Cautleya gracilis: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} |
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|image = Cautleya gracilis 220607.jpg |
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|image_caption = In cultivation |
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|image = |
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|genus = Cautleya |
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|species = gracilis |
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|synonyms = |
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{{Specieslist |
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|Roscoea gracilis|Sm. |
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|Cautleya cathcartii|Baker |
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|Cautleya lutea|(Royle) Hook.f. |
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|Roscoea lutea|Royle |
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}} |
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_Cautleya/> |
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'''''Cautleya gracilis''''' is a [[perennial]] [[herbaceous plant]] in the family [[Zingiberaceae]] (the gingers). It is found in the [[Himalayas]] through to south [[China]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name= |
'''''Cautleya gracilis''''' is a [[perennial]] [[herbaceous plant]] in the family [[Zingiberaceae]] (the gingers). It is found in the [[Himalayas]] through to south [[China]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=WCSP_232554/> It is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental garden plant]], hardy to a few degrees of frost. |
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==Description== |
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What appear to be stems in ''Cautleya'' species are actually "pseudostems" formed by the tightly wrapped bases or sheaths of the leaves. In ''C. gracilis'', the pseudostems are {{convert|25|–|80|cm|abbr=on|0}} tall, with some purely sheathing leaves at the base. Other leaves also have blades, free from the pseudostem, {{convert|6|–|20|cm|abbr=on|1}} long by {{convert|1.5|–|6|cm|abbr=on|1}} wide. The [[inflorescence]] is a spike, with typically 2–10 loosely spaced flowers in ''C. gracilis'' var. ''gracilis'' and 15–20 more tightly spaced flowers making a compact "head" in ''C. gracilis'' var. ''robusta''.<ref name=WuLarsen1994C/><ref name=WuLarsen1994Cc/><ref name=WuLarsen1994Cg/> |
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Each yellow or orange flower has a complex structure. A green [[bract]] surrounds the [[sepal]]s, which are largely fused, forming a tubular calyx, split along one side, which is longer than the bract, being {{convert|1.5|–|2|cm|abbr=on}} long. Inside the calyx, the three [[petal]]s are fused at the base to form a tube which is longer than the calyx, so that it protrudes. At the end of the tube the petals form three lobes, {{convert|1.2|–|2|cm|abbr=on|1}} long. Inside the petals are three petal-like structures ([[staminode]]s). The two side staminodes are upright. The lip or labellum is bent downward and is divided into two at the tip. The single [[stamen]] has a two-pronged "spur" at the base of the anther, formed by connective tissue.<ref name=WuLarsen1994C/><ref name=WuLarsen1994Cc/><ref name=WuLarsen1994Cg/> |
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The seed capsule is red when ripe, splitting to reveal the black seeds. A small white [[aril]] is present in ''C. gracilis'' var. ''robusta'' but is absent in ''C. gracilis'' var. ''gracilis''.<ref name=WuLarsen1994C/><ref name=WuLarsen1994Cc/><ref name=WuLarsen1994Cg/> |
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==Taxonomy== |
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''Cautleya gracilis'' was first described by [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|James Edward Smith]] in 1822 as a ''[[Roscoea]]'', ''R. gracilis''. It was transferred to ''Cautleya'' by [[Dandy]] in 1932.<ref name=WCSP_232554/> The genus name honours [[Proby Cautley]], who was responsible for extensive irrigation works in [[India]] under the [[British Raj]].<ref name=Brea13/> The specific epithet, ''gracilis'', means "thin, slender, graceful".<ref name=HyamPank95/> ''Cautleya lutea'', first described in 1839 as ''Roscoea lutea'', and ''Cautleya cathcartii'', first described in 1890, are now regarded as synonyms in whole or part of ''C. gracilis''.<ref name=WCSP_Cautleya/> |
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Two varieties are recognized:<ref name=WCSP_Cautleya/> |
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* ''Cautleya gracilis'' var. ''gracilis'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''C. lutea'' <small>(Royle) Hook.f.</small>) – usually fewer than 10 flowers in a loose spike, [[bract]]s covering less than 2/3 of the [[Sepal|calyx]]<ref name=Brea13/> |
