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Coordinates: 37°15′N 34°46′E / 37.250°N 34.767°E / 37.250; 34.767
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:{{About|the town}}
{{About|the town}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
{{foreignchar|Gulek|ü}}
| type = neighbourhood

| province = Mersin
'''Gülek''' is a town in [[Mersin Province]], [[Turkey]].
| district = [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]]
| name = Gülek
| population_total = 1483
| population_as_of = 2022
| coordinates = {{coord|37|15|N|34|46|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
|elevation_m = 1150
|postal_code = 33404
|area_code = 0324
}}
'''Gülek''' is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]], [[Mersin Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its population is 1,483 (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> Before the [[2013 Turkish local government reorganisation|2013 reorganisation]], it was a town (''[[belde]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law No. 6360|url=https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/12/20121206-1.htm |date=6 December 2012 |work=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey|Official Gazette]]|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification tables of municipalities and their affiliates and local administrative units|url=https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/09/20100912-1-1.doc |date=12 September 2010|work=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey|Official Gazette]]|language=tr|format=DOC}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==


Gülek is situated along a valley on the [[Toros Mountains]] at {{coord|37|15|N|34|46|E}}. The main pass of these mountains, which is known as [[Gülek Pass]] (ancient ''[[Cilician Gates]]''), is just east of the town. The altitude of the town is between {{convert|1050|m}} and {{convert|1250|m}}. The population of the town is 4078 <ref>[http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&report=idari_yapi_09sonrasi.RDF&p_il1=33&p_yil=2009&p_dil=2&desformat=html&ENVID=adnksdb2Env Turkish Statistical Institute page]</ref>
Gülek is situated along a valley on the [[Taurus Mountains]]. The main pass of these mountains, which is known as [[Gülek Pass]] (ancient ''[[Cilician Gates]]''), is just east of the town. The average altitude of the town is about {{convert|1150|m}}.


== Administration ==
== Administration ==
Gülek is a part of [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]] district, itself a part of Mersin province. Gülek was a village in the first half of the 20th century. It became the seat of its township in 1954.
Gülek is a part of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] district, which is itself a part of Mersin province. Gülek was a village in the first half of the 20th century. It became the seat of its township in 1954.


== History ==
== History ==
{{Main|Gülek Castle}}
⚫
[[Macedonian Empire|Macedonian]] emperor [[Alexander the Great]] (reigned 336–323 BC) crossed the Taurus mountains through the [[Cilician Gates]] during his campaign against [[Darius III]] (reigned 336–330 BC) of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. Gülek citizens believe that the ancient inscriptions in the pass were erected by Alexander. But, actually, these inscriptions were erected much later by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Caracalla]] (reigned 211–217) during his campaign against the [[Parthian Empire]].
⚫
<ref>[http://www.cekulvakfi.org.tr/icerik/haberDetay.asp?ID=773 Page of Çekul foundation {{in lang|tr}}]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The town (then known as Hins Bwls) was established during the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era. In 652 [[Umayyad]] armies annexed Gülek and surrounding territory. From 861, Gülek fell under the rule of many states, including the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Rum]], [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], and the [[Ramadanids]]. In 1517, sultan [[Selim I]] (reigned 1512–1520) of the [[Ottoman Empire]] annexed Gülek. In 1832, Gülek was briefly occupied by the forces of the rebellious [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] of [[Egypt]] but was returned to Ottoman control after the [[convention of Kütahya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=34 |title=Geçmi̇şten Günümüze Gülek |access-date=2010-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305174440/http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=34 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[First World War]], [[French people|French]] forces tried to occupy Gülek,<ref>See [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]]</ref> but after the local militia forces from Gülek ambushed the French forces on 27 May 1920 at the [[Battle of Karboğazı|pass of Karboğazı]], the French army gave up this project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=57 |title=Nic.tr: Alan adı duraklatılmış |accessdate=2015-04-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145911/http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=57 |archivedate=2014-07-14 }}</ref>
During the Turkish Republic era the name of the settlement was ''Panzinçukuru'' and ''Yaylaçukuru'' up to 1954. In 1954 the settlement was declared a seat of township and renamed to Gülek.


