. The [[West End Festival]], one of Glasgow's largest festivals, is held annually in June.

Glasgow is the home of the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]], the United Kingdom's largest exhibition and conference centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conferences-uk.org.uk/Glasgow.asp?venue=Scottish%20Exhibition%20and%20Conference%20Centre |title=Glasgow Conferences Venues UK |publisher=Conferences-uk.org.uk |date=17 July 1995 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secc.co.uk/ |title=The home of the Scottish Exhibition + Conference Centre |publisher=SECC |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.venuefinder.com/venues/scottish_exhibition_+_conference_centre/V8654/meeting-rooms/ |title= Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre }}</ref> A major expansion of the SECC facilities at the former Queen's Dock by [[Foster and Partners]] is currently under construction, including a 12,000 seat arena, and a 5 star hotel and entertainments complex.

===East End===
<!--[[File:People's Palace and Winter Gardens, Glasgow Green.JPG|thumb|250px|[[People's Palace]] museum on [[Glasgow Green]].]]-->
The East End extends from [[Glasgow Cross]] in the [[City Centre of Glasgow|City Centre]] to the boundary with [[North Lanarkshire|North]] and [[South Lanarkshire]]. It is home to the famous [[Glasgow Barrowland market|Glasgow Barrowland Market]], popularly known as "The Barras",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow-barrowland.com/ballroom.htm |title=The Official Glasgow Barrowland Ballroom Site |publisher=Glasgow Barrowland |accessdate=5 May 2009}}</ref>  [[Barrowland Ballroom]], [[Glasgow Green]], and [[Celtic Park]], home of [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic FC]]. Many of the original sandstone tenements remain in this district. The East End was once a major industrial centre, home to [[Sir William Arrol & Co.]], [[James Templeton & Co]] and [[William Beardmore and Company]]. A notable local employer continues to be the [[Wellpark Brewery]], home of [[Tennent's Lager]].

The [[Glasgow Necropolis]] Cemetery was created by the Merchants House on a hill above the [[Glasgow Cathedral|cathedral]] in 1831. Routes curve through the landscape uphill to the {{convert|62|m|ft|0|sing=on}} high statue of [[John Knox]] at the summit. There are two late 18th century tenements in Gallowgate. Dating from 1771 and 1780, both have been well restored. The construction of Charlotte Street was financed by [[David Dale]], whose former pretensions can be gauged by the one remaining house, now run by the [[National Trust for Scotland]]. Further along Charlotte Street there stands a modern [[Gillespie, Kidd & Coia]] building of some note. Once a school, it has been converted into offices. Surrounding these buildings are a series of innovative housing developments conceived as "Homes for the Future", part of a project during the city's year as UK City of Architecture and Design in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glasgow Architecture |url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/homes_for_the_future_glasgow.htm |title=Homes for the Future, 1999 |publisher=Glasgow Architecture|year=1999 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>

East of Glasgow Cross is [[St Andrew's in the Square]], the oldest post-Reformation church in Scotland, built in 1739–1757 and displaying a Presbyterian grandeur befitting the church of the city's wealthy [[Tobacco Lords|tobacco merchants]]. Also close by is the more modest [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalian]] [[St Andrew's-by-the-Green]], the oldest Episcopal church in Scotland. The Episcopalian St Andrew's was also known as the "Whistlin' Kirk" due to it being the first church after the Reformation to own an organ.

<!--[[File:Doulton Fountain - Glasgow Green.jpg|thumb|250px|The Doulton Fountain in Glasgow Green]]-->
Overlooking Glasgow Green is the façade of [[Templeton On The Green]], featuring vibrant [[polychrome|polychromatic]] brickwork intended to evoke the [[Doge's Palace, Venice|Doge's Palace]] in [[Venice]].<ref name=autogenerated5>[http://www.princes-regeneration.org/bestpractice/tempcarp.htm Templeton's Carpet Factory, Glasgow&nbsp;— Princes Regeneration]{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref>

The extensive [[Tollcross, Glasgow|Tollcross Park]] was originally developed from the estate of James Dunlop, the owner of a local steelworks. His large [[Scots Baronial Style architecture|baronial]] mansion was built in 1848 by [[David Bryce]], which later housed the city's Children's Museum until the 1980s. Today, the mansion is a sheltered housing complex.

The new [[National Indoor Sports Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome|Scottish National Indoor Sports Arena]], a modern replacement for the [[Kelvin Hall]], is planned for [[Dalmarnock]]. The area will also be the site of the [[Olympic Village|Athletes' Village]] for the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], located adjacent to the new indoor sports arena.

To the north of the East End lie the two massive [[gasometer]]s of [[Provan Gas Works]], which stand overlooking [[Alexandra Park, Glasgow|Alexandra Park]] and a major interchange between the M8 and [[M80 motorway|M80]] motorways. Often used for displaying large city advertising slogans, the towers have become an unofficial portal into the city for road users arriving from the north and east.

The East End Healthy Living Centre (EEHLC) was established in mid-2005 at Crownpoint Road with Lottery Funding and City grants to serve community needs in the area. The centre provides service such as sports facilities, health advice, stress management, leisure and vocational classes.<ref>[http://www.eehlc.org.uk/ East End Healthy Living Centre Homepage]</ref>

===South Side===
<!--[[File:HouseForAnArtLover.jpg|thumb|250px|[[House for an Art Lover]] is situated in [[Bellahouston Park]], Glasgow.]]-->

Glasgow's South Side sprawls out south of the Clyde, covering areas including [[Gorbals|the Gorbals]], [[Toryglen]], [[Govan]], [[Ibrox, Glasgow|Ibrox]], [[Shawlands]], [[Simshill]], [[Strathbungo]], [[Cardonald]], [[Mount Florida]], [[Pollokshaws]], [[Nitshill]], [[Pollokshields]], [[Battlefield, Glasgow|Battlefield]], [[Langside]], [[Govanhill]], [[Crosshill]], [[Cessnock, Glasgow|Cessnock]], [[Mosspark]], [[Kinning Park]], [[Mansewood]], [[Arden, Glasgow|Arden]], [[Darnley]], [[Newlands, Glasgow|Newlands]], [[Deaconsbank]], [[Pollok]], [[Croftfoot]], [[Castlemilk]], [[King's Park, Glasgow|King's Park]], [[Cathcart]], [[Muirend]] and [[Barrhead]], [[Busby, East Renfrewshire|Busby]], [[Clarkston, East Renfrewshire|Clarkston]], [[Giffnock]], [[Carnwadric]], [[Kennishead]], [[Netherlee]], and [[Newton Mearns]] in the East Renfrewshire council area, as well as [[Cambuslang]], [[East Kilbride]], and [[Rutherglen]] in the South Lanarkshire council area.

Although predominantly residential, the area does have several notable public buildings including, [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]]'s [[Scotland Street School Museum]] and [[House for an Art Lover]]; the world famous [[Burrell Collection]] in [[Pollok Country Park]]; [[Alexander 'Greek' Thomson]]'s [[Holmwood House]] villa; the National Football Stadium [[Hampden Park]] in [[Mount Florida]], (home of [[Queen's Park F.C.|Queens Park FC]]) and [[Ibrox Stadium]], (home of [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers FC]]).

The former docklands site at [[Pacific Quay]] on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite the SECC, is the site of the [[Glasgow Science Centre]] and the new headquarters for [[BBC Scotland]] and [[STV Group plc]] (owner of [[STV Television|STV]]) which have relocated there to a new purpose built digital media campus.

<!--[[File:Queen'sParkSnow.jpg|thumb|250px|Looking towards [[Queen's Park, Glasgow|Queen's Park]] Baptist Church in winter.]]-->
In addition, several new bridges spanning the River Clyde have been built or are currently planned, including the [[Clyde Arc]] known by locals as the Squinty Bridge at [[Pacific Quay]] and others at [[Tradeston]] and Springfield Quay.

