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| name = Salina Group
| name = Salina Group
| period = Upper Silurian
| period = Upper Silurian
| image =
| image = Halitite (Salina Group, Silurian; Detroit Salt Company mine, Detroit, Michigan, USA) 3.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| caption = Halite (Salina Group, Silurian; Detroit Salt Company mine, Detroit, Michigan, USA)
| type = [[Geological group]]
| type = [[Geological group]]
| prilithology = [[Dolomite (rock)|Dolomite]] & [[Shale]]
| prilithology = [[Dolomite (rock)|Dolomite]] & [[Shale]]
| otherlithology = [[Anhydrite]], [[Limestone]], [[Gypsum]] & [[Halite]]
| otherlithology = [[Anhydrite]], [[Limestone]], [[Gypsum]] & [[Halite]]
| unitof = [[Cayugan Series]]
| unitof = [[Cayugan Series]]
| subunits = [[Bertie Formation]], [[Camillus Formation]], [[Syracuse Formation]] and [[Vernon Formation]]
| subunits = Appalachian Basin & Michigan Basin
*[[Bertie Formation]]
*[[Camillus Formation]]
*[[Syracuse Formation]]
*[[Vernon Formation]]
Illinois Basin
*[[Wabash Formation]]
**Liston Creek Member
**Kenneth Limestone Member
**Kokomo Limestone Member
**[[Misslssinewa Shale Formation]]
*Pleant Mills Limestone
**Limberlost Member
| underlies = [[Helderberg Group]]
| underlies = [[Helderberg Group]]
| overlies = [[Lockport Group]] & [[Bloomsburg Formation]]
| overlies = [[Lockport Group]] & [[Bloomsburg Formation]]
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| country_ts =
| country_ts =
| thickness_ts =
| thickness_ts =
| age = [[Homerian]]-[[Ludfordian]]<br />~{{Fossil range|430|423}}
| age = [[Homerian]]-[[Přídolí]]<br />~{{Fossil range|430|420}}
}}
}}
⚫
The '''Salina Group''' or '''Salina Formation''' is a [[Late Silurian]]-age, [[Stratigraphic unit]] of [[Sedimentary|sedimentary rock]] that is found in Northeastern and Midwestern [[North America]]. Named for its [[Halite]] beds, the phrase "Salina Group" was first used as a descriptive term by James D. Dana in 1863.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elowski |first=Ronald C. |date=1980 |title=GIMDL-RI25.PDF |url=https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/OGMD/Catalog/08/GIMDL-RI25.PDF?rev=b58dcda3838b4f6e9b17c4af55fe0b4e |website=State of Michigan}}</ref> [[File:USGS modified from pierce, WG., and Rich, E.I. 1962.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1: Extent of the Silurian salt deposits in Michigan, Ohio, New York, and adjacent states<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norris |first=Stanley E. |date=1978 |title=HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE SILURIAN SALT DEPOSITS IN PARTS OF MICHIGAN, OHIO, AND NEW YORK |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0684/report.pdf |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>]]


⚫
The Salina is an extensive formation. It ranges from [[West Virginia]] up through [[Pennsylvania]] into [[Ohio]] and then [[Michigan]] in the United States, and from Pennsylvania into [[New York (state)|New York]]. It is also found in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]]. (See Figure 1.)
⚫
The '''Salina Group''' or '''Salina Formation''' is a [[Late Silurian]]-age, [[Stratigraphic unit]] of [[Sedimentary|sedimentary rock]] that is found in Northeastern and Midwestern [[North America]]. Named for its [[Halite]] beds, the phrase "Salina Group" was first used as a descriptive term by James D. Dana in 1863.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elowski |first=Ronald C. |date=1980 |title=GIMDL-RI25.PDF |url=https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/OGMD/Catalog/08/GIMDL-RI25.PDF?rev=b58dcda3838b4f6e9b17c4af55fe0b4e |url-status=live |website=State of Michigan}}</ref> [[File:USGS modified from pierce, WG., and Rich, E.I. 1962.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1: Extent of the Silurian salt deposits in Michigan, Ohio, New York, and adjacent states<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norris |first=Stanley E. |date=1978 |title=HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE SILURIAN SALT DEPOSITS IN PARTS OF MICHIGAN, OHIO, AND NEW YORK |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0684/report.pdf |website=United State Geological Survey}}</ref>]]


