Cis-Sutlej states: Difference between revisions
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The '''Cis-Sutlej states''' were a group of states in the contemporary [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] states of northern [[India]] during the 19th century, lying between the [[Sutlej River]] |
The '''Cis-Sutlej states''' were a group of states in the contemporary [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] states of northern [[India]] during the 19th century, lying between the [[Sutlej River]] in the north, the [[Himalayas]] in the east, the [[Yamuna River]] and [[Delhi]] District in the south, and [[Sirsa District]] in the west. |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=daulatrao+scindia+punjab&pg=PA334 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth Century, Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Google Books |isbn=9788131732021 |accessdate=2012-05-26|last1=Ahmed |first1=Farooqui Salma |year=2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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|last1=Chaurasia |first1=R. S. |year=2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|first=Jayanta Kumar|last=Ray|date=6 August 2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131708347}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA83&dq=cis+sutlej+states+Ranjit+Singh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGt8ne0O39AhXLSWwGHe6AB4QQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=cis%20sutlej%20states%20Ranjit%20Singh&f=false|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra Nath|quote=By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British.}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Cis-Sutlej state was ruled by many chiefs though it belonged to Mughal Empire.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2004|p=167}} Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]'s viceregent Afrasiyab was killed by Zain-ul-Abidin Khan on 2 November 1784, thus leaving no one to appoint as the next viceregent.{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=169}} Thus Mughal Emperor appointed [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Sindhia]] as viceregent of the empire as Shah Alam II knew that Sindhia is the only one who would remain acquiescent to him and would be able to maintain peace and order in his kingdom.{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=170|ps=. "On the 4th December at another public darbar the Emperor bestowed the highest post of Vakahi-Mutlaq [Regent Plenipotentiary] on Mahadji Sindhia."}} Therefore, Mahadji as newly appointed viceregent of the Mughal Emperor, tried to come to an agreement with the Cis-Sutlej chiefs and concluded a treaty in May 1785, which however fell apart as the chiefs did not observe the terms of the treaty.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2004|p=168}}{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=189|ps=. "No sooner was the treaty signed than misgivings arose between them. The Sikhs did not wish to abide by the treaty."}} But in 1789, a peaceful agreement was set in place where Sindhia legitamized the chiefs to collect tributes from the villages and the purpose behind Mahadji's policy was to win over the chiefs by friendship, but this policy too failed.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2004|p=168}} After Mahadji's death in 1794, [[Daulat Rao Sindhia|Daulat Rao]] was made his replacement, under whom the unstable conditions continued against the chiefs till the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], losing any influence over Cis-Sutlej state and parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], which he supervised on behalf of the Mughal Emperor.<ref>{{cite book |
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The Maratha-Sikh treaty in 1785 made the small Cis-Sutlej states, autonomous protectorate of the [[Scindia Dynasty]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |
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|last=Chaurasia |first1=R. S. |year=2004|pages=167-170 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title= History of the Sikhs: Cis-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Cis_Sutlej_Sikhs_1769_1799.html?id=xKzRwAEACAAJ|publisher= S.N. Sarkar|pages=169-248|date=1939}}</ref><ref> |
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A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the [[Doctrine of Lapse]]. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.<ref name=EB1911/> |
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| ⚫ | |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=daulatrao+scindia+punjab&pg=PA334 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth Century, Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Google Books |isbn=9788131732021 |accessdate=2012-05-26|last1=Ahmed |first1=Farooqui Salma |year=2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|first=Jayanta Kumar|last=Ray|date=6 August 2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131708347}}</ref> Following the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1806, [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] drafted a treaty granting independence to the Sikh clans east of the [[Sutlej River]] in exchange for their allegiance to the British General [[Gerard Lake]] acting on his dispatch.