The South Side also includes many great parks, including [[Linn Park, Glasgow, Scotland|Linn Park]], [[Queen's Park, Glasgow|Queen's Park]], [[Bellahouston Park]] and [[Rouken Glen|Rouken Glen Park]], and several golf clubs, including the championship course at [[Haggs Castle]]. The South Side is also home to [[Pollok Country Park]], which was awarded the accolade of Europe's Best Park 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Parks_Outdoors/Parks_gardens/pollokparkbritainsbestpark.htm|title=Pollok Park Britain's Best Park|accessdate=20 June 2008|work=Glasgow City Council}}</ref>  Pollok Park is Glasgow’s largest park and the only country park within the city boundaries. It is also home to Poloc Cricket Club. The name was taken from one of the early spellings of the area, to differentiate it from Pollok Juniors Football Club.

[[Govan]] is a district and former burgh in the south-western part of the city. It is situated on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite [[Partick]]. It was an administratively independent Police Burgh from 1864 until it was incorporated into the expanding city of Glasgow in 1912. Govan has a legacy as an engineering and [[shipbuilding]] centre of international repute and is home to one of two [[BAE Systems Surface Ships|BAE Systems Surface Ships shipyards]] on the River Clyde and the [[precision engineering]] firm, [[Thales Optronics]]. It is also home to the [[Southern General Hospital]], one of the largest [[teaching hospital]]s in the country, and the maintenance depot for the [[Glasgow Subway]] system.

===North Glasgow===
<!--[[File:Ruchill Church at canal.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ruchill Church Hall|Ruchill Church]], seen from the [[Forth and Clyde Canal]].]]-->
North Glasgow extends out from the north of the city centre towards the affluent suburbs of [[Bearsden]], [[Milngavie]] and [[Bishopbriggs]] in [[East Dunbartonshire]] and [[Clydebank]] in [[West Dunbartonshire]]. The area also contains some of the city's poorest residential areas. [[Possilpark]] is one such area, where levels of unemployment and drug abuse continue to be above the national average. Much of the housing in areas such as [[Possilpark]] and [[Hamiltonhill]] had fallen into a state of disrepair in recent years. 

This has led to large scale redevelopment of much of the poorer housing stock in north Glasgow, and the wider regeneration of many areas, such as [[Ruchill]], which have been transformed; many run-down tenements have now been refurbished or replaced by modern [[housing estate]]s. Much of the housing stock in north Glasgow is [[council house|rented social housing]], with a high proportion of high-rise tower blocks, managed by the [[Glasgow Housing Association]].

[[Maryhill]] consists of well maintained traditional sandstone tenements. Although historically a working class area, its borders with the upmarket West End of the city mean that it is relatively wealthy compared to the rest of the north of the city, containing affluent areas such as [[Maryhill Park]] and [[North Kelvinside]]. Maryhill is also home to [[Firhill Stadium]], home of [[Partick Thistle F.C.]] since 1909, and the professional [[Rugby Union]] team, [[Glasgow Warriors]]. The [[Scottish Junior Football Association|junior]] team, [[Maryhill F.C.]] are also located in this part of north Glasgow.

The [[Forth and Clyde Canal]] passes through this part of the city, and at one stage formed a vital part of the local economy. It was for many years polluted and largely unused after the decline of heavy industry, but recent efforts to regenerate and re-open the canal to navigation have seen it rejuvenated.

[[Sighthill, Glasgow|Sighthill]] is home to Scotland’s largest [[asylum seeker]] community.

A huge part of the economic life of Glasgow was once located in [[Springburn]], where the [[Saracen Foundry]], engineering works of firms like [[Charles Tennant]] and locomotive workshops employed many Glaswegians. Indeed, Glasgow dominated this type of manufacturing, with 25% of all the world’s locomotives being built in the area at one stage. It was home to the headquarters of the [[North British Locomotive Company]]. Today part of the [[St. Rollox railway works]] continues in use as a railway maintenance facility, all that is left of the industry in Springburn.

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture in Glasgow}}
[[File:Mitchell library.jpg|thumb|250px|Established by wealthy tobacco merchant Stephen Mitchell, the [[Mitchell Library]] is now one of the largest public reference libraries in Europe.]]

The city has many amenities for a wide range of cultural activities, from [[curling]] to opera and ballet and from [[Association football|football]] to art appreciation; it also has a large selection of museums that include those devoted to transport, religion, and [[modern art]]. Many of the city's cultural sites were celebrated in 1990 when Glasgow was designated [[European City of Culture]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Cultural+Renaissance.htm| title=Cultural renaissance: the 1980s and 1990s| author=Glasgow City Council| accessdate=13 May 2008}}</ref>

The city's principal library, the [[Mitchell Library]], has grown into one of the largest public reference [[library|libraries]] in Europe, currently housing some 1.3&nbsp;million books, an extensive collection of newspapers and thousands of photographs and [[map]]s.<ref>[http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Library_Services/The_Mitchell/historymitchell.htm History of The Mitchell]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

Most of Scotland's national arts organisations are based in Glasgow, including [[Scottish Opera]], [[Scottish Ballet]], The [[National Theatre of Scotland]], [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], [[BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Scottish Youth Theatre]].

Glasgow has its own "[[Poet Laureate]]", a post created in 1999 for [[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gla.ac.uk:443/avenue/27/poet.html| title=Glasgow's first poet laureate| author=John Hancox| work=Avenue| accessdate=9 July 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and as of 2007 occupied by [[Liz Lochhead]].

===Recreation===
{{See also|Glasgow Festivals}}
Glasgow is home to a variety of theatres including [[King's Theatre, Glasgow|The King's Theatre]], [[Theatre Royal, Glasgow|Theatre Royal]] and the [[Citizens Theatre]] and is home to many municipal museums and art galleries, the most famous being the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], the [[Gallery of Modern Art]] (GoMA) and the [[Burrell Collection]]. Most of the museums in Glasgow are publicly owned and free to enter.

The city has hosted many exhibitions over the years, including being the UK City of Architecture 1999, [[European Capital of Culture]] 1990, National City of Sport 1995–1999 and European Capital of Sport 2003.

In addition, unlike the older and larger [[Edinburgh Festival]] (where all Edinburgh's main festivals occur in the last three weeks of August), Glasgow's festivals fill the calendar. Festivals include the [[Glasgow International Comedy Festival]], [[Glasgow International Jazz Festival]], [[Celtic Connections]], [[Glasgow Fair]], [[Glasgow Film Festival]], [[West End Festival]], [[Merchant City Festival]], [[Glasgay! Festival|Glasgay]], and the [[World Pipe Band Championships]].

===Music scene===
{{Main|List of bands from Glasgow}}
<!--[[File:Wfm glasgow concert hall.jpg|thumb|left|180px|View of the entrance to the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]]]]-->
Glasgow has many live music venues, pubs, and clubs. Some of the city's more well-known venues include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]], [[King Tut's Wah Wah Hut]] (where [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] were spotted and signed by Glaswegian record mogul [[Alan McGee]]), the [[Queen Margaret Union]] (who have [[Kurt Cobain]]'s footprint locked in a safe), [[Barrowland Ballroom|the Barrowland]], a ballroom converted into a live music venue as well as [[The Garage (nightclub)|The Garage]] which is the largest nightclub in Scotland. More recent mid-sized venues include [[O2 ABC Glasgow|ABC]] and the [[O2 Academy Glasgow|O<sub>2</sub> Academy]], which play host to a similar range of acts. There are also a large number of smaller venues and bars which host many local and touring musicians, including Stereo, 13th Note and Nice N Sleazy. Most recent recipient of the SLTN Music Pub of the Year award was Bar Bloc, awarded in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sltn.co.uk/2011/11/10/capital-stars-as-denise-belts-out-sltn-winners/ |title=SLTN Awards |date=10 November 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>  In 2010, Glasgow was named the UK's fourth "most musical" city by [[PRS for Music]].<ref name="mirror.co.uk">{{cite web|author=Richard Smith |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/13/bristol-named-britain-s-most-musical-city-115875-22107650/ |title=Bristol named Britain's most musical city |publisher=mirror.co.uk |date= |accessdate=25 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="mirror.co.uk"/>

In recent years, the success of bands such as [[Del Amitri]], [[Belle & Sebastian]], [[Camera Obscura (band)|Camera Obscura]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Mogwai]], [[Snow Patrol]], [[Travis (band)|Travis]] and [[Primal Scream]] has significantly boosted the profile of the Glasgow music scene, prompting ''[[Time Magazine]]'' to liken Glasgow to [[Detroit]] during its 1960s [[Motown]] heyday.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1297055,00.html| work=The Guardian| title=Rock bands inspire Belle epoque for Glasgow scene| accessdate=9 July 2007| author=Gerard Seenan|date=4 September 2004 | location=London}}</ref> More recent successes include [[The Fratellis]] and [[Glasvegas]]. The city of Glasgow was appointed a [[UNESCO]] City of Music on 20 August 2008 as part of the [[Creative Cities Network]].

