Jump to content

Chamaecyparis: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
added cypress as a common name; "cypress" shows up in a common name for all of the species, without a a further generic qualifier (e.g. "false") for Chamaecyparis as opposed to Cupresses.
 
(42 intermediate revisions by 37 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Genus of conifers}}
{{italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Chamaecyparis
| image = Sawara.jpg
| image = Sawara.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Chamaecyparis pisifera]]'' foliage and cones
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Chamaecyparis pisifera'' foliage and cones
| taxon = Chamaecyparis
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| authority = [[Édouard Spach|Spach]]
| type_species = ''Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea''
| divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
| type_species_authority = (Spreng.) [[Édouard Spach|Spach]]
| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=m/>
| ordo = [[Pinales]]
| synonyms =
| familia = [[Cupressaceae]]
*''Abela'' <small>Salisb.</small>
| genus = '''''Chamaecyparis'''''
*''Chamaepeuce'' <small>Zucc. 1841 non DC. 1838</small>
| genus_authority = [[Édouard Spach|Spach]]
*''Fokienia'' <small>Henry & Thomas</small>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
*''Retinispora'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small>
| subdivision = See text
*''Shishindenia'' <small>Makino ex Koidz.</small>
}}
}}


'''''Chamaecyparis''''' (common names '''cypress''', or '''false cypress''' (to distinguish it from related [[cypress|cypresses]])) is a [[genus]] of [[Pinophyta|conifers]] in the cypress [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cupressaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to eastern Asia and western and eastern North America. [[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]] include ''Retinispora'' Siebold & Zucc. and ''Retinospora'' Carr. The name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''khamai'', meaning ground, and ''kuparissos'' for cypress.
'''''Chamaecyparis''''', common names '''cypress''' or '''false cypress''' (to distinguish it from related [[cypress]]es), is a [[genus]] of [[Pinophyta|conifers]] in the cypress [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cupressaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to eastern Asia ([[Japan]] and [[Taiwan]]) and to the western and eastern margins of the United States.<ref name=m>{{WCSP|382810|Chamaecyparis}}</ref> The name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''khamai'' (χαμαί), meaning "on the earth", and ''kuparissos'' (κυπάρισσος) for "cypress".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chamaecyparis obtusa - Plant Finder|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c204|access-date=2021-02-18|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref>


They are medium-sized to large [[evergreen]] [[tree]]s growing from {{convert|20|-|70|m|0|abbr=on}} tall, with foliage in flat sprays. The [[leaf|leaves]] are of two types, needle-like juvenile leaves on young seedlings up to a year old, and scale-like adult leaves. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are globose to oval, with 8-14 scales arranged in opposite [[decussation|decussate]] pairs; each scale bears 2-4 small [[seed]]s.
They are medium-sized to large [[evergreen]] [[tree]]s growing from {{convert|20|-|70|m|0|abbr=on}} tall, with foliage in flat sprays. The [[leaf|leaves]] are of two types, needle-like juvenile leaves on young seedlings up to a year old, and scale-like adult leaves. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are globose to oval, with 8-14 scales arranged in opposite [[decussation|decussate]] pairs; each scale bears 2-4 small [[seed]]s.


==Taxonomy==
There are five or six living [[species]], depending on taxonomic opinion:
===Phylogeny===
*''[[Chamaecyparis formosensis]]''. Taiwan.
{| class="wikitable"
*''[[Chamaecyparis lawsoniana]]''. Western North America.
|-
*''[[Chamaecyparis obtusa]]''. Japan.
! colspan=1 |Stull et al. 2021<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |volume=7 |issue= 8|pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid= 34282286|pmc= |bibcode= |s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |publisher=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access=}}</ref>
*''[[Chamaecyparis pisifera]]''. Japan.
|-
*''[[Chamaecyparis taiwanensis]]''. Taiwan.
| style="vertical-align:top|
*''[[Chamaecyparis thyoides]]''. Eastern North America.
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=''Chamaecyparis''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Chamaecyparis thyoides|C. thyoides]]'' <small>(von Linné) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg</small> (Atlantic white cedar)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chamaecyparis formosensis|C. formosensis]]'' <small>Matsum.</small> (Taiwan red cypress)
|2=''[[Chamaecyparis pisifera|C. pisifera]]'' <small>(von Siebold & Zuccarini) Endlicher</small> (Sawara cypress)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fokienia hodginsii|C. hodginsii]]'' <small>(Dunn) Rushforth</small> (Fujian cypress)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chamaecyparis lawsoniana|C. lawsoniana]]'' <small>(Murray) Parlatore</small> (Port Orford cedar)
|2=''[[Chamaecyparis obtusa|C. obtusa]]'' <small>(von Siebold & Zuccarini) Endlicher</small> (Japanese cypress)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|}