<ref name=DukeDispatch>{{cite book|title=The Despatches, Minutes, and Correspondance, of the Marquess Wellesley, K. G. During His Administration in India|author-last=Wellesley|author-first=Arthur|author1-link=Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB0-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA264|year=1837|number=v.3|pages=264–267}}</ref><ref name=duketreaty>{{cite book|title=Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G.: India, 1797-1805|author-last=Wellesley|author-first=Arthur|author1-link=Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|date=1859|volume=I|pages=269–279, 319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9EgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA269|quote="ART VI Scindiah to renounce all claims the Seik chiefs or territories" (p.318)}}</ref> At the conclusion of the war, the frontier of [[British India]] was extended to the Yamuna. |
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In 1849 the Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of [[Ambala]], [[Ferozepore District|Ferozepore]], [[Ludhiana District|Ludhiana]], Thanesar and [[Simla District|Simla]], was incorporated with the new [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]].<ref name=EB1911/> |
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[[Ranjit Singh]] led three expeditions into Cis-Sutlej states in 1806, 1807 and 1808, seizing many territories, particularly 45 district subdivisions or administrative units (parganas) and then distributed them among different chiefs who would pay annual tributes of certain amount as recognition of Ranjit Singh's supremacy.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=83}} Ranjit Singh gave some territories of Cis-Sutlej to his mother in law Rani [[Sada Kaur]] and granted a good deal of villages to his general [[Dewan Mokham Chand]].{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=83}} In all 45 paraganas, Ranjit Singh assigned salaried agents to different territories who sustained some soldiers for internal administration to retrieve revenues from lands.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=83}} Some of the important vassal territories of Sikh empire were, [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], [[Rupnagar|Rupar]], Himmatpur, Wadni, [[Harike Wetland|Harikepatan]], [[Firozpur]] and [[Nawab of Mamdot|Mamdot]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title= History of the Sikhs Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_Sikhs_The_Sikh_Lion_of_La.html?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal|pages=83-96|date=1991|isbn=9788121505154}}</ref> An [[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)|1809 agreement]] with [[Ranjit Singh]], emperor of the [[Sikh Empire]] west of the Sutlej, brought the territories under the aegis of Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire's dominion from Anandpur to Mamdot.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=86}} On 29 July 1809, David Ochterlony also recognized under Ranjit Singh's supremacy, large territory from [[Chamkaur]] to [[Harike Wetland|Harikepatan]] and [[Kotkapura|Kot Kapura]], 102 villages in the [[tehsil]] of [[Dharamkot, Moga|Dharamkot]], [[Zira, Punjab|Zira]] and Kot Kapura, 90 districts in the [[Pargana|paraganah]] of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]- |
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[[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], 106 villages in the tehsil of [[Talwandi]] and [[Naraingarh]], 38 villages secured to Raja Jaswant Singh of [[Nabha]], 32 villages in the tehsil of [[Baddowal]] secured to Gurdit Singh of [[Ladwa]], 36 villages in the tehsil of [[Ghungrana]] secured to Karam Singh Nagia, 62 villages in the tehsil of [[Dharamkot, Moga|Dharamkot]] granted to Garbha Singh of Bharatgarh, many number of villages granted to Jodh Singh of Kalsia, Basant Singh, Atar Singh, Jodh Singh of Bassia and Ranjit Singh's mother in law Sada Kaur was granted with Himmatpur-Wadni.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=86}} The Cis-Sutlej states included [[Kaithal]], [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Thanesar]], [[Maler Kotla]] and [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]]. |
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Before 1846 the greater part of this territory was relatively independent, the chiefs being subject to supervision from a political officer stationed at [[Umballa]], and styled the agent of the British [[Governor-General of India]] for the Cis-Sutlej states.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Cis-Sutlej States |volume=6 |page=693}}</ref> A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the [[Doctrine of Lapse]]. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.<ref name=EB1911/> In 1849, Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of [[Ambala]], [[Ferozepore District|Ferozepore]], [[Ludhiana District|Ludhiana]], Thanesar and [[Simla District|Simla]], was incorporated with the new [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]].<ref name=EB1911/> |
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The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to [[Lahore Division]] and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate.<ref name=EB1911/> The remaining tract became known as the [[Ambala Division]]. The [[princely states]] of [[Patiala]], [[Jind]], and [[Nabha]] were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding [[Bahawalpur State|Bahawalpur]] (for which there was no political agent) and [[Chamba State|Chamba]], the other states were grouped under the commissioners of [[Jullunder]] and Delhi, and the superintendent of the [[Simla Hill States]].<ref name=EB1911/> All native states, except Kaithal, would join [[PEPSU]] after India's independence. |