Glasgow's contemporary dance music scene has been spearheaded by [[Slam (band)|Slam]], and their record label [[Soma Quality Recordings]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/intl/942/Slam_Glasgow_funerals_beat_Edinburgh_weddings |title=InTheMix.com.au |publisher=InTheMix.com.au |date=28 May 2002 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> with their Pressure club nights at [[The Arches (Glasgow)|The Arches]] attracting DJs and clubbers from around the world.

The [[MOBO Awards]] were held at the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]] on 30 September 2009, making Glasgow the first out-of-London city to host the event since its launch in 1995.

===Media===
{{Main|Media in Glasgow}}
<!--[[File:BBC Scotland.jpg|thumb|[[BBC Scotland]] HQ, [[Pacific Quay]], Glasgow]]-->

Glasgow is home to the Scottish national media. It is home to [[BBC Scotland]] and [[STV Television|STV]]. Television programs which are set in inclue; ''[[Rab C Nesbitt]]'', ''[[Taggart]]'', ''[[High Times (TV series)|High Times]]'', ''[[River City]]'', ''[[City Lights (TV series)|City Lights]]'', ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'' and ''[[Still Game]]''.

The Scottish press publishes various newspapers in the city such as the ''[[Evening Times]]'', ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'', ''[[Sunday Herald|The Sunday Herald]]'', the ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'' and the ''[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]''. Scottish editions of [[Trinity Mirror]] and [[News International]] titles are printed in the city. [[STV Group plc]] is a Glasgow-based media conglomerate with interests in television, and publishing advertising. STV Group owns and operates both Scottish ITV franchises (Central Scotland and Grampian), both branded [[STV Television|STV]].

Various radio stations are also located in Glasgow. [[Bauer Radio]] owns the principal commercial radio stations in Glasgow; [[102.5 Clyde 1|Clyde 1]] and [[1152 Clyde 2|Clyde 2]], which can reach over 2.3&nbsp;million listeners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmediascotland.com/articles/1261/10052007/bbc_celebrating_radio_high_in_scotland |title=Scottish Radio Statistics |publisher=Allmediascotland.com |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> In 2004, STV Group plc (then known as SMG plc) sold its 27.8% stake in [[Scottish Radio Holdings]] to the broadcasting group [[EMAP]] for £90.5&nbsp;million. Other stations broadcasting from Glasgow include [[105.2 Smooth Radio]], [[Real Radio]] and [[96.3 Rock Radio]], which are all owned by [[GMG Radio]]. Central Scotland radio station [[Galaxy Scotland]] also broadcast from studios in Glasgow. The city has a strong [[community radio]] sector, including [[Celtic Music Radio]], [[Subcity Radio]], [[Radio Magnetic]], Sunny Govan Radio, AWAZ FM and Insight Radio.

===Religion===
{{See also|Sectarianism in Glasgow}}
<!--[[File:Glasgow-cathedral-may-2007.jpg|thumb|upright|Glasgow Cathedral marks the site where [[Saint Mungo]] built his church and established Glasgow.]]-->

Glasgow is a city of significant religious diversity. The [[Church of Scotland]] and the [[Roman Catholicism in Scotland|Roman Catholic Church]] are the two largest Christian denominations in the city. There are 147 congregations in the Church of Scotland's [[Presbytery of Glasgow (Church of Scotland)|Presbytery of Glasgow]] [http://www.presbyteryofglasgow.org.uk/] (of which 104 are within the city boundaries, the other 43 being in adjacent areas such as [[Giffnock]]).<ref>''Church of Scotland Yearbook 2008–09'', {{ISBN|978-0-86153-384-8}}</ref> The city has four Christian [[cathedral]]s: [[Glasgow Cathedral]], of the Church of Scotland; [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow|St Andrew's Cathedral]], of the Catholic Church; [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow|St Mary's Cathedral]], of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], and [[St Luke's Orthodox Cathedral, Glasgow|St Luke's Cathedral]], of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]].

[[Biblical Unitarianism|Biblical unitarians]] are represented by three [[Christadelphian]] ecclesias, referred to geographically, as "South",<ref>"[http://www.searchforhope.org/glasgowsouth Glasgow South Christadelphian Ecclesia]" on ''searchforhope.org''</ref>  "Central"<ref>"[http://www.searchforhope.org/glasgowcentral Glasgow Central Christadelphian Ecclesia]" on ''searchforhope.org''</ref> and "Kelvin".<ref>"[http://www.glasgowkelvin.org.uk/index.html?lm=1&op=3 Location]" on ''http://www.glasgowkelvin.org.uk''</ref>

[[Glasgow Central Mosque]] in the Gorbals district is the largest mosque in Scotland and, along with twelve other mosques in the city, caters for the city's Muslim population, estimated to number 33,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcb.org.uk/library/statistics.php |title=MCB Muslim Population |publisher=Mcb.org.uk |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> Glasgow also has a Hindu [[Mandir]], and a planning permission for a new [[Sikh Temple]] was submitted in June 2007. This new temple will complement the existing four [[Sikh]] temples (''Gurdwaras'') in Glasgow with two in the West End (''Central Gurdwara Singh Sabha'' in [[Finnieston]] and ''Guru Nanak Sikh Temple'' in [[Kelvinbridge]]) and two in the Southside area of [[Pollokshields]] (''Guru Granth Sahib Gurdwara'' and ''Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Gurdwara''). There are more than 2,000 [[Sikh]]s in Glasgow, constituting more than one-third of all Sikhs in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/11/08142443/24477|title=Faith Communities and Local Government in Glasgow|publisher=The Scottish Government|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>

Glasgow has seven synagogues with the seventh largest Jewish population in the United Kingdom after London, Manchester, [[Leeds]], [[Gateshead]], [[Brighton]] and [[Bournemouth]], but once had a Jewish population second only to London, estimated at 20,000 in the Gorbals alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjac.org.uk/archives/glasgow.html |title=Glasgow's Jews |publisher=Sjac.org.uk |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1993, the [[St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art]] opened in Glasgow. It is believed to be the only public museum to examine all the world's major religious faiths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seeglasgow.com/seeglasgow/museums-and-galleriesnew/history-and-heritage-/st-mungo-museum |title=St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art |publisher=Seeglasgow.com |accessdate=12 September 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clyde-valley.com/Glasgow/mungomus.htm |title=St. Mungo Museum |publisher=Clyde-valley.com |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>

===Dialect===
{{See also|Glasgow patter}}
'''Glaswegian''', otherwise known as the [[Glasgow patter]], is a local variety of [[Scots language|Scots]].

Glaswegian is a dialect, more than an alternative pronunciation; words also change their meaning as all over in Scotland, e.g. "away" can mean "leaving" as in ''A'm away'', an instruction to stop being a nuisance as in ''away wi ye'', or "drunk" or "demented" as in ''he's away wi it''. ''Ginger'' is a term for any carbonated soft drink (''A bottle o ginger'', {{IPA-sco|ə ˈboʔl ə ˈdʒɪndʒər|IPA}}). Then there are words whose meaning has no obvious relationship to that in standard English: ''coupon'' means "face", via "to punch a ticket coupon". A [[headbutt]] is known in many parts of the British Isles as a ''"Glasgow kiss",'' although this term is rarely used by Glaswegians, who say "Malkie", e.g., "ah'll Malkie ye" or "stick the heid/nut on ye".

A speaker of Glaswegian might refer to those originating from the [[Scottish Highlands]] and the [[Western Isles]] as ''[[teuchter]]s'', while they would reciprocate by referring to Glaswegians as ''keelies'' and those from the East of Scotland refer to Glaswegians as ''Weegies'' (or ''[[Weegie|Weedgie]]s'').

The long-running TV drama ''[[Taggart]]'' and the comedies ''[[Empty (TV series)|Empty]]'', ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'', ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'', ''[[Still Game]]'' and ''[[Dear Green Place]]'' depict the Glaswegian ''[[patois]]'', while [[Craig Ferguson]] and [[Billy Connolly]] have made Glaswegian humour known to the rest of the world.