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* ''Cautleya gracilis'' var. ''robusta'' <small>(K.Schum.) Sanjappa</small> (syns ''C. lutea'' var. ''robusta'' <small>K.Schum.</small>, ''C. cathcartii'' <small>Baker</small>) – usually more than 10 flowers in a dense spike, bracts covering 2/3 of the calyx<ref name=Brea13/> |
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==Cultivation== |
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''Cautleya gracilis'' is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental garden plant]]. It is hardy outdoors in the midlands of England, where a covering mulch is recommended in the winter. It requires a moisture-retentive, humus-rich soil out of the full sun.<ref name=Brea13/> |
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Several collections of the type variety, ''C. gracilis'' var. ''gracilis'', are in cultivation. The form grown under the collectors' number CCW 106 is about {{convert|45|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall with narrow leaves that are red underneath, and usually seven yellow flowers. The BWJ 7843 form has wider leaves (to {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}}) and primrose yellow flowers.<ref name=Brea13/> |
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''C. gracilis'' var. ''robusta'' is also cultivated. It usually has between 15 and 20 flowers, orange or bright yellow in colour. One cultivar is 'Tenzing's Gold' which is about {{convert|45|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall, with a flower spike {{convert|15|–|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=Brea13/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
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{{reflist}} |
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<ref name=Brea13>{{citation |last=Bream |first=Roland |year=2013 |title=An overview of ''Cautleya'' |journal=The Plantsman |series=New Series |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=122–125 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=HyamPank95>{{Citation |last=Hyam |first=R. |last2=Pankhurst |first2=R.J. |year=1995 |title=Plants and their names : a concise dictionary |publication-place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866189-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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<ref name=WCSP_232554>{{Citation |chapter=''Cautleya gracilis''|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=232554 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref> |
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<ref name="WCSP_Cautleya">Search for "Cautleya", {{Citation |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ |accessdate=2013-08-07 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=WuLarsen1994C>{{Citec |mode=cs2 |first1=Delin |last1=Wu |first2=Kai |last2=Larsen |contribution=''Cautleya'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105949 |in1=Wu |in2=Raven |in3=Hong |year=1999 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> |
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<ref name=WuLarsen1994Cg>{{Citec |mode=cs2 |first1=Delin |last1=Wu |first2=Kai |last2=Larsen |contribution=''Cautleya gracilis'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028356 |in1=Wu |in2=Raven |in3=Hong |year=1999 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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<ref name=WuLarsen1994Cc>{{Citec |mode=cs2 |first1=Delin |last1=Wu |first2=Kai |last2=Larsen |contribution=''Cautleya cathcartii'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028355 |in1=Wu |in2=Raven |in3=Hong |year=1999 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*{{Citation |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan |year=1999 |title=Flora of China, Vol. 4 |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |publication-place=Beijing; St. Louis |publisher=Science Press; Missouri Botanical Garden |accessdate=2013-08-12 |name-list-style=amp }} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q15238180}} |
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{{Zingiberales-stub}} |
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[[Category:Zingiberoideae]] |
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[[Zingiberaceae]] |
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[[Category:Plants described in 1822]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:10, 28 March 2023
| Cautleya gracilis | |
|---|---|
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| In cultivation | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Zingiberales |
| Family: | Zingiberaceae |
| Genus: | Cautleya |
| Species: | C. gracilis
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| Binomial name | |
| Cautleya gracilis (Sm.) Dandy[1]
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Cautleya gracilis is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Zingiberaceae (the gingers). It is found in the Himalayas through to south China and Vietnam.[1] It is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant, hardy to a few degrees of frost.