The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to [[Lahore Division]] and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate.<ref name=EB1911/> The remaining tract became known as the [[Ambala Division]]. The [[princely states]] of [[Patiala]], [[Jind]], and [[Nabha]] were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding [[Bahawalpur State|Bahawalpur]] (for which there was no political agent) and [[Chamba State|Chamba]], the other states were grouped under the commissioners of [[Jullunder]] and Delhi, and the superintendent of the [[Simla Hill States]].<ref name=EB1911/> All native states, except Kaithal, would join [[PEPSU]] after India's independence. |
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Revision as of 18:37, 22 March 2023
| Cis-Sutlej States | |||||||||
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| Region of British India | |||||||||
| 1809–1862 | |||||||||
 Political map of the Punjab region in 1809. The Cis-Sutlej states are visible south of the Sutlej river. | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 1809 | |||||||||
• Merged into the British Province (British India) | 1862 | ||||||||
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The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in the contemporary Punjab and Haryana states of northern India during the 19th century, lying between the Sutlej River in the north, the Himalayas in the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District in the south, and Sirsa District in the west.
History
The Cis-Sutlej state was ruled by many chiefs though it belonged to Mughal Empire.[1] Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II's viceregent Afrasiyab was killed by Zain-ul-Abidin Khan on 2 November 1784, thus leaving no one to appoint as the next viceregent.[2] Thus Mughal Emperor appointed Mahadji Sindhia as viceregent of the empire as Shah Alam II knew that Sindhia is the only one who would remain acquiescent to him and would be able to maintain peace and order in his kingdom.[3] Therefore, Mahadji as newly appointed viceregent of the Mughal Emperor, tried to come to an agreement with the Cis-Sutlej chiefs and concluded a treaty in May 1785, which however fell apart as the chiefs did not observe the terms of the treaty.[4][5] But in 1789, a peaceful agreement was set in place where Sindhia legitamized the chiefs to collect tributes from the villages and the purpose behind Mahadji's policy was to win over the chiefs by friendship, but this policy too failed.[4] After Mahadji's death in 1794, Daulat Rao was made his replacement, under whom the unstable conditions continued against the chiefs till the Second Anglo-Maratha War, losing any influence over Cis-Sutlej state and parts of Uttar Pradesh, which he supervised on behalf of the Mughal Emperor.[6][7][8][9] Following the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1806, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington drafted a treaty granting independence to the Sikh clans east of the Sutlej River in exchange for their allegiance to the British General Gerard Lake acting on his dispatch.[10][11] At the conclusion of the war, the frontier of British India was extended to the Yamuna.
Ranjit Singh led three expeditions into Cis-Sutlej states in 1806, 1807 and 1808, seizing many territories, particularly 45 district subdivisions or administrative units (parganas) and then distributed them among different chiefs who would pay annual tributes of certain amount as recognition of Ranjit Singh's supremacy.[12] Ranjit Singh gave some territories of Cis-Sutlej to his mother in law Rani Sada Kaur and granted a good deal of villages to his general Dewan Mokham Chand.[12] In all 45 paraganas, Ranjit Singh assigned salaried agents to different territories who sustained some soldiers for internal administration to retrieve revenues from lands.[12] Some of the important vassal territories of Sikh empire were, Anandpur, Rupar, Himmatpur, Wadni, Harikepatan, Firozpur and Mamdot.[13] An 1809 agreement with Ranjit Singh, emperor of the Sikh Empire west of the Sutlej, brought the territories under the aegis of Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire's dominion from Anandpur to Mamdot.[14] On 29 July 1809, David Ochterlony also recognized under Ranjit Singh's supremacy, large territory from Chamkaur to Harikepatan and Kot Kapura, 102 villages in the tehsil of Dharamkot, Zira and Kot Kapura, 90 districts in the paraganah of Ludhiana- Sirhind, 106 villages in the tehsil of Talwandi and Naraingarh, 38 villages secured to Raja Jaswant Singh of Nabha, 32 villages in the tehsil of Baddowal secured to Gurdit Singh of Ladwa, 36 villages in the tehsil of Ghungrana secured to Karam Singh Nagia, 62 villages in the tehsil of Dharamkot granted to Garbha Singh of Bharatgarh, many number of villages granted to Jodh Singh of Kalsia, Basant Singh, Atar Singh, Jodh Singh of Bassia and Ranjit Singh's mother in law Sada Kaur was granted with Himmatpur-Wadni.[14] The Cis-Sutlej states included Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla and Faridkot.
