Jump to content

NCBI Epigenomics: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Format PubMed link using AWB
No edit summary
 
(26 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 12: Line 12:
|standard =
|standard =
|format =
|format =
|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics
|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics
|download =
|download =
|webservice =
|webservice =
Line 25: Line 25:
|bookmark =
|bookmark =
|version=
|version=
}}The''' Epigenomics database''' at the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] is a database for whole-genome [[epigenetics]] data sets.<ref name="pmid21075792">{{cite journal |last=Fingerman|first=Ian M|authorlink=|author2=McDaniel Lee |author3=Zhang Xuan |author4=Ratzat Walter |author5=Hassan Tarek |author6=Jiang Zhifang |author7=Cohen Robert F |author8=Schuler Gregory D |date=Jan 2011|title=NCBI Epigenomics: a new public resource for exploring epigenomic data sets|journal = Nucleic Acids Res.|volume=39|issue=Database issue|pages=D908-12|publisher= |location = England| issn = | pmid = 21075792|doi = 10.1093/nar/gkq1146| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | pmc =3013719 | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref>
}}The''' Epigenomics database''' at the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] was a database for whole-genome [[epigenetics]] data sets.<ref name="pmid21075792">{{cite journal |last=Fingerman|first=Ian M|author2=McDaniel Lee |author3=Zhang Xuan |author4=Ratzat Walter |author5=Hassan Tarek |author6=Jiang Zhifang |author7=Cohen Robert F |author8=Schuler Gregory D |date=Jan 2011|title=NCBI Epigenomics: a new public resource for exploring epigenomic data sets|journal = Nucleic Acids Res.|volume=39|issue=Database issue|pages=D908–12| pmid = 21075792|doi = 10.1093/nar/gkq1146| pmc =3013719 }}</ref> It was retired on 1 June 2016.


==The Epigenomics Database==
==The Epigenomics database==
The '''Epigenomic Database''' of the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) was launched in June 2010 as a means to collect maps of epigenetic modifications and their occurrence across the human genome.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=https://commonfund.nih.gov/epigenomics/overview.aspx|work=National Institutes of Health|publisher=Office of Strategic Coordination- The Common Fund|accessdate=22 September 2013}}</ref> This database provides a publicly available resource for maps in [[stem cells]] and primary ''ex vivo'' tissues that detail genome-wide landscapes of epigenetic factors that occur in human development and disease.<ref name="pmid21075792"/>
The Epigenomics database of the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) was launched in June 2010 as a means to collect maps of epigenetic modifications and their occurrence across the human genome.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=https://commonfund.nih.gov/epigenomics/overview.aspx|work=National Institutes of Health|publisher=Office of Strategic Coordination- The Common Fund|access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> This database provides a publicly available resource for maps in [[stem cells]] and primary ''ex vivo'' tissues that detail genome-wide landscapes of epigenetic factors that occur in human development and disease.<ref name="pmid21075792"/>


===Content of Epigenomics database===
===Content of Epigenomics database===
The primary resources for the content of the Epigenomics Database are derived from two archival databases at the NCBI: The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Sequence Read Archive (SRA).<ref name="pmid21075792"/> The Gene Expression Omnibus is a data system for high-throughput genomic data that is generated from microarray and next-generation sequencing technologies.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sayers|first=EW|author2=Et. al|title=Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information.|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=January 2010|volume=38|page=D5–D16|doi=10.1093/nar/gkp967|pmid=19910364|pmc=2808881}}</ref> Data used in the Epigenomics database is a combination of GEO and SRA subsets that are specific to Epigenetic factors. This data is subjected to additional review and organized in a more easily attainable fashion before added to the Epigenomics database.<ref name="pmid21075792"/>
The primary resources for the content of the Epigenomics Database are derived from two archival databases at the NCBI: The [[Gene Expression Omnibus]] (GEO) and the [[Sequence Read Archive]] (SRA).<ref name="pmid21075792"/> The Gene Expression Omnibus is a data system for high-throughput genomic data that is generated from [[microarray]] and [[next-generation sequencing]] technologies.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sayers|first=EW|display-authors=etal|title=Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=January 2010|volume=38|issue=Database issue|pages=D5–16|doi=10.1093/nar/gkp967|pmid=19910364|pmc=2808881}}</ref> Data used in the Epigenomics database is a combination of GEO and SRA subsets that are specific to Epigenetic factors. This data is subjected to additional review and organized in a more easily attainable fashion before added to the Epigenomics database.<ref name="pmid21075792"/>