Description
[edit]What appear to be stems in Cautleya species are actually "pseudostems" formed by the tightly wrapped bases or sheaths of the leaves. In C. gracilis, the pseudostems are 25–80 cm (10–31 in) tall, with some purely sheathing leaves at the base. Other leaves also have blades, free from the pseudostem, 6–20 cm (2.4–7.9 in) long by 1.5–6 cm (0.6–2.4 in) wide. The inflorescence is a spike, with typically 2–10 loosely spaced flowers in C. gracilis var. gracilis and 15–20 more tightly spaced flowers making a compact "head" in C. gracilis var. robusta.[3][4][5]
Each yellow or orange flower has a complex structure. A green bract surrounds the sepals, which are largely fused, forming a tubular calyx, split along one side, which is longer than the bract, being 1.5–2 cm (0.59–0.79 in) long. Inside the calyx, the three petals are fused at the base to form a tube which is longer than the calyx, so that it protrudes. At the end of the tube the petals form three lobes, 1.2–2 cm (0.5–0.8 in) long. Inside the petals are three petal-like structures (staminodes). The two side staminodes are upright. The lip or labellum is bent downward and is divided into two at the tip. The single stamen has a two-pronged "spur" at the base of the anther, formed by connective tissue.[3][4][5]
The seed capsule is red when ripe, splitting to reveal the black seeds. A small white aril is present in C. gracilis var. robusta but is absent in C. gracilis var. gracilis.[3][4][5]
Taxonomy
[edit]Cautleya gracilis was first described by James Edward Smith in 1822 as a Roscoea, R. gracilis. It was transferred to Cautleya by Dandy in 1932.[1] The genus name honours Proby Cautley, who was responsible for extensive irrigation works in India under the British Raj.[6] The specific epithet, gracilis, means "thin, slender, graceful".[7] Cautleya lutea, first described in 1839 as Roscoea lutea, and Cautleya cathcartii, first described in 1890, are now regarded as synonyms in whole or part of C. gracilis.[2]
Two varieties are recognized:[2]
- Cautleya gracilis var. gracilis (syn. C. lutea (Royle) Hook.f.) – usually fewer than 10 flowers in a loose spike, bracts covering less than 2/3 of the calyx[6]
- Cautleya gracilis var. robusta (K.Schum.) Sanjappa (syns C. lutea var. robusta K.Schum., C. cathcartii Baker) – usually more than 10 flowers in a dense spike, bracts covering 2/3 of the calyx[6]
Cultivation
[edit]Cautleya gracilis is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant. It is hardy outdoors in the midlands of England, where a covering mulch is recommended in the winter. It requires a moisture-retentive, humus-rich soil out of the full sun.[6]
Several collections of the type variety, C. gracilis var. gracilis, are in cultivation. The form grown under the collectors' number CCW 106 is about 45 cm (18 in) tall with narrow leaves that are red underneath, and usually seven yellow flowers. The BWJ 7843 form has wider leaves (to 5 cm (2 in)) and primrose yellow flowers.[6]
C. gracilis var. robusta is also cultivated. It usually has between 15 and 20 flowers, orange or bright yellow in colour. One cultivar is 'Tenzing's Gold' which is about 45 cm (18 in) tall, with a flower spike 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Cautleya gracilis", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2013-08-07
- ^ a b c Search for "Cautleya", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2013-08-07
- ^ a b c Wu, Delin & Larsen, Kai, "Cautleya", in Wu, Raven & Hong (1999)
- ^ a b c Wu, Delin & Larsen, Kai, "Cautleya cathcartii", in Wu, Raven & Hong (1999)
- ^ a b c Wu, Delin & Larsen, Kai, "Cautleya gracilis", in Wu, Raven & Hong (1999)
- ^ a b c d e f Bream, Roland (2013), "An overview of Cautleya", The Plantsman, New Series, 12 (2): 122–125
- ^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995), Plants and their names : a concise dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4
Bibliography
[edit]- Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan, eds. (1999), Flora of China, Vol. 4, Beijing; St. Louis: Science Press; Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2013-08-12