Before 1846 the greater part of this territory was relatively independent, the chiefs being subject to supervision from a political officer stationed at Umballa, and styled the agent of the British Governor-General of India for the Cis-Sutlej states.[15] A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the Doctrine of Lapse. After the First Anglo-Sikh War the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.[15] In 1849, Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of Ambala, Ferozepore, Ludhiana, Thanesar and Simla, was incorporated with the new Punjab Province.[15]
The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to Lahore Division and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate.[15] The remaining tract became known as the Ambala Division. The princely states of Patiala, Jind, and Nabha were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding Bahawalpur (for which there was no political agent) and Chamba, the other states were grouped under the commissioners of Jullunder and Delhi, and the superintendent of the Simla Hill States.[15] All native states, except Kaithal, would join PEPSU after India's independence.
Districts and states
Present districts and divisions
- The Union territory of Chandigarh
- Patiala District
- Mohali District
- Mansa District
- Barnala District
- Sangrur District
- Jalandhar District
- Muktsar District
- Hoshiarpur District
- Bathinda District
- Ludhiana District
- Firozpur District
- Panchkula District
- Jind District
- Ambala District
- Fazilka district
- Faridkot District
- Moga District
- Fatehgarh Sahib District
- Rupnagar District
- Yamunanagar District
Present 14 districts of East Punjab, Chandigarh and present 4 districts of Haryana were there in Cis Sutlej States.
Rest of the Bist Doab including districts of Hoshiarpur,Kapurthala, SBS Nagar and Jalandhar were merged and made a new Trans Sutlej States in 1846 after First Anglo Sikh War.
Princely states
See also
References
- ^ Chaurasia 2004, p. 167.
- ^ Gupta 1939, p. 169.
- ^ Gupta 1939, p. 170. "On the 4th December at another public darbar the Emperor bestowed the highest post of Vakahi-Mutlaq [Regent Plenipotentiary] on Mahadji Sindhia."
- ^ a b Chaurasia 2004, p. 168.
- ^ Gupta 1939, p. 189. "No sooner was the treaty signed than misgivings arose between them. The Sikhs did not wish to abide by the treaty."
- ^ Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). History of the Marathas - R.S. Chaurasia - Google Books. pp. 167–170. ISBN 9788126903948. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1939). History of the Sikhs: Cis-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799. S.N. Sarkar. pp. 169–248.
- ^ Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth Century, Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Google Books. ISBN 9788131732021. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- ^ Ray, Jayanta Kumar (6 August 2007). Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131708347.
- ^ Wellesley, Arthur (1837). The Despatches, Minutes, and Correspondance, of the Marquess Wellesley, K. G. During His Administration in India. pp. 264–267.
- ^ Wellesley, Arthur (1859). Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G.: India, 1797-1805. Vol. I. pp. 269–279, 319.
"ART VI Scindiah to renounce all claims the Seik chiefs or territories" (p.318)
- ^ a b c Gupta 1991, p. 83.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). History of the Sikhs Volume 5. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 83–96. ISBN 9788121505154.
- ^ a b Gupta 1991, p. 86.
- ^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cis-Sutlej States". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 693.