===Database Use===
===Database use===
All of the experiments and corresponding samples in the Epigenomics database are displayed in the default browser. As of October 2013, there are currently 4112 experiments and 1257 samples available in the database.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref> Five studied species are represented in the database, and many data tracks are available including expression of micro and small RNAs, histone modification and histone modifying enzymes, chromatin accessibility and chromatin associated factors, and transcription factors.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> One such example from the database is a study of certain epigenetic factors in [[Drosophila melanogaster]] at the 20- to 24-hour embryonic stage of development.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Negre|first=N|author2=Morrison CA |author3=Shah PK |author4=Bild NA |author5=White KP |title=Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in staged Drosophila embryos, ChIP-seq|journal=modENCODE|date=12 May 2009|series=GSE16013|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE16013|accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref>
All of the experiments and corresponding samples in the Epigenomics database are displayed in the default browser. As of October 2013, there are currently 4112 experiments and 1257 samples available in the database.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics|title=Epigenomics database|access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Five studied species are represented in the database, and many data tracks are available including expression of [[microRNA|micro]] and [[small RNA]]s, [[histone modification]] and histone modifying enzymes, chromatin accessibility and chromatin associated factors, and [[transcription factors]].<ref name="pmid21075792"/> One such example from the database is a study of certain epigenetic factors in [[Drosophila melanogaster]] at the 20- to 24-hour embryonic stage of development.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Negre|first=N|author2=Morrison CA |author3=Shah PK |author4=Bild NA |author5=White KP |title=Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in staged Drosophila embryos, ChIP-seq|journal=ModENCODE|date=12 May 2009|series=GSE16013|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE16013|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref>


The Epigenomics database browser contain two fundamental search records, "Experiments" and "Samples".
The Epigenomics database browser contain two fundamental search records, "Experiments" and "Samples".


====Experiment Search====
====Experiment search====
The Experiment search record refers to one or more experiments with a set of scientific aims.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> Here a user is able to retrieve full data source information. This information includes the institution of the submitter, links to the original data submissions in GEO and SRA, links to literature citations in [[PubMed]] and/or full text articles in Pubmed.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> Experiment records contain a unique accession number that includes a prefix 'ESS'.<ref name="pmid21075792"/>
The Experiment search record refers to one or more experiments with a set of scientific aims.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> Here a user is able to retrieve full data source information. This information includes the institution of the submitter, links to the original data submissions in GEO and SRA, links to literature citations in [[PubMed]] and/or full text articles in Pubmed.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> Experiment records contain a unique accession number that includes a prefix 'ESS'.<ref name="pmid21075792"/>


====Sample Search====
====Sample search====
The sample search record corresponds to the biological material examined in a given experiment in the database and provides details about source attributes with values from controlled vocabularies.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> There are over 20 biological attribute fields available, and among these fields include strain, cultivar, ecotype, individual, gender, age, developmental stage, cell line, cell type, tissue type, and health status.<ref name="pmid21075792"/>
The sample search record corresponds to the biological material examined in a given experiment in the database and provides details about source attributes with values from controlled vocabularies.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> There are over 20 biological attribute fields available, and among these fields include strain, cultivar, ecotype, individual, gender, age, developmental stage, cell line, cell type, tissue type, and health status.<ref name="pmid21075792"/>


====Database Navigation and Usage Help Resources====
====Database navigation and usage help resources====
There are many available resources online for help in navigating and using the Epigenomics database. The "Epigenetics Help" section of the NCBI help manual contains information on the searchable database and provides a user with tools to use, manage, download and upload, and navigate the database.<ref name="Bookshelf ID: NBK45787">{{cite book|last=Bethesda (MD)|title=Epigenomics Help|year=2010|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)|location=US National Library of Medicine|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45787/}}</ref>
There are many available resources online for help in navigating and using the Epigenomics database. The "Epigenetics Help" section of the NCBI help manual contains information on the searchable database and provides a user with tools to use, manage, download and upload, and navigate the database.<ref name="Bookshelf ID: NBK45787">{{cite book|last=Bethesda (MD)|title=Epigenomics Help|year=2010|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)|location=US National Library of Medicine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45787/}}</ref>
There are also guides to navigation of the database aimed at specific researchers and fields of study, such as stem cell research.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Karnik|first=R|author2=Meissner A.|title=Browsing (Epi)genomes: a guide to data resources and epigenome browsers for stem cell researchers.|journal=Cell Stem Cell|date=3 July 2013|volume=1|pages=14–21|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.006|pmid=23827707|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref>
There are also guides to navigation of the database aimed at specific researchers and fields of study, such as stem cell research.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Karnik|first=R|author2=Meissner A.|title=Browsing (Epi)genomes: a guide to data resources and epigenome browsers for stem cell researchers|journal=Cell Stem Cell|date=3 July 2013|volume=13|issue=1|pages=14–21|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.006|pmid=23827707|pmc=3750740}}</ref>