===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture in Glasgow}}
<!--[[File:Clyde Auditorium, Glasgow.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lord Foster]]'s [[Clyde Auditorium]], colloquially known as 'the Armadillo'.]]-->
Very little of [[medieval]] Glasgow remains; the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th century [[Provand's Lordship]] and 13th century [[St. Mungo's Cathedral]]. The vast majority of the city as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has an impressive heritage of [[Victorian architecture]]: the [[Glasgow City Chambers]]; the main building of the [[University of Glasgow]], designed by [[George Gilbert Scott|Sir George Gilbert Scott]]; and the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], designed by [[John William Simpson (architect)|Sir John W. Simpson]], are notable examples.

The city is notable for architecture designed by the [[Glasgow School]], the most notable exponent of that style being [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]]. Mackintosh was an architect and designer in the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the main exponent of [[Art Nouveau]] in the United Kingdom, designing numerous noted Glasgow buildings such as the [[Glasgow School of Art]], [[Willow Tearooms]] and the [[Scotland Street School Museum]]. A hidden gem of Glasgow, also designed by Mackintosh, is the [[Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow|Queen's Cross Church]], the only church by the renowned artist to be built.<ref>[http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=SeeScot%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1835&vxBitrate=300 Watch video of the church]{{dead link|date=March 2012}} and Interview with Stuart Robertson, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society Director</ref>

Another architect who had an enduring impact on the city's appearance was [[Alexander Thomson]], with notable examples including the [[Holmwood House]] villa.

The buildings reflect the wealth and self confidence of the residents of the ''"Second City of the Empire"''. Glasgow generated immense wealth from trade and the industries that developed from the Industrial Revolution. The [[shipyard]]s, [[Naval architecture|marine engineering]], steel making, and [[heavy industry]] all contributed to the growth of the city.

Many of the city's most impressive buildings were built with red or blond [[sandstone]], but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the [[furnace]]s, until the [[Clean Air Act 1956|Clean Air Act]] was introduced in 1956. In recent years many of these buildings have been cleaned and restored to their original appearance. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

Modern buildings in Glasgow include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], and along the banks of the Clyde are the [[Glasgow Science Centre]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], whose [[Clyde Auditorium]] was designed by [[Norman Foster (architect)|Sir Norman Foster]], and is affectionately known as the "[[Armadillo]]". In 2006 [[Zaha Hadid]] won a competition to design the new [[Glasgow Museum of Transport|Museum of Transport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/museum_of_transport_glasgow.htm|title=Museum of Transport Glasgow|accessdate=8 August 2011|work=Glasgow Architecture}}</ref> Hadid's museum opened on the waterfront in 2011 and has been renamed the [[Riverside Museum]] to reflect the change in location and to celebrate Glasgow's rich industrial heritage stemming from the Clyde.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/museums/our-museums/riverside-museum|title=Riverside Museum: Scotland's museum of transport and travel|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>

Glasgow's impressive historical and modern architectural traditions were celebrated in 1999 when the city was designated UK City of Architecture and Design,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seeglasgow.com/media-office/features/history/city-of-reinvention |title=Glasgow: Scotland with style&nbsp;— City of Reinvention By Nancy McLardie |publisher=Seeglasgow.com |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> winning the accolade over [[Liverpool]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Regeneration.htm |title=Glasgow City Council: Regeneration&nbsp;— into the new Millennium |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |date=28 March 2007 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>

==Economy==
<!--[[File:HMS Daring at Scotstoun.JPG|thumb|250px|upright|[[HMS Daring (D32)|HMS ''Daring'']] was built by [[BAE Systems Maritime - Naval Ships]] in Glasgow and launched in 2006. Although diminished from its early 20th century heights, Glasgow remains the hub of the UK's [[Shipbuilding]] industry.]]-->
Glasgow has the largest [[Economy of Scotland|economy in Scotland]] and is at the hub of the metropolitan area of West Central Scotland. Glasgow also has the third highest GDP Per capita of any city in the UK (after London and Edinburgh).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/edinburgh-uk-s-second-most-prosperous-city-1-738231|title=Edinburgh UK's second most prosperous city|work=The Scotsman |location=UK|accessdate=28 May 2012|last=MacDonnell|first=Hamish|date=3 March 2005}}</ref> The city itself sustains more than 410,000 jobs in over 12,000 companies. Over 153,000 jobs were created in the city between 2000 and 2005&nbsp;— a growth rate of 32%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1572109,00.html|title=Jobs boom on Clyde reverses decline|work=Guardian |location=UK |accessdate=12 December 2007|last=Seenan|first=Gerrard|date=17 September 2005 }}</ref> Glasgow's annual economic growth rate of 4.4% is now second only to that of London. In 2005, over 17,000 new jobs were created, and 2006 saw private-sector investment in the city reaching £4.2&nbsp;billion pounds, an increase of 22% in a single year.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/business/glasgow-flourish.html| title=Let Glasgow Flourish| publisher=Scotland.org|date=April 2007 | year=2007| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref> 55% of the residents in the [[Greater Glasgow]] area commute to the city every day. Once dominant export orientated manufacturing industries such as shipbuilding and other heavy engineering have been gradually replaced in importance by more diversified forms of economic activity, although major manufacturing firms continue to be headquartered in the city, such as [[Aggreko]], [[Weir Group]], [[Jim McColl|Clyde Blowers]], [[James Howden|Howden]], [[Linn Products]], [[Firebrand Games]], [[William Grant & Sons]], [[Whyte and Mackay]], [[The Edrington Group]], [[British Polar Engines]] and [[Albion Motors]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotland.org/about/glasgow-and-surrounding-areas/index.html| title=Glasgow and Surrounding Areas| publisher=Scotland Online Gateway| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref>

Glasgow was once one of the most significant cities in the UK for manufacturing, which generated a great deal of the city's wealth; the most prominent industry being shipbuilding based on the River Clyde.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/The+Second+City.htm |title=The Second City |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |date=18 January 2008 |accessdate=25 August 2011}}</ref> Although Glasgow owed much of its economic growth to the shipbuilding industry, which still continues today in the form of [[BAE Systems Maritime - Naval Ships]]' two shipyards, the city has its roots in the tobacco trade and is noted to have "risen from its medieval slumber" from trade in tobacco, pioneered by figures such as [[John Glassford]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/16th+and+17th+Centuries.htm |title=16th and 17th Centuries |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |date=28 March 2007 |accessdate=25 August 2011}}</ref> The city was also noted for its locomotive construction industry&nbsp;— led by firms such as the [[North British Locomotive Company]]&nbsp;— which grew during the 19th century before entering a decline in the 1960s.

<!--[[File:Glasgow Science Centre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Glasgow Tower]], Scotland's tallest tower, and the [[IMAX]] Cinema at the [[Glasgow Science Centre]] symbolise the increase in the importance of tourism to the city's economy.]]-->
Whilst manufacturing has declined, Glasgow's economy has seen significant relative growth of [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary]] sector industries such as financial and business services, communications, [[biosciences]], creative industries, healthcare, higher education, retail and tourism. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Glasgow is now the second most popular foreign tourist destination in Scotland (fourth in the UK)<ref name=audit/> and its largest retail centre.