===Species===
''C. taiwanensis'' is treated by many authors as a variety of ''C. obtusa'' (as ''C. obtusa'' var. ''formosana'').
# ''[[Chamaecyparis formosensis]]'' Matsum. – [[Taiwan]]<ref name=m/><ref>{{BONAP |genus=Chamaecyparis |date=2014}}</ref>
# ''[[Chamaecyparis lawsoniana]]'' (A.Murray) Parl., Port Orford cedar or Lawson cypress – [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
# ''[[Chamaecyparis obtusa]]'' (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. – [[Japan]]
# ''[[Chamaecyparis pisifera]]'' (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. – [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]]
# ''[[Chamaecyparis taiwanensis]]'' Masam. & Suzuki – Taiwan
# ''[[Chamaecyparis thyoides]]'' (L.) Britton, Atlantic white cedar (among other names) – Eastern United States ([[Mississippi]] to [[Maine]])


''[[Chamaecyparis taiwanensis]]'' is treated by many authors as a variety of ''C. obtusa'' (as ''C. obtusa'' var. ''formosana'').
Genus ''[[Fokienia]]'' is not always recognized as a separate genus from ''Chamaecyparis'', in which case ''Chamaecyparis hodginsii'' (=''[[Fokienia hodginsii]]'' should be added to the above list.<ref name=conifers.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Chamaecyparis.php |title=''Chamaecyparis'' |work=The Gymnosperm Database |author=Christopher J. Earle |year=2011 |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> On the other hand, a species which used to be included in this genus, as ''Chamaecyparis nootkatensis'', has now been transferred on the basis of strong genetic and morphological evidence to the separate genus ''[[Callitropsis]]'' as ''[[Callitropsis nootkatensis]]'', or back to ''Cupressus nootkatensis'' (the name it was originally described under in 1824).


Genus ''[[Fokienia]]'' is not always recognized as a separate genus from ''Chamaecyparis'', in which case ''Chamaecyparis hodginsii'' (=''[[Fokienia hodginsii]]'') should be added to the above list.<ref name=conifers.org>{{Gymnosperm Database |family=Cupressaceae |genus=Chamaecyparis |access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> On the other hand, a species which used to be included in this genus, as ''[[Chamaecyparis nootkatensis]]'', had been transferred on the basis of strong genetic and morphological evidence to the separate genus ''[[Xanthocyparis]]'' as ''[[Xanthocyparis nootkatensis]]'' in the early 2000s. After further phylogenetic work the species was moved to the monotypic genus ''[[Callitropsis nootkatensis]]'', being sister to the genus ''[[Hesperocyparis]]'', and both genera forming a clade with ''Xanthocyparis'' as its sister.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stull|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Qu|first2=Xiao-Jian|last3=Parins-Fukuchi|first3=Caroline|last4=Yang|first4=Ying-Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jun-Bo|last6=Yang|first6=Zhi-Yun|last7=Hu|first7=Yi|last8=Ma|first8=Hong|last9=Soltis|first9=Pamela S.|last10=Soltis|first10=Douglas E.|last11=Li|first11=De-Zhu|date=July 19, 2021|title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1015–1025|doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|pmid=34282286|s2cid=236141481|issn=2055-0278}}</ref>
There are also several species described from the [[fossil|fossil record]] including:<ref name="Kotyk2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kotyk |first1=M.E.A. |coauthors=Basinger, J.F., McIlver, E.E. |year=2003 |title=Early Tertiary ''Chamaecyparis'' Spach from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic |journal= Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=81 |pages=113–130 |doi= 10.1139/B03-007}}</ref>
*†''[[Chamaecyparis eureka]]'' Middle [[Eocene]], [[Axel Heiberg Island]], Canada.
*†''[[Chamaecyparis linguaefolia]]'' Early-Middle [[Oligocene]], [[Colorado]], USA.
*†''Chamaecyparis ravenscragensis'' (=''Fokienia ravenscragensis''), if genus ''[[Fokienia]]'' is not recognized.


