Cis-Sutlej states: Difference between revisions
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The '''Cis-Sutlej states''' were a group of states in the modern [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] states of north [[India]] during the 19th century, lying between the [[Sutlej River]] on the north, the [[Himalayas]] on the east, the [[Yamuna River]] and [[Delhi]] District on the south, and [[Sirsa District]] on the west. |
The '''Cis-Sutlej states''' were a group of states in the modern [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] states of north [[India]] during the 19th century, lying between the [[Sutlej River]] on the north, the [[Himalayas]] on the east, the [[Yamuna River]] and [[Delhi]] District on the south, and [[Sirsa District]] on the west. |
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{{cite book |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=daulatrao+scindia+punjab&pg=PA334 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth Century, Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Google Books |isbn=9788131732021 |accessdate=2012-05-26|last1=Ahmed |first1=Farooqui Salma |year=2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&q=mahadji+sindhia+punjab&pg=PA13 |title=History of the Marathas - R.S. Chaurasia - Google Books |isbn=9788126903948 |accessdate=2012-05-26 |
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|last1=Chaurasia |first1=R. S. |year=2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|first=Jayanta Kumar|last=Ray|date=6 August 2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131708347}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[Ranjit Singh]] led three expeditions into Cis-Sutlej states in 1806, 1807 and 1808, seizing many territories, particularly 45 district subdivisions or administrative units (parganas) and then distributed them among different chiefs who would pay annual tributes of certain amount as recognition of Ranjit Singh's supremacy.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=83}} Ranjit Singh gave some territories of Cis-Sutlej to his mother in law Rani [[Sada Kaur]] and granted a good deal of villages to his general [[Dewan Mokham Chand]].{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=83}} In all 45 paraganas, Ranjit Singh assigned salaried agents to different territories who sustained some soldiers for internal administration to retrieve revenues from lands.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=83}} Some of the important vassal territories of Sikh empire were, [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], [[Rupnagar|Rupar]], Himmatpur, Wadni, [[Harike Wetland|Harikepatan]], [[Firozpur]] and [[Nawab of Mamdot|Mamdot]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title= History of the Sikhs Volume 5|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal|pages=83-96|date=1991|isbn=9788121505154}}</ref> An [[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)|1809 agreement]] with [[Ranjit Singh]], emperor of the [[Sikh Empire]] west of the Sutlej, brought the states under the aegis of Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire's dominion. The Cis-Sutlej states included [[Kaithal]], [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Thanesar]], [[Maler Kotla]] and [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]]. Before 1846 the greater part of this territory was relatively independent, the chiefs being subject to supervision from a political officer stationed at [[Umballa]], and styled the agent of the British [[Governor-General of India]] for the Cis-Sutlej states.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Cis-Sutlej States |volume=6 |page=693}}</ref> |
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A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the [[Doctrine of Lapse]]. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.<ref name=EB1911/> |
A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the [[Doctrine of Lapse]]. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.<ref name=EB1911/> |
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In 1849 the Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of [[Ambala]], [[Ferozepore District|Ferozepore]], [[Ludhiana District|Ludhiana]], Thanesar and [[Simla District|Simla]], was incorporated with the new [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]].<ref name=EB1911/> |
In 1849 the Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of [[Ambala]], [[Ferozepore District|Ferozepore]], [[Ludhiana District|Ludhiana]], Thanesar and [[Simla District|Simla]], was incorporated with the new [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]].<ref name=EB1911/> |
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The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to [[Lahore Division]] and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate.<ref name=EB1911/> The remaining tract became known as the [[Ambala Division]]. The [[princely states]] of [[Patiala]], [[Jind]], and [[Nabha]] were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding [[Bahawalpur State|Bahawalpur]] (for which there was no political agent) and [[Chamba State|Chamba]], the other states were grouped under the commissioners of [[Jullunder]] and Delhi, and the superintendent of the [[Simla Hill States]].<ref name=EB1911/> All native states, except Kaithal, would join [[PEPSU]] after India's independence. |
The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to [[Lahore Division]] and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate.<ref name=EB1911/> The remaining tract became known as the [[Ambala Division]]. The [[princely states]] of [[Patiala]], [[Jind]], and [[Nabha]] were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding [[Bahawalpur State|Bahawalpur]] (for which there was no political agent) and [[Chamba State|Chamba]], the other states were grouped under the commissioners of [[Jullunder]] and [[Delhi]], and the superintendent of the [[Simla Hill States]].<ref name=EB1911/> All native states, except Kaithal, would join [[PEPSU]] after India's independence. |
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==Districts and states== |
==Districts and states== |
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Revision as of 13:13, 16 March 2023
| Cis-Sutlej States | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region of British India | |||||||||
| 1809–1862 | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 1809 | |||||||||
• Merged into the British Province (British India) | 1862 | ||||||||
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The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in the modern Punjab and Haryana states of north India during the 19th century, lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west.
History
Ranjit Singh led three expeditions into Cis-Sutlej states in 1806, 1807 and 1808, seizing many territories, particularly 45 district subdivisions or administrative units (parganas) and then distributed them among different chiefs who would pay annual tributes of certain amount as recognition of Ranjit Singh's supremacy.[1] Ranjit Singh gave some territories of Cis-Sutlej to his mother in law Rani Sada Kaur and granted a good deal of villages to his general Dewan Mokham Chand.[1] In all 45 paraganas, Ranjit Singh assigned salaried agents to different territories who sustained some soldiers for internal administration to retrieve revenues from lands.[1] Some of the important vassal territories of Sikh empire were, Anandpur, Rupar, Himmatpur, Wadni, Harikepatan, Firozpur and Mamdot.[2] An 1809 agreement with Ranjit Singh, emperor of the Sikh Empire west of the Sutlej, brought the states under the aegis of Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire's dominion. The Cis-Sutlej states included Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla and Faridkot. Before 1846 the greater part of this territory was relatively independent, the chiefs being subject to supervision from a political officer stationed at Umballa, and styled the agent of the British Governor-General of India for the Cis-Sutlej states.[3]
A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the Doctrine of Lapse. After the First Anglo-Sikh War the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.[3]
In 1849 the Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of Ambala, Ferozepore, Ludhiana, Thanesar and Simla, was incorporated with the new Punjab Province.[3]
The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to Lahore Division and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate.[3] The remaining tract became known as the Ambala Division. The princely states of Patiala, Jind, and Nabha were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding Bahawalpur (for which there was no political agent) and Chamba, the other states were grouped under the commissioners of Jullunder and Delhi, and the superintendent of the Simla Hill States.[3] All native states, except Kaithal, would join PEPSU after India's independence.
Districts and states
Present districts and divisions
- The Union territory of Chandigarh
- Patiala District
- Mohali District
- Mansa District
- Barnala District
- Sangrur District
- Jalandhar District
- Muktsar District
- Hoshiarpur District
- Bathinda District
- Ludhiana District
- Firozpur District
- Panchkula District
- Jind District
- Ambala District
- Fazilka District
- Faridkot District
- Moga District
- Fatehgarh Sahib District
- Rupnagar District
- Yamunanagar District
Present 14 districts of East Punjab, Chandigarh and present 4 districts of Haryana were there in Cis Sutlej States.
Rest of the Bist Doab including districts of Hoshiarpur,Kapurthala, SBS Nagar and Jalandhar were merged and made a new Trans Sutlej States in 1846 after First Anglo Sikh War.
Princely states
See also
References
- ^ a b c Gupta 1991, p. 83.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). History of the Sikhs Volume 5. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 83–96. ISBN 9788121505154.
- ^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cis-Sutlej States". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 693.