Between 1998 and 2001, the city's financial services sector grew at a rate of 30%, making considerable gains on Edinburgh, which has historically been the centre of the Scottish financial sector.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ifsdglasgow.co.uk/district.asp?page_id=32| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080108151012/http://www.ifsdglasgow.co.uk/district.asp?page_id=32| archivedate=8 January 2008| title=Glasgow's financial services economy| publisher=International Financial Services District Glasgow| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.edinburghbrand.com/news/information/| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011191337/http://www.edinburghbrand.com/news/information/| archivedate=11 October 2007| title=Edinburgh's Ranking| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref> Glasgow is now one of Europe's sixteen largest financial centres,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://213.86.34.248/NR/rdonlyres/102CD2E5-FB72-4B9B-A30C-56FD592B5B61/0/BC_RS_GFCI4.pdf| title=The Global Financial Centres Index&nbsp;— Sept 2008| publisher=City of London Corporation| accessdate=28 December 2008}}</ref> with a growing number of [[Blue chip (stock market)|Blue chip]] financial sector companies establishing significant operations or headquarters in the city.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2006/11/20112301| title=Financial services jobs for Glasgow| publisher=The Scottish Government| accessdate=28 December 2008}}</ref>

The 1990s and first decade of the 21st century saw substantial growth in the number of [[call centre]]s based in Glasgow. In 2007 roughly 20,000 people, a third of all call centre employees in Scotland, were employed by Glasgow call centres.<ref>BBC Scotland {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6247869.stm|title=Call centres 'enjoying boom time'|accessdate=12 September 2009|publisher=BBC  | date=10 January 2007}}</ref> This growth and its high use of recruitment agencies to hire graduates as temporary workers has led to accusations of exploitative practices such as long hours, poor pay and lack of job security by the [[Trades Union Congress|TUC]] and other union bodies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/slavery-abolished-in-call-centres-685305.html| title=Slavery abolished in call centres| publisher=The Independent Newspaper| accessdate=20 May 2001 | location=London | first=Kate | last=Hilpern | date=20 May 2001}}</ref> In recent years some call centres have taken steps to rectify this criticism.

The city's main manufacturing industries include companies involved in; shipbuilding, engineering, construction, brewing and distilling, printing and publishing, chemicals and textiles as well as newer growth sectors such as [[optoelectronics]], [[software development]] and [[biotechnology]]. {{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} Glasgow forms the western part of the [[Silicon Glen]] high tech sector of Scotland.

==Transport==
{{See also|Transport in Glasgow}}

===Public transport===
<!--[[File:AM Glasgow Central.JPG|thumb|[[Glasgow Central station]] is the northern terminus of the [[West Coast Main Line]]]]-->
Glasgow has a large urban transport system, mostly managed by the [[Strathclyde Partnership for Transport]] (SPT).

The city has many bus services; since [[bus deregulation in Great Britain|bus deregulation]] almost all are provided by private operators though SPT part-funds some services. The principal bus operators within the city are: [[First Glasgow]], [[McGill's Buses]], [[Stagecoach West Scotland]] and [[Glasgow Citybus]]. The main bus terminal in the city is [[Buchanan bus station]].

Glasgow has the most extensive [[commuter rail|urban rail]] network in the UK outside of London with rail services travelling to a large part of the [[Strathclyde|West of Scotland]]. Most lines were electrified under [[British Rail]]. All trains running within Scotland, including the local Glasgow trains, are operated by [[First ScotRail]], who own the franchise as determined by the [[Scottish Government]]. [[Glasgow Central station|Central Station]] and [[Glasgow Queen Street railway station|Queen Street Station]] are the two main railway terminals. [[Glasgow Central railway station|Glasgow Central]] is the terminus of the {{convert|641.6|km|mi|adj=on}} long [[West Coast Main Line]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/virgin/ |title=West Coast Main Line Pendolino Tilting Trains, United Kingdom |publisher=Railway-technology.com |date= |accessdate=25 August 2011}}</ref> from [[London Euston]]. All services to and from England use this station. [[Glasgow Central railway station|Glasgow Central]] is also the terminus for suburban services on the south side of Glasgow, Ayrshire and Inverclyde, as well as being served by the cross city link from Dalmuir to Motherwell. Most other services within Scotland&nbsp;— the main line to Edinburgh, plus services to Aberdeen, Dundee, Inverness and the Western Highlands&nbsp;— operate from Queen Street station.

The city's suburban network is currently divided by the River Clyde, and the [[Crossrail Glasgow]] initiative has been proposed to link them; it is currently awaiting funding from the Scottish Government. The city is linked to Edinburgh by [[Glasgow to Edinburgh Lines|four direct railway links]]. In addition to the suburban rail network, SPT operates the [[Glasgow Subway]]. The Subway is the United Kingdom's only completely underground [[rapid transit|metro]] system, and is generally recognised as the world's third underground railway after the [[London Underground]] and the [[Budapest Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|author=SPT |url=http://www.spt.co.uk/subway/facts.html  |title=SPT Subway |date=16 April 1980 |accessdate=12 September 2009 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071229231523/http://www.spt.co.uk/subway/facts.html |archivedate = 29 December 2007}}</ref> Both rail and subway stations have a number of [[park and ride]] facilities.

As part of the wider regeneration along the banks of the River Clyde, a Pre-Tram System, using dedicated bus lanes, called [[Clyde Fastlink]] is currently under construction.

{{wide image|Central station panoramic.JPG|700px|<center>View of [[Glasgow Central station]] (with the distinctive façade of the [[Heilanman's Umbrella]] to the left) from the 5th floor of [[Radisson SAS]] hotel May 2009}}

===Shipping===
Ferries used to link opposite sides of the Clyde in Glasgow but they have been rendered near-obsolete, by bridges and tunnels including the [[Erskine Bridge]], [[Kingston Bridge, Glasgow|Kingston Bridge]], and the [[Clyde Tunnel]]. The only remaining crossings are the [[Renfrew Ferry]] between [[Renfrew]] and [[Yoker]], and the Kilcreggan Ferry in [[Inverclyde]], both run by SPT but outwith the city boundary. The ''[[PS Waverley]]'', the world's last operational seagoing [[paddle steamer|paddle-steamer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waverleyexcursions.co.uk/waverley.htm |title=PS Waverley |publisher=Waverleyexcursions.co.uk |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> provides services from Glasgow city Centre, mainly catering to the pleasure cruise market. A regular [[water taxi|waterbus]] service links the city Centre with [[Braehead]] in Renfrewshire, some 30 minutes downstream. A service by [[Loch Lomond Seaplanes]], connecting the city with destinations in [[Argyll and Bute]] started in 2007.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6187102.stm| title=Seaplane air service to take off|publisher=BBC News |date=27 November 2006| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref> The only operational dock left in Glasgow operated by [[Peel Group|Clydeport]] is the [[King George V Dock, Glasgow|King George V Dock]], near Braehead. Since the advent of [[Containerization]], most other facilities, such as [[Hunterston Terminal]] are located in the deep waters of the [[Firth of Clyde#Shipping in the Firth|Firth of Clyde]], which together handle some 7.5&nbsp;million tonnes of cargo each year. Longer distant commercial sea shipping from Glasgow occurs regularly to many European destinations including Mediterranean and Baltic ports via passage through the [[Sea of the Hebrides]].<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides'']. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref>

===Roads===
<!--[[File:Wfm m8 motorway.jpg|thumb|[[M8 motorway (Scotland)|M8 Motorway]], the busiest motorway in Scotland]]-->
The main M8 motorway passes through the city centre and connects to the [[M77 motorway|M77]], [[M73 motorway|M73]], and [[M80 motorway|M80]] motorways. The [[A82 road|A82]] connects the city to [[Argyll and Bute|Argyll]] and the western [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]]. The [[A74(M) and M74 motorways|M74]] runs directly south towards [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]; the M74 completion scheme has extended the motorway from Tollcross into the [[Tradeston]] area to join the M8.

Other road projects in the city include [[Glasgow East End Regeneration Route|East End Regeneration Route]], which aims to provide easier access to deprived areas of the East End by linking the M8 to the extended M74.

=== Airports ===
The city is served by two international airports and a seaplane terminal: [[Glasgow International Airport]] (GLA) ({{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=x| / }} west of the city centre) in Renfrewshire and [[Glasgow Prestwick International Airport]] (PIK) which is approximately {{convert|30|mi|km}} south west of Glasgow in Ayrshire and [[Glasgow Seaplane Terminal]], by the Glasgow Science Centre on the River Clyde. There is also a small airfield at [[Cumbernauld Airport|Cumbernauld]]  in [[Lanarkshire]] ({{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=x| / }} to the north-east) and [[Glasgow City Heliport]] located at Stobcross Quay on the banks of the Clyde. A plan to provide a direct rail link to Glasgow International was dropped with the cancelling of the [[Glasgow Airport Rail Link]] in 2009.

==Housing==
{{Main|Housing in Glasgow}}
[[File:Holmwood.jpg|thumb|The [[Holmwood House]] villa in [[Cathcart]], designed by [[Alexander 'Greek' Thomson]].]]