⚫
The thickness of the Salina Group varies greatly within the two basins, ranging from 84 feet in the southwestern corner of Michigan to an estimated 5,000 feet in that state's [[Gladwin County, Michigan|Gladwin County]].<ref name=":1" />
⚫
The Salina is an extensive formation. It ranges from [[West Virginia]] up through [[Pennsylvania]] into [[Ohio]] and then [[Michigan]] in the United States, and from Pennsylvania into [[New York (state)|New York]]. It is also found in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]]. (See Figure 1.)


⚫
This formation is of economic importance for [[salt]] [[mining]], [[oil reservoir]] creation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ells |first=Garland D. |date=April 1958 |title=PROGRESS REPORT NUMBER EIGHTEEN Notes on the Devonian-Silurian in the Subsurface of Southwest Michigan |url=https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/OGMD/Catalog/12/PR18.pdf?rev=2080d8c833d740259a3b5cc0ff7e5422 |website=State of Michigan - michigan.gov}}</ref> [[gypsum]] mining,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=R.W |date=1920 |title=GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0697/report.pdf |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> and potential [[natural gas]] storage.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Kristin M. |last2=Patchen |first2=Douglas G. |last3=Moore |first3=Jessica P. |last4=Fakhari |first4=Mohammad |last5=Daft, Jr. |first5=Gary W. |last6=Solis |first6=Michael |last7=Dunst |first7=Brian J. |last8=Anthony |first8=Robin V. |last9=Metz |first9=Kyle |date=August 1, 2016 – July 31, 2017 |title=A Geological Study to Determine the Potential to Create an Appalachian Storage Hub for Natural Gas Liquids |url=http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/ash/securepages/docs/MASTER_ASH_Final_Report_8-29-2017.pdf |website=West Virginia Geological Survey}}</ref> Research has also been done on the viability of storing [[radioactive waste]] in the salt beds of the Salina.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=PIERCE |first1=W. G. |last2=RICH |first2=E. I. |date=1962 |title=Summary of Rock Salt Deposits in the United States as Possible Storage Sites for Radioactive Waste Materials |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1148/report.pdf |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
⚫
The thickness of the Salina Group varies greatly within the two basins, ranging from 84 feet in the southwestern corner of Michigan to an estimated 5,000 feet in that state's [[Gladwin County, Michigan|Gladwin County]].<ref name=":1" />

⚫
This formation is of economic importance for [[salt]] [[mining]], [[oil reservoir]] creation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ells |first=Garland D. |date=April 1958 |title=PROGRESS REPORT NUMBER EIGHTEEN Notes on the Devonian-Silurian in the Subsurface of Southwest Michigan |url=https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/OGMD/Catalog/12/PR18.pdf?rev=2080d8c833d740259a3b5cc0ff7e5422 |url-status=live |website=State of Michigan - michigan.gov}}</ref> [[gypsum]] mining,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=R.W |date=1920 |title=GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0697/report.pdf |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> and potential [[natural gas]] storage.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Kristin M. |last2=Patchen |first2=Douglas G. |last3=Moore |first3=Jessica P. |last4=Fakhari |first4=Mohammad |last5=Daft, Jr. |first5=Gary W. |last6=Solis |first6=Michael |last7=Dunst |first7=Brian J. |last8=Anthony |first8=Robin V. |last9=Metz |first9=Kyle |date=August 1, 2016 - July 31, 2017 |title=A Geological Study to Determine the Potential to Create an Appalachian Storage Hub for Natural Gas Liquids |url=http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/ash/securepages/docs/MASTER_ASH_Final_Report_8-29-2017.pdf |url-status=live |website=West Virginia Geological Survey}}</ref> Research has also been done on the viability of storing [[radioactive waste]] in the salt beds of the Salina.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=PIERCE |first1=W. G. |last2=RICH |first2=E. I. |date=1962 |title=Summary of Rock Salt Deposits in the United States as Possible Storage Sites for Radioactive Waste Materials |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1148/report.pdf |url-status=live |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
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[[Stratigraphy|Stratigraphically]], the Salina is placed in the [[Silurian|Late Silurian]] age and is the lower member of the Cayugan [[Series (geology)|Series.]] It overlies predominantly the [[Lockport Dolomite|Lockport]]; in parts central to northeast Pennsylvania it overlies the [[Bloomsburg Formation]]. It also underlies the [[Helderberg Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fergusson |first1=William B. |last2=Prather |first2=Bruce A. |date=1968 |title=Salt Deposits in the Salina Group in Pennsylvania |publisher=Pennsylvania, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey |url=https://archive.org/details/saltdepositsinsa00ferg/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref>
[[Stratigraphy|Stratigraphically]], the Salina is placed in the [[Silurian|Late Silurian]] age and is the lower member of the Cayugan [[Series (geology)|Series.]] It overlies predominantly the [[Lockport Dolomite|Lockport]]; in parts central to northeast Pennsylvania it overlies the [[Bloomsburg Formation]]. It also underlies the [[Helderberg Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fergusson |first1=William B. |last2=Prather |first2=Bruce A. |date=1968 |title=Salt Deposits in the Salina Group in Pennsylvania |publisher=Pennsylvania, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey |url=https://archive.org/details/saltdepositsinsa00ferg/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref>