==Roadmap Epigenomics Project==
==Roadmap Epigenomics Project==
In 2007 the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) launched the '''Roadmap Epigenomics Project'''. The aim of the project is a development of publicly available reference epigenome maps from a variety of cell types.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> These epigenetic maps are intended to provide resources for studies of epigenetic events that underline human development, diversity, and disease.<ref name=pmid20944595>{{cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Bradley E|coauthors=Bradley E Bernstein, John A Stamatoyannopoulos, Joseph F Costello, Bing Ren, Aleksandar Milosavljevic, Alexander Meissner, Manolis Kellis, Marco A Marra, Arthur L Beaudet, Joseph R Ecker, Peggy J Farnham, Martin Hirst, Eric S Lander, Tarjei S Mikkelsen & James A Thomson|title=The NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium|journal=Nature Biotechnology|date=13 October 2010|volume=28|pages=1045–1048|doi=10.1038/nbt1010-1045|pmid=20944595|url=http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n10/full/nbt1010-1045.html|accessdate=22 September 2013|issue=10}}</ref> For similar efforts see the [[ENCODE]](ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project, whose initiatives are complementary to the Roadmap Epigenomics Project.<ref name=pmid15499007>{{cite journal|title=The ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project|journal=Science|date=22 October 2004|volume=306|issue=5696|pages=636–40|doi=10.1126/science.1105136|pmid=15499007|accessdate=22 September 2013}}</ref>
In 2007 the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) launched the '''Roadmap Epigenomics Project'''. The aim of the project is a development of publicly available reference epigenome maps from a variety of cell types.<ref name="pmid21075792"/> These epigenetic maps are intended to provide resources for studies of epigenetic events that underline human development, diversity, and disease.<ref name=pmid20944595>{{cite journal|last1=Bernstein|first1=Bradley E |author-link1=Bradley Bernstein|author2=John A Stamatoyannopoulos |author-link2=John Stamatoyannopoulos |author3=Joseph F Costello |author4=Bing Ren |author5=Aleksandar Milosavljevic |author6=Alexander Meissner |author7=Manolis Kellis |author-link7= Manolis Kellis|author8=Marco A Marra |author-link8= Marco Marra|author9=Arthur L Beaudet |author-link9= Arthur Beaudet|author10=Joseph R Ecker|author-link10= Joseph R. Ecker|author11=Peggy J Farnham |author12=Martin Hirst |author13=Eric S Lander |author-link13= Eric Lander|author14=Tarjei S Mikkelsen |author15=James A Thomson|author-link15= James Thomson (cell biologist) |title=The NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium|journal=Nature Biotechnology|date=13 October 2010|volume=28|pages=1045–1048|doi=10.1038/nbt1010-1045|pmid=20944595|pmc=3607281|issue=10}}</ref> For similar efforts see the [[ENCODE]] (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project, whose initiatives are complementary to the Roadmap Epigenomics Project.<ref name=pmid15499007>{{cite journal|title=The ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project|journal=Science|date=22 October 2004|volume=306|issue=5696|pages=636–40|doi=10.1126/science.1105136|pmid=15499007|last1=Encode Project|first1=Consortium|bibcode=2004Sci...306..636E|s2cid=22837649|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/74915/2/Feingold.SOM.DC1.pdf}}</ref>