Glasgow is known for its [[tenements]] - the red (or blonde) [[sandstone]] buildings are one of the most recognisable signatures of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_glasgow.shtml|publisher=BBC |title=Victorian Achievement: Victorian Glasgow|accessdate=30 March 2008}}</ref> These were the most popular form of housing in 19th- and 20th-century Glasgow and remain the most common form of dwelling in Glasgow today. Tenements are commonly bought by a wide range of social types and are favoured for their large rooms, high ceilings and original period features.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20000813/ai_n13950376|title=Tenement living is the life and always has been|work=Sunday Herald|author=Jack McLean|accessdate=24 July 2009 | date=13 August 2000}}{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> The [[Hyndland]] area of Glasgow is the only tenement conservation area in the UK<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyndl.demon.co.uk/hyndland/0mainindax.htm |title=Hyndland Local History |publisher=Hyndl.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=25 August 2011}}</ref> and includes some tenement houses with as many as six bedrooms.

<!_-[[File:Dudley Drive - geograph.org.uk - 580164.jpg|thumb|left|Typical red sandstone Glasgow tenement in [[Hyndland]].]]-->
Like many cities in the UK, Glasgow witnessed the construction of high-rise housing in [[tower block]]s in the 1960s, along with large [[overspill estate]]s on the periphery of the city, in areas like [[Pollok]], [[Nitshill]], [[Castlemilk]], [[Easterhouse]], [[Milton, Glasgow|Milton]] and [[Drumchapel]].<ref>[http://www.sustainingtowers.org/SOA-hist-drivers.htm Drivers for high rise living]</ref> These were built to replace the decaying inner-city tenement buildings originally built for workers who migrated from the surrounding countryside, the Highlands, and the rest of the United Kingdom, particularly Ireland, in order to feed the local demand for labour.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4fZZeJqqRcC&dq=irish+labour+glasgow+tenements&pg=PR1 |title=Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island by Brendan O'Grady |isbn=9780773527683 |accessdate=12 September 2009 |last1=O'Grady |first1=Brendan |date=2004 }}</ref> The massive demand outstripped new building and many, originally fine, tenements often became overcrowded and unsanitary.<ref>Worksall, Frank ''The Tenement&nbsp;– a way of life''. W & R Chambers Ltd Edinburgh 1972 ISBN 055020252</ref>  Many degenerated into the infamous Glasgow [[slum]]s, such as the Gorbals.
<!--[[File:AnderstonCtrMultis.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Anderston Centre|Blythswood Court]] estate in [[Anderston]], one of many high rise schemes in the city constructed in the 1960s and 70s.]]-->

Efforts to improve this housing situation, most successfully with the [[City Improvement Trust]] in the late 19th century, cleared the slums of the old town areas such as the [[Trongate]], [[High Street (Glasgow)|High Street]] and [[Glasgow Cross]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSEF11|title=The Glasgow Story: Buildings and Cityscape&nbsp;— Public Housing|author=Ranald MacInnes|accessdate=24 July 2009}}</ref>  Subsequent [[urban renewal]] initiatives, such as those motivated by the [[Bruce Report]], entailed the comprehensive demolition of slum tenement areas, the development of [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new towns]] on the periphery of the city, and the construction of tower blocks.

The policy of tenement demolition is now considered to have been short-sighted, wasteful and largely unsuccessful.<ref name=Gourlay>{{cite web|url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/springburn/spring066.htm|publisher=Glasgow Digital Library |title=Springburn Virtual Museum: Demolition of tenements in Gourlay Street, 1975|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> Many of Glasgow's worst tenements were refurbished into desirable accommodation in the 1970s and 1980s<ref name=Gourlay/> and the policy of demolition is considered to have destroyed many fine examples of a "universally admired architectural" style.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The [[Glasgow Housing Association]] took ownership of the housing stock from the city council on 7 March 2003, and has begun a £96&nbsp;million clearance and demolition programme to clear and demolish many of the high-rise flats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/News/Archives/2006/May/housingrevolutionannounced.htm |title=Glasgow announces a revolution in house-building |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
<!--[[File:Glasgow Cathedral and Royal Infirmary - geograph.org.uk - 579019.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Glasgow Royal Infirmary]] is the city's oldest and largest hospital.]]-->
Medical care is mainly provided by [[NHS Scotland]] and is directly administered by [[NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde]].

Major hospitals, including those with [[Emergency department|Accident & Emergency]] provision, are: the [[Western Infirmary]], [[Gartnavel General Hospital]] and the [[Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow|Royal Hospital for Sick Children]] in the West End, [[Glasgow Royal Infirmary]] and the [[Glasgow Dental Hospital and School|Dental Hospital]] in the city Centre, [[Stobhill Hospital]] in the North and the [[Glasgow Victoria Infirmary|Victoria Infirmary]] and [[Southern General Hospital]] in the South Side.

There is also an emergency telephone service provided by [[NHS 24]] and 24 hour access to [[General practitioner|General Practitioners]] through Out of hours centres. [[Paramedic]] services are provided by the [[Scottish Ambulance Service]] and supported by voluntary bodies like the [[St. Andrew's Ambulance Association]]. A strong [[Teaching hospital|Teaching]] tradition is maintained between the city's main hospitals and the [[University of Glasgow Medical School]].

All Pharmacies provide a wide range of services including minor ailment advice, emergency hormonal contraception, public health aradvice, some provide oxygen and needle exchange.

There are private clinics and hospitals at the [[Nuffield Health|Nuffield]] in the West end and Ross Hall in the South Side of the city.

==Academia==
Glasgow is a major centre of higher and academic research, with four universities within 10 miles (16&nbsp;km) of the city centre:
<!--[[File:University of Glasgow Gilbert Scott Building - Feb 2008-2.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Glasgow]] is the fourth oldest University in the English-speaking World and currently one of seventeen British higher education institutions ranked amongst the top 100 in the world.]]-->
* [[University of Glasgow]]
* [[University of Strathclyde]]
* [[Glasgow Caledonian University]]
* [[University of the West of Scotland]]

There are also currently seven [[further education]] colleges in the city: [[Anniesland College]], [[Cardonald College]], [[City of Glasgow College]], [[Stow College]], [[North Glasgow College]], [[John Wheatley College]], and [[Langside College]]. Higher education colleges in the city include [[Jordanhill College|Jordanhill Teacher Training College]], the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]] and the [[Glasgow School of Art]].

Glasgow is home to a student population in excess of 168,000, the largest in Scotland and second largest in the United Kingdom. The majority of those who live away from home reside in [[Shawlands]], [[Dennistoun]] and the West End of the city.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scottish-enterprise.com/sedotcom_home/about_se/local_enterprise_companies/glasgow/glasgow-geographicprofile.htm?siblingtoggle=1| title=Glasgow Geographic profile| publisher=Scottish Enterprise| accessdate=9 July 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The City Council operates twenty-nine secondary schools, 149 primary schools and three specialist schools&nbsp;— the Dance School of Scotland, [[Bellahouston Academy#Glasgow School of Sport|Glasgow School of Sport]] and the [[Glasgow Gaelic School]] (''Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu''), the only secondary school in Scotland to teach exclusively in [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]. Outdoor Education facilities are provided by the city council at the Blairvadach Centre, near [[Helensburgh]]. [[Jordanhill School]] is operated directly by the [[Scottish Government]]. Glasgow also has a number of [[Independent school]]s operating outwith the state sector, such as [[Fernhill School]], [[St. Aloysius' College, Glasgow|St. Aloysius College]], [[Hutchesons' Grammar School]], [[Kelvinside Academy]], [[Glasgow Academy]] and [[The High School of Glasgow]].
{{clear right}}

==Sport==
{{See also|Sport in Glasgow}}

===Football===
The world's first international [[Association football|football]] match was held in 1872 at the [[West of Scotland Cricket Club]]'s [[Hamilton Crescent]] ground in the [[Partick]] area of the city. The match, between [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and [[England national football team|England]] finished 0–0.

Glasgow is one of only three cities (along with [[Liverpool]] in 1985 and [[Madrid]] in 1986) to have had two football teams in European finals in the same season: in 1967 Celtic F.C. competed in the [[European Champion Clubs' Cup|European Cup]] final with Rangers F.C. competing in the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|Cup Winners' Cup]] final. Celtic F.C. were the first British team to win the European Cup, under the management of [[Jock Stein]] in 1967.