There are also several species described from the [[fossil|fossil record]] including:<ref name="Kotyk2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kotyk |first1=M.E.A. |author2=Basinger, J.F.|author3=McIlver, E.E. |year=2003 |title=Early Tertiary ''Chamaecyparis'' Spach from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic |journal= Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=113–130 |doi= 10.1139/B03-007}}</ref>
''Chamaecyparis'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]] of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Juniper Pug]] and [[Pine Beauty]].
*†''[[Chamaecyparis eureka]]'' – Middle [[Eocene]], [[Axel Heiberg Island]], Canada.
*†''[[Chamaecyparis linguaefolia]]'' – Early-Middle [[Oligocene]], [[Colorado]], USA.
*†''Chamaecyparis ravenscragensis'' – (=''Fokienia ravenscragensis''), if genus ''Fokienia'' is not recognized.

''Chamaecyparis'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]] of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including [[juniper pug]] and [[pine beauty]].


==Cultivation and uses==
==Cultivation and uses==
Four species (''C. lawsoniana, C. obtusa, C. pisifera'', and ''C. thyoides'') are of considerable importance as [[ornamental tree]]s in [[horticulture]]; several hundred [[cultivar]]s have been selected for various traits, including dwarf size, yellow, blue, silvery or variegated foliage, permanent retention of juvenile leaves, and thread-like shoots with reduced branching. In some areas, cultivation is limited by ''[[Phytophthora]]'' root rot diseases, with ''C. lawsoniana'' being particularly susceptible to ''P. lateralis''.
Four species (''C. lawsoniana, C. obtusa, C. pisifera'', and ''C. thyoides'') are of considerable importance as [[ornamental tree]]s in horticulture; several hundred [[cultivar]]s have been selected for various traits, including dwarf size, yellow, blue, silvery or variegated foliage, permanent retention of juvenile leaves, and thread-like shoots with reduced branching. In some areas, cultivation is limited by ''[[Phytophthora]]'' root rot diseases, with ''C. lawsoniana'' being particularly susceptible to ''[[Phytophthora lateralis|P. lateralis]]''.


The [[wood]] is scented, and is highly valued, particularly in Japan, where it is used for temple construction.
The wood is scented, and is highly valued, particularly in Japan, where it is used for temple construction.


==References==
==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.conifers.org/cu/ch/index.htm Gymnosperm Database: ''Chamaecyparis'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=106431 Flora of China: ''Chamaecyparis'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=106431 Flora of North America: ''Chamaecyparis'']
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2370 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Chamaecyparis'']
* Farjon, A. (2005). ''Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4.
* Hwang, S.-Y., Lin, H.-W., Kuo, Y.-S., & Lin, T.-P. (2001). RAPD variation in relation to population differentiation of Chamaecyparis formosensis and Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. ''Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin''. 42: 173-179. Available [http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2001/3/bot423-03.pdf online] (pdf file).
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


* Farjon, A. (2005). ''Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|1-84246-068-4}}.
[[Category:Chamaecyparis|*]]
* Hwang, S.-Y., Lin, H.-W., Kuo, Y.-S., & Lin, T.-P. (2001). RAPD variation in relation to population differentiation of Chamaecyparis formosensis and Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. ''Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin''. 42: 173–179. Available [http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2001/3/bot423-03.pdf online] (pdf file).

{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
{{Cupressaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147791}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Chamaecyparis| ]]
[[be:Кіпарысавік]]
[[Category:Conifer genera]]
[[ca:Chamaecyparis]]
[[cs:Cypřišek]]
[[da:Dværgcypres]]
[[de:Scheinzypressen]]
[[dsb:Pózdatna cypresa]]
[[et:Ebaküpress]]
[[es:Chamaecyparis]]
[[eo:Kamecipariso]]
[[fr:Chamaecyparis]]
[[hsb:Pozdatna cypresa]]
[[it:Chamaecyparis]]
[[lt:Puskiparisis]]
[[hu:Hamisciprus]]
[[nl:Chamaecyparis]]
[[no:Dvergsypresslekten]]
[[pl:Cyprysik]]
[[pt:Chamaecyparis]]
[[ro:Chamaecyparis]]
[[ru:Кипарисовик]]
[[fi:Valesypressit]]
[[sv:Ädelcypress-släktet]]
[[uk:Кипарисовик]]
[[zh:扁柏屬]]

Latest revision as of 18:17, 15 October 2023

Chamaecyparis
Chamaecyparis pisifera foliage and cones
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Cupressaceae
Subfamily: Cupressoideae
Genus: Chamaecyparis
Spach
Type species
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea
(Spreng.) Spach
Synonyms[1]
  • Abela Salisb.
  • Chamaepeuce Zucc. 1841 non DC. 1838
  • Fokienia Henry & Thomas
  • Retinispora Siebold & Zucc.
  • Shishindenia Makino ex Koidz.