==The Epigenome==
==The epigenome==
{{Main article|Epigenome}}
{{Main article|Epigenome}}
The [[epigenome]] consists of a record of the chemical changes to the [[DNA]] and [[Histone]] proteins of an organism. These chemical changes influence gene expression across many tissue types and developmental stages.<ref name=pmid17320505>{{cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Bradley E |author2=Alexander Meissner |author3=Eric S. Lander|title=The Mammalian Epigenome|journal=Cell|date=19 December 2011|volume=128|series=4|pages=669–681|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.033|pmid=17320505|url={{cite journal|pmid=17320505|accessdate=22 September 2013}}</ref> These [[epigenetic]] changes involve methods of altering gene expression that do not involve changes in the underlying primary DNA sequence; these include [[DNA methylation]], [[Gene silencing]], and [[chromatin]] structure,<ref name=isbn:0-87969-490-4>{{cite book|last=Russo, Vincenzo EA, Robert A. Martienssen, and Arthur D. Riggs.|title=Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation|year=1996|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press|isbn=0-87969-490-4|page=Abstract}}</ref> as well as involvement of [[Non-coding RNA]].<ref name=pmid18226475>{{cite journal|last=Costa|first=Fabricio F.|title=Non-coding RNAs, epigenetics and complexity|journal=Gene|date=29 February 2008|volume=410|issue=1|pages=9–17|doi=10.1016/j.gene.2007.12.008|pmid=18226475|url={{cite journal|pmid=18226475|accessdate=22 September 2013}}</ref>
The [[epigenome]] consists of a record of the chemical changes to the [[DNA]] and [[Histone]] proteins of an organism. These chemical changes influence gene expression across many tissue types and developmental stages.<ref name=pmid17320505>{{cite journal|last1=Bernstein|first1=Bradley E |author-link1=Bradley Bernstein|author2=Alexander Meissner |author3=Eric S. Lander |author-link3 =Eric Lander|title=The Mammalian Epigenome|journal=Cell|date=19 December 2011|volume=128|issue=4 |series=4|pages=669–681|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.033|pmid=17320505|doi-access=free}}</ref> These [[epigenetic]] changes involve methods of altering gene expression that do not involve changes in the underlying primary DNA sequence; these include [[DNA methylation]], [[Gene silencing]], and [[chromatin]] structure,<ref name="ISBN 0-87969-490-4">{{cite book|last1=Russo|first1= Vincenzo EA|author2= Robert A. Martienssen |author3= Arthur D. Riggs|author-link3 = Arthur Riggs (geneticist)|title=Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation|year=1996|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press|isbn=978-0-87969-490-6|page=Abstract}}</ref> as well as involvement of [[Non-coding RNA]].<ref name=pmid18226475>{{cite journal|last=Costa|first=Fabricio F.|title=Non-coding RNAs, epigenetics and complexity|journal=Gene|date=29 February 2008|volume=410|issue=1|pages=9–17|doi=10.1016/j.gene.2007.12.008|pmid=18226475}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 62: Line 62:


==External links==
==External links==
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics
* http://www.nihroadmap.nih.gov/epigenomics
* http://www.nihroadmap.nih.gov/epigenomics
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/


[[Category:Epigenetics]]
[[Category:Epigenetics]]

Latest revision as of 20:49, 27 October 2023

NCBI Epigenomics
Content
Descriptionepigenomic data sets.
Contact
Research centerNational Center for Biotechnology Information
AuthorsIan M Fingerman
Primary citationFingerman & al. (2011)[1]
Release date2010
Access
Websitehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics

The Epigenomics database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information was a database for whole-genome epigenetics data sets.[1] It was retired on 1 June 2016.

The Epigenomics database

[edit]

The Epigenomics database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) was launched in June 2010 as a means to collect maps of epigenetic modifications and their occurrence across the human genome.[2] This database provides a publicly available resource for maps in stem cells and primary ex vivo tissues that detail genome-wide landscapes of epigenetic factors that occur in human development and disease.[1]

Content of Epigenomics database

[edit]

The primary resources for the content of the Epigenomics Database are derived from two archival databases at the NCBI: The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Sequence Read Archive (SRA).[1] The Gene Expression Omnibus is a data system for high-throughput genomic data that is generated from microarray and next-generation sequencing technologies.[3] Data used in the Epigenomics database is a combination of GEO and SRA subsets that are specific to Epigenetic factors. This data is subjected to additional review and organized in a more easily attainable fashion before added to the Epigenomics database.[1]

Database use

[edit]

All of the experiments and corresponding samples in the Epigenomics database are displayed in the default browser. As of October 2013, there are currently 4112 experiments and 1257 samples available in the database.[4] Five studied species are represented in the database, and many data tracks are available including expression of micro and small RNAs, histone modification and histone modifying enzymes, chromatin accessibility and chromatin associated factors, and transcription factors.[1] One such example from the database is a study of certain epigenetic factors in Drosophila melanogaster at the 20- to 24-hour embryonic stage of development.[5]

The Epigenomics database browser contain two fundamental search records, "Experiments" and "Samples".