Hampden Park, which is Scotland's national football stadium, holds the European record for attendance at a football match: 149,547<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/glasgow/glw_hampden.htm| publisher=Glasgow Photo Library| title=Hampden Stadium| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref> saw Scotland beat England 3-1 in 1937, in the days before leading British stadia became [[All-seater stadium|all-seated]]. Hampden Park has hosted the final of the [[UEFA Champions League]] on three occasions, most recently in 2002 and hosted the [[UEFA Cup]] Final in 2007. Celtic Park (60,832 seats) is located in the east end of Glasgow, and [[Ibrox Stadium]] (51,082 seats) on the south side.

Glasgow has three professional football clubs: Celtic F.C. and Rangers F.C. together known as the [[Old Firm]], and [[Partick Thistle F.C.]] A fourth club, [[Queen's Park F.C.]], is an amateur club which plays in the [[Scottish Football League Third Division|Scottish Division 3]]. Prior to this, Glasgow had five other professional clubs: [[Clyde F.C.]], which moved to [[Cumbernauld]], plus [[Third Lanark A.C.]], [[Cambuslang F.C.]], [[Cowlairs F.C.]] and [[Clydesdale F.C.]], who all went bankrupt. There are a number of [[Scottish Junior Football Association]] clubs within the city as well, such as [[Pollok F.C.]], [[Maryhill F.C.]], [[Ashfield F.C.]] and [[Petershill F.C.]], as well as countless numbers of amateur teams.

The history of football in the city, as well as the status of the [[Old Firm]], attracts many visitors to football matches in the city throughout the season. The [[Scottish Football Association]], the national governing body, and the [[Scottish Football Museum]] are based in Glasgow, as are the [[Scottish Football League]], [[Scottish Premier League]], [[Scottish Junior Football Association]] and [[Scottish Amateur Football Association]]. The [[Glasgow Cup]] was a once popular tournament, which was competed for by Celtic, Rangers, Clyde, Partick Thistle and Queen's Park. The competition is now played for by the youth sides of the five teams.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
!Club
!League
!Venue
!Capacity
|-
| [[Celtic F.C.]]
| [[Scottish Premier League]]
| [[Celtic Park]]
| 60,832
|-
| [[Partick Thistle F.C.]]
| [[Scottish Football League]]
| [[Firhill Stadium]]
| 10,887
|-
| [[Queen's Park F.C.]]
| [[Scottish Football League]]
| [[Hampden Park]]
| 52,670
|-
| [[Rangers F.C.]]
| [[Scottish Football League]]
| [[Ibrox Stadium]]
| 51,082
|}

===Rugby union===
Glasgow has a professional [[rugby union]] club, the [[Glasgow Warriors]], which plays in the [[RaboDirect PRO12]] alongside teams from Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Italy.

In the Scottish League, [[Glasgow Hawks]] was formed in 1997 by the merger of two of Glasgow's oldest clubs: Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside (GHK). Despite the merger, the second division teams of Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside re-entered the Scottish rugby league in 1998.

In the South Glasgow suburb of Giffnock is based another of Glasgow's most prominent clubs [[Glasgow Hutchesons Aloysians RFC]] (GHA). GHA was formed in 2002 with the merger of two of Glasgow's leading clubs at the time, Glasgow Southern RFC and Hutchesons' Aloysians RFC. Cartha Queen's Park play at Dumbreck.

===Rugby league===
The [[Easterhouse Panthers]] based in the East End of Glagow are a [[rugby league]] team who play in the [[Rugby League Conference Scotland Division]]. [[Scotstoun Stadium]] has also hosted many [[rugby league]] tournaments/events.

===Ice hockey===
The City of Glasgow has no ice rinks, though a temporary one is set up in George Square during the Christmas holidays.

Since October 2010 a team called the [[Braehead Clan]] based in the nearby [[Braehead Arena]] in [[Renfrewshire]] has played in the professional [[Elite Ice Hockey League]] alongside two other Scottish teams, the [[Edinburgh Capitals]] and the [[Dundee Stars]]. This is the first time that a top level [[ice hockey]] team has represented Glasgow.

===Swimming===
The [[Arlington Baths Club]] is the oldest swimming club in the world, founded in 1870. The Club in Arlington Street, in the [[Woodlands, Glasgow|Woodlands]] area of the city is still thriving today. It is believed the Club's first Baths Master [[William Wilson (aquatics)|William Wilson]] invented [[water polo]] at the Club. The Arlington inspired other Swimming Clubs and the [[Western Baths]], which opened in 1876, is also still in existence in nearby [[Hillhead]]. Most of Glasgow's Victorian and Edwardian Municipal Pools have been closed or demolished, with the city council investing in large new leisure centres such as Tollcross, [[Springburn]], Gorbals, [[Scotstoun]] and [[Bellahouston]]. A community group is however hoping to re-open [[Govanhill]] Baths, on the city's southside.

===Basketball===
Glasgow hosts Scotland's only professional basketball team, the [[Glasgow Rocks]], who compete in the [[British Basketball League]]. Since moving out of Renfrewshire's [[Braehead Arena]], the Rocks have been based at the 1,200 seater Kelvin Hall. It has been confirmed that the Rocks will be the tenants of the new stadium being constructed in the Parkhead area of the city for the Commonwealth Games.

===Other sports===
Major international sporting arenas include the Kelvin Hall and [[Scotstoun]] Sports Centre. In 2003 the National Academy for Badminton was completed in Scotstoun. In 2003, Glasgow was also given the title of European Capital of Sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aces-europa.eu/Home/EuropeanCapitals/tabid/56/Default.aspx |title=European Capital of Sports Association |publisher=Aces-europa.eu |date= |accessdate=25 August 2011}}</ref>

Glasgow is also host to many [[cricket]] clubs including [[Clydesdale Cricket Club]] who have been title winners for the Scottish Cup many times. This club also acted as a neutral venue for a [[One Day International]] match between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in 2007, but due to bad weather it was called off.

Smaller sporting facilities include an abundance of outdoor [[playing field]]s, as well as golf clubs such as [[Haggs Castle]] and artificial ski slopes. Between 1998 and 2004, the [[Scottish Claymores]] [[American football]] team played some or all of their home games each season at Hampden Park and the venue also hosted [[World Bowl]] XI.

Glasgow Green and the [[Gorbals]] are home to a number of [[rowing (sport)|rowing]] clubs, some with open membership the rest belonging to universities or schools. Historically, rowing races on the [[River Clyde]] here attracted huge crowds of spectators to watch regattas in the late 19th century and early 20th century;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgowhumanesociety.com/documents/Rules_as_at_28-3-04.pdf |title=Rules as at 28&nbsp;March&nbsp;2004 |date= |accessdate=25 August 2011}}</ref> before football caught the public imagination. Two of Glasgow's rowing clubs separately claim that it was their members who were among the founders of Rangers Football Club.<ref>[http://www.followfollow.com/news/tmnw/rangers_founders_plaque_unveiled_at_fleshers_haugh_461850/index.shtml Rangers FC fanzine], Founders plaque unveiled.</ref>

[[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was first introduced to Glasgow in 1928 and is currently staged at Saracen Park in the North of the city.

Glasgow is also one of five places in Scotland which hosts the final of the Scottish Cup of [[Shinty]], better known as the [[Camanachd Cup]]. This is usually held at Old Anniesland. Once home to numerous Shinty clubs, there is now only one senior club in Glasgow, Glasgow Mid-Argyll, as well as two university sides from [[University of Strathclyde]] and [[University of Glasgow]].