Chamaecyparis, common names cypress or false cypress (to distinguish it from related cypresses), is a genus of conifers in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to eastern Asia (Japan and Taiwan) and to the western and eastern margins of the United States.[1] The name is derived from the Greek khamai (χαμαί), meaning "on the earth", and kuparissos (κυπάρισσος) for "cypress".[2]

They are medium-sized to large evergreen trees growing from 20–70 m (66–230 ft) tall, with foliage in flat sprays. The leaves are of two types, needle-like juvenile leaves on young seedlings up to a year old, and scale-like adult leaves. The cones are globose to oval, with 8-14 scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; each scale bears 2-4 small seeds.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Phylogeny

[edit]
Stull et al. 2021[3][4]
Chamaecyparis

C. thyoides (von Linné) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg (Atlantic white cedar)

C. formosensis Matsum. (Taiwan red cypress)

C. pisifera (von Siebold & Zuccarini) Endlicher (Sawara cypress)

C. hodginsii (Dunn) Rushforth (Fujian cypress)

C. lawsoniana (Murray) Parlatore (Port Orford cedar)

C. obtusa (von Siebold & Zuccarini) Endlicher (Japanese cypress)

Species

[edit]
  1. Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum. – Taiwan[1][5]
  2. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A.Murray) Parl., Port Orford cedar or Lawson cypress – California, Oregon, Washington
  3. Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. – Japan
  4. Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. – Honshu, Kyushu
  5. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis Masam. & Suzuki – Taiwan
  6. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Atlantic white cedar (among other names) – Eastern United States (Mississippi to Maine)

Chamaecyparis taiwanensis is treated by many authors as a variety of C. obtusa (as C. obtusa var. formosana).

Genus Fokienia is not always recognized as a separate genus from Chamaecyparis, in which case Chamaecyparis hodginsii (=Fokienia hodginsii) should be added to the above list.[6] On the other hand, a species which used to be included in this genus, as Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, had been transferred on the basis of strong genetic and morphological evidence to the separate genus Xanthocyparis as Xanthocyparis nootkatensis in the early 2000s. After further phylogenetic work the species was moved to the monotypic genus Callitropsis nootkatensis, being sister to the genus Hesperocyparis, and both genera forming a clade with Xanthocyparis as its sister.[7]

There are also several species described from the fossil record including:[8]

Chamaecyparis species are used as food plants by the larva of some Lepidoptera species, including juniper pug and pine beauty.

Cultivation and uses

[edit]

Four species (C. lawsoniana, C. obtusa, C. pisifera, and C. thyoides) are of considerable importance as ornamental trees in horticulture; several hundred cultivars have been selected for various traits, including dwarf size, yellow, blue, silvery or variegated foliage, permanent retention of juvenile leaves, and thread-like shoots with reduced branching. In some areas, cultivation is limited by Phytophthora root rot diseases, with C. lawsoniana being particularly susceptible to P. lateralis.

The wood is scented, and is highly valued, particularly in Japan, where it is used for temple construction.

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chamaecyparis.
  1. ^ a b c "Chamaecyparis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ^ "Chamaecyparis obtusa - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  3. ^ Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.03.13.435279. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 232282918.
  4. ^ Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021). "main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre". Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ "Chamaecyparis". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  6. ^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Chamaecyparis". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  7. ^ Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu (July 19, 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481.
  8. ^ Kotyk, M.E.A.; Basinger, J.F.; McIlver, E.E. (2003). "Early Tertiary Chamaecyparis Spach from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic". Canadian Journal of Botany. 81 (2): 113–130. doi:10.1139/B03-007.
  • Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4.
  • Hwang, S.-Y., Lin, H.-W., Kuo, Y.-S., & Lin, T.-P. (2001). RAPD variation in relation to population differentiation of Chamaecyparis formosensis and Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 42: 173–179. Available online (pdf file).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamaecyparis&oldid=1180291074"