[edit]

The Experiment search record refers to one or more experiments with a set of scientific aims.[1] Here a user is able to retrieve full data source information. This information includes the institution of the submitter, links to the original data submissions in GEO and SRA, links to literature citations in PubMed and/or full text articles in Pubmed.[1] Experiment records contain a unique accession number that includes a prefix 'ESS'.[1]

[edit]

The sample search record corresponds to the biological material examined in a given experiment in the database and provides details about source attributes with values from controlled vocabularies.[1] There are over 20 biological attribute fields available, and among these fields include strain, cultivar, ecotype, individual, gender, age, developmental stage, cell line, cell type, tissue type, and health status.[1]

Database navigation and usage help resources

[edit]

There are many available resources online for help in navigating and using the Epigenomics database. The "Epigenetics Help" section of the NCBI help manual contains information on the searchable database and provides a user with tools to use, manage, download and upload, and navigate the database.[6] There are also guides to navigation of the database aimed at specific researchers and fields of study, such as stem cell research.[7]

Roadmap Epigenomics Project

[edit]

In 2007 the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched the Roadmap Epigenomics Project. The aim of the project is a development of publicly available reference epigenome maps from a variety of cell types.[1] These epigenetic maps are intended to provide resources for studies of epigenetic events that underline human development, diversity, and disease.[8] For similar efforts see the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project, whose initiatives are complementary to the Roadmap Epigenomics Project.[9]

The epigenome

[edit]
Main article: Epigenome

The epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and Histone proteins of an organism. These chemical changes influence gene expression across many tissue types and developmental stages.[10] These epigenetic changes involve methods of altering gene expression that do not involve changes in the underlying primary DNA sequence; these include DNA methylation, Gene silencing, and chromatin structure,[11] as well as involvement of Non-coding RNA.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fingerman, Ian M; McDaniel Lee; Zhang Xuan; Ratzat Walter; Hassan Tarek; Jiang Zhifang; Cohen Robert F; Schuler Gregory D (Jan 2011). "NCBI Epigenomics: a new public resource for exploring epigenomic data sets". Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (Database issue): D908–12. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1146. PMC 3013719. PMID 21075792.
  2. ^ "Overview". National Institutes of Health. Office of Strategic Coordination- The Common Fund. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  3. ^ Sayers, EW; et al. (January 2010). "Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information". Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (Database issue): D5–16. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp967. PMC 2808881. PMID 19910364.
  4. ^ "Epigenomics database". Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  5. ^ Negre, N; Morrison CA; Shah PK; Bild NA; White KP (12 May 2009). "Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in staged Drosophila embryos, ChIP-seq". ModENCODE. GSE16013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  6. ^ Bethesda (MD) (2010). Epigenomics Help. US National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
  7. ^ Karnik, R; Meissner A. (3 July 2013). "Browsing (Epi)genomes: a guide to data resources and epigenome browsers for stem cell researchers". Cell Stem Cell. 13 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.006. PMC 3750740. PMID 23827707.
  8. ^ Bernstein, Bradley E; John A Stamatoyannopoulos; Joseph F Costello; Bing Ren; Aleksandar Milosavljevic; Alexander Meissner; Manolis Kellis; Marco A Marra; Arthur L Beaudet; Joseph R Ecker; Peggy J Farnham; Martin Hirst; Eric S Lander; Tarjei S Mikkelsen; James A Thomson (13 October 2010). "The NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium". Nature Biotechnology. 28 (10): 1045–1048. doi:10.1038/nbt1010-1045. PMC 3607281. PMID 20944595.
  9. ^ Encode Project, Consortium (22 October 2004). "The ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project" (PDF). Science. 306 (5696): 636–40. Bibcode:2004Sci...306..636E. doi:10.1126/science.1105136. PMID 15499007. S2CID 22837649.
  10. ^ Bernstein, Bradley E; Alexander Meissner; Eric S. Lander (19 December 2011). "The Mammalian Epigenome". Cell. 4. 128 (4): 669–681. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.033. PMID 17320505.
  11. ^ Russo, Vincenzo EA; Robert A. Martienssen; Arthur D. Riggs (1996). Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. Abstract. ISBN 978-0-87969-490-6.
  12. ^ Costa, Fabricio F. (29 February 2008). "Non-coding RNAs, epigenetics and complexity". Gene. 410 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2007.12.008. PMID 18226475.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCBI_Epigenomics&oldid=1182209139"