Glasgow is currently [[Glasgow bid for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|bidding]] to host the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/youth_olympic_bids/youth_summer_olympics_2018/1216136106.html Glasgow Great Britain's Candidate For 2018 Youth Olympic Games]</ref>

===2014 Commonwealth Games===
{{See also|2014 Commonwealth Games}}

On 9 November 2007, Glasgow was selected to be the host city of the 2014 [[Commonwealth Games]]. The games will be based on a number of existing and newly constructed sporting venues across the city, including a refurbished [[Hampden Park]], [[Kelvingrove Park]], the [[Kelvin Hall]], and the planned [[Scotland's National Arena|Scottish National Arena]] at the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]]. The opening ceremony will be held at Celtic Park. Plans have already been drawn up for a Commonwealth Games campus in the east end of the city, which will include a new indoor arena, the [[Chris Hoy|Sir Chris Hoy]] [[velodrome]] and accommodation facilities in [[Dalmarnock]] and [[Parkhead]], with an upgraded Aquatics Centre at nearby Tollcross Park. 2014 will be the third time the Games have been held in Scotland.<ref>[http://www.glasgow2014.com/ Glasgow 2014, Commonwealth Games Candidate] www.glasgow2014.com</ref><ref name=RobertMcAlpine>{{cite web |url=http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/projects/?id=18682 |title=National Indoor Sports Arena |author= |year=2011 |publisher=Robert McAlpine |accessdate=22 June 2011}}</ref>

The [http://www.commonwealthbridgescotland.com/index.php 4th Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships] will also be held in Glasgow from 8–14 September 2014.

==Twin towns and sister cities==
Glasgow is [[Sister cities|twinned]] with various cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/Twincities/ |title=Glasgow City Council&nbsp;— Twin cities of Glasgow |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |date=3 August 2009 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>

*{{Flag icon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg]] (Germany) (since 1985)
*{{Flag icon|Russia}} [[Rostov-on-Don]] (Russia) (1986)
*{{Flag icon|China}} [[Dalian]] (China) (1997)
*{{Flag icon|Cuba}} [[Havana]] (Cuba) (2002)
*{{Flag icon|Italy}} [[Turin]] (Italy) (2003)<ref name="ct-tc">[http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/index.shtml Turin City Hall&nbsp;— International Affairs] Retrieved on 26 January 2008.</ref>
*{{Flag icon|Pakistan}} '''[[Lahore]]''' (Pakistan) ''2006''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/hi/news/5057161.html  |title=Glasgow 'twinned' with Lahore |date=29 November 2006 |accessdate=12 September 2009 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061129165526/http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/hi/news/5057161.html |archivedate = 29 November 2006}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|France}} [[Marseille]] (France) (2006)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/4941766.stm |title=Glasgow 'twinned' with Marseille |publisher=BBC News  |date=25 April 2006 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|Palestine}} *{{Flag icon|Israel}} [[Bethlehem]] (Israel/West Bank) (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/display.var.1326701.0.bethlehem_is_citys_latest_twinned_town.php |title=Bethlehem is city's latest twinned town |publisher=Eveningtimes.co.uk |date=25 January 2007 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="BethlehemTwinning">{{cite web |url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=::Bethlehem Municipality:: |publisher=www.bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=10 October 2009 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal bar|United Kingdom|Great Britain|Scotland|<!-- Glasgow -->}}

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliograpohy
* ''The City of Glasgow'', The Third Statistical Account of Scotland, 1958, by J Cunnison and JBS Gilfillan
* ''The Second City'', 1975, by Charles Oakley
* ''Glasgow: The first 800 Years'', 1975, by Hugh Cochrane for Glasgow City Council
* ''Glasgow: The Making of a City'', 1983, by Andrew Gibb
* ''Strathclyde: Changing Horizons'', 1985, edited by John Butt and George Gordon
* ''Glasgow'', The Buildings of Scotland, 1990, founding editor Sir Nikolaus Pevsner
* ''Glasgow'', 2000, by Irene Maver

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc}}
{{Wiktionary|Glasgow}}
{{wikivoyage|Glasgow}}

* [http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/ Glasgow City Council]
* [http://www.clydewaterfront.com/ Clyde Waterfront Regeneration]
* [http://www.engwonders.byethost9.com/e081.html Tunnels Under Glasgow]
* [http://www.glasgowcentralquay.com/ Glasgow Central Quay]
* [http://www.clydewaterfrontheritage.com/ Clyde Waterfront Heritage]
* [http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/maps-full.html Interactive Attractions Map of Central Glasgow]
* [http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Glasgow.htm History of Glasgow Theatres]
* [http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/glasgow/cathedral/ Glasgow Cathedral history]
* [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade]
* [http://www.theglasgowstory.com/ TheGlasgowStory]
* [http://www.southsidehappenings.co.uk/ Glasgow's Southside]
* [http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=glasgow&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE/ (archive films relating to Glasgow)] 
* [http://www.clydewaterfronteducation.com/ Clyde Waterfront Education]
* [http://www.ifsdglasgow.co.uk/ International Financial Services District Glasgow]

<!--NAVIGATIONAL BOXES-->
{{Glasgow}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Articles relating to Glasgow
| list =
{{Areas of Glasgow}}
{{Scotland subdivisions}}
{{UK cities}}
{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
}}

<!--CATEGORIES-->
<!-- [[Category:Glasgow| ]]
[[Category:Council areas of Scotland]]
[[Category:Districts of Scotland]]
[[Category:European Capitals of Culture]]
[[Category:Lieutenancy areas of Scotland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 6th century]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Scotland]] -->

<!--LINK FA and INTERWIKIS-->

<!-- [[af:Glasgow]]
[[ang:Glasgow]]
[[ar:غلاسغو]]
[[roa-rup:Glasgow]]
[[az:Qlazqo]]
[[be:Горад Глазга]]
[[be-x-old:Глазга]]
[[bg:Глазгоу]]
[[bs:Glasgow]]
[[br:Glasc'ho]]
[[ca:Glasgow]]
[[cs:Glasgow]]
[[co:Glasgow]]
[[cy:Glasgow]]
[[da:Glasgow]]
[[de:Glasgow]]
[[et:Glasgow]]
[[el:Γλασκώβη]]
[[es:Glasgow]]
[[eo:Glasgovo]]
[[ext:Glasgow]]
[[eu:Glasgow]]
[[fa:گلاسگو]]
[[fo:Glasgow]]
[[fr:Glasgow]]
[[fy:Glasgow]]
[[ga:Glaschú]]
[[gv:Glaschu]]
[[gd:Glaschu]]
[[gl:Glasgow]]
[[ko:글래스고]]
[[hy:Գլազգո]]
[[hi:ग्लासगो]]
[[hsb:Glasgow]]
[[hr:Glasgow]]
[[io:Glasgow]]
[[id:Glasgow]]
[[ia:Glasgow]]
[[ie:Glasgow]]
[[os:Глазго]]
[[is:Glasgow]]
[[it:Glasgow]]
[[he:גלאזגו]]
[[kn:ಗ್ಲ್ಯಾಸ್ಗೋ]]
[[ka:გლაზგო]]
[[sw:Glasgow]]
[[kv:Глазго]]
[[ku:Glasgow]]
[[la:Glasgovia]]
[[lv:Glāzgova]]
[[lt:Glazgas]]
[[hu:Glasgow]]
[[mk:Глазгов]]
[[mr:ग्लासगो]]
[[xmf:გლაზგო]]
[[arz:جلاسجو]]
[[ms:Glasgow]]
[[my:ဂလပ်စဂိုးမြို့]]
[[nah:Glasgow]]
[[nl:Glasgow]]
[[ja:グラスゴー]]
[[ce:Глазго]]
[[no:Glasgow]]
[[nn:Glasgow]]
[[oc:Glasgow]]
[[pnb:گلاسگو]]
[[pms:Glasgow]]
[[pl:Glasgow]]
[[pt:Glasgow]]
[[ro:Glasgow]]
[[qu:Glasgow]]
[[ru:Глазго]]
[[sa:ग्लास्गो]]
[[sco:Glesga]]
[[sq:Glasgow]]
[[scn:Glasgow]]
[[simple:Glasgow]]
[[sk:Glasgow]]
[[sl:Glasgow]]
[[szl:Glasgow]]
[[sr:Глазгов]]
[[sh:Glasgow]]
[[fi:Glasgow]]
[[sv:Glasgow]]
[[tl:Glasgow]]
[[ta:கிளாஸ்கோ]]
[[te:గ్లాస్గో]]
[[tet:Glázgua]]
[[th:กลาสโกว์]]
[[tr:Glasgow]]
[[uk:Глазго]]
[[ug:Glasgow]]
[[vi:Glasgow]]
[[vo:Glasgow]]
[[war:Glasgow]]
[[zea:Glasgow]]
[[bat-smg:Glazgos]]
[[zh:格拉斯哥]] -->