Above the Cilician Gates and a few kilometers from the village is Gülek Kalesi (Armenian: '''Kuklak'''; Arab: '''Kawlāk'''), a large fortification of considerable antiquity which retains evidence of Byzantine and Arab periods of occupation, but is primarily a construction of the 12th and 13th centuries attached to the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]].<ref name="edwards">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII | date=1987|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University| location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-88402-163-7|pages=139–142, 283, pls.6a-8b}}</ref> Its circuit walls and towers at the south and west cover a distance of over 450 meters. An extensive photographic survey and plan of Gülek Castle was made between 1973 and 1979.<ref>[https://charlvarchive.org/Site/112] The survey was conducted by the University of California at Berkeley.</ref>
⚫
[[Macedonian Empire|Macedonian]] emperor [[Alexander the Great]] (reigned 336–323 BC) crossed Taurus mountains through the Cilician Gates during his campaign against [[Darius III]] (reigned 336–330 BC) of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. Gülek citizens believe that the ancient inscriptions in the pass were erected by Alexander. But, actually, these inscriptions were erected much later by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Caracalla]] (reigned 211–217) during his campaign against the [[Parthian Empire]].
⚫
<ref>[http://www.cekulvakfi.org.tr/icerik/haberDetay.asp?ID=773 Page of Çekul foundadtion {{tr icon}}]</ref> The town (then known as Hins Bwls) was established during the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era. In 652 [[Ummayad]] [[Arab]] armies annexed Gülek and surrounding territory. From 861, Gülek fell under many states, including the Byzantine Empire, the [[Sultanate of Rûm|Seljuks]], [[Lesser Armenia]], and the [[Oghuz Turks]] ([[Ramazanoğlu|Ramazanoğlu Turkmens]]). In 1517, sultan [[Selim I]] (reigned 1512–1520) of the [[Ottoman Empire]] annexed Gülek. In 1832, Gülek was briefly occupied by the forces of the rebellious [[Mehmet Ali Pasha]] of [[Egypt]] but was returned to Ottoman control after the [[convention of Kütahya]].<ref>[http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=34 ]</ref> After the [[First World War]], [[French people|French]] forces tried to occupy Gülek,<ref>See [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]]</ref> but after the local militia forces from Gülek ambushed the French forces on 27 May 1920 at the [[Battle of Karboğazı|pass of Karboğazı]], the French army gave up this project.<ref>[http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=57]</ref>


== References and Notes ==
== References and notes ==
<references/>
<references/>


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulek}}
{{Yaylas of Turkey}}
{{Yaylas of Turkey}}
⚫
[[Category:Mediterranean Region, Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mersin Province]]
[[Category:Towns in Turkey]]
[[Category:Yaylas in Turkey7]]


{{Authority control}}
[[tr:Gülek, Tarsus]]
{{Tarsus District}}

⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulek}}
⚫
[[Category:Yaylas in Turkey]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Tarsus District]]

Latest revision as of 00:34, 13 January 2024

This article is about the town. For other uses, see Gülek (disambiguation).
Gülek
Neighbourhood
Gülek is located in Turkey
Gülek
Gülek
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 37°15′N 34°46′E / 37.250°N 34.767°E / 37.250; 34.767
CountryTurkey
ProvinceMersin
DistrictTarsus
Elevation
1,150 m (3,770 ft)
Population
 (2022)
1,483
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
33404
Area code0324

Gülek is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 1,483 (2022).[2] Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).[3][4]

Geography

[edit]

Gülek is situated along a valley on the Taurus Mountains. The main pass of these mountains, which is known as Gülek Pass (ancient Cilician Gates), is just east of the town. The average altitude of the town is about 1,150 metres (3,770 ft).

Administration

[edit]

Gülek is a part of Tarsus district, which is itself a part of Mersin province. Gülek was a village in the first half of the 20th century. It became the seat of its township in 1954.

History

[edit]
Main article: Gülek Castle

Macedonian emperor Alexander the Great (reigned 336–323 BC) crossed the Taurus mountains through the Cilician Gates during his campaign against Darius III (reigned 336–330 BC) of the Achaemenid Empire. Gülek citizens believe that the ancient inscriptions in the pass were erected by Alexander. But, actually, these inscriptions were erected much later by the Roman Emperor Caracalla (reigned 211–217) during his campaign against the Parthian Empire. [5] The town (then known as Hins Bwls) was established during the Byzantine era. In 652 Umayyad armies annexed Gülek and surrounding territory. From 861, Gülek fell under the rule of many states, including the Byzantine Empire, the Sultanate of Rum, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, and the Ramadanids. In 1517, sultan Selim I (reigned 1512–1520) of the Ottoman Empire annexed Gülek. In 1832, Gülek was briefly occupied by the forces of the rebellious Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt but was returned to Ottoman control after the convention of Kütahya.[6] After the First World War, French forces tried to occupy Gülek,[7] but after the local militia forces from Gülek ambushed the French forces on 27 May 1920 at the pass of Karboğazı, the French army gave up this project.[8] During the Turkish Republic era the name of the settlement was Panzinçukuru and Yaylaçukuru up to 1954. In 1954 the settlement was declared a seat of township and renamed to Gülek.

Above the Cilician Gates and a few kilometers from the village is Gülek Kalesi (Armenian: Kuklak; Arab: Kawlāk), a large fortification of considerable antiquity which retains evidence of Byzantine and Arab periods of occupation, but is primarily a construction of the 12th and 13th centuries attached to the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.[9] Its circuit walls and towers at the south and west cover a distance of over 450 meters. An extensive photographic survey and plan of Gülek Castle was made between 1973 and 1979.[10]

References and notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Law No. 6360". Official Gazette (in Turkish). 6 December 2012.
  4. ^ "Classification tables of municipalities and their affiliates and local administrative units" (DOC). Official Gazette (in Turkish). 12 September 2010.
  5. ^ Page of Çekul foundation (in Turkish)[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ "Geçmi̇şten Günümüze Gülek". Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  7. ^ See Sykes–Picot Agreement
  8. ^ "Nic.tr: Alan adı duraklatılmış". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  9. ^ Edwards, Robert W. (1987). The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 139–142, 283, pls.6a-8b. ISBN 0-88402-163-7.
  10. ^ [1] The survey was conducted by the University of California at Berkeley.


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