=== Appalachian & Michigan Basins ===
Being a thick formation, the Salina has subunits, as well as letter designations for the different formations. The letters originate at the base (oldest) with the A unit to the stratigraphic top H unit (youngest) made up of [[Anhydrite]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janssens |first=Adriaan |date=1977 |title=SILURIAN ROCKS IN THE SUBSURFACE OF NORTHWESTERN OHIO |url=https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/RI100_Janssens_1977.pdf |url-status=live |website=OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES}}</ref>
Being a thick formation, the Salina has subunits, as well as letter designations for the different formations. The letters originate at the base (oldest) with the A unit to the stratigraphic top H unit (youngest) made up of [[Anhydrite]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janssens |first=Adriaan |date=1977 |title=SILURIAN ROCKS IN THE SUBSURFACE OF NORTHWESTERN OHIO |url=https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/RI100_Janssens_1977.pdf |website=OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES}}</ref>


During an extensive study in the state of [[Michigan]], each unit was mapped. Unit A consists of dolomite and shaly dolomite, and is the bottom of the Vernon. Where the formation thickens, there may also be one or two large salt beds within the unit. Anhydrite can be found throughout this unit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Landes |first=Kenneth K. |date=1945 |title=THE SALINA AND BASS ISLAND ROCKS IN THE MICHIGAN BASIN |url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5400.htm |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Due to unit A having two salt or anhydrite beds, it is often divided into the A1 and A2, with A1 being the basal unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rickard |first=Lawernce |date=1969 |title=Stratigraphy of the Upper Silurian Salina Group New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario |url=https://nysm.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/mc12_stratuppersiluriansalinagrpnypaohon.pdf |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=New York State Museum}}</ref>
During an extensive study in the state of [[Michigan]], each unit was mapped. Unit A consists of dolomite and shaly dolomite, and is the bottom of the Vernon. Where the formation thickens, there may also be one or two large salt beds within the unit. Anhydrite can be found throughout this unit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Landes |first=Kenneth K. |date=1945 |title=THE SALINA AND BASS ISLAND ROCKS IN THE MICHIGAN BASIN |url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5400.htm |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Due to unit A having two salt or anhydrite beds, it is often divided into the A1 and A2, with A1 being the basal unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rickard |first=Lawernce |date=1969 |title=Stratigraphy of the Upper Silurian Salina Group New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario |url=https://nysm.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/mc12_stratuppersiluriansalinagrpnypaohon.pdf |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=New York State Museum}}</ref>


Unit B is another salt unit and marks the Middle Vernon. The percentage of salt can range from 90% to 100%. Thin dolomite beds run through this unit. In comparison, Unit C marks the top of the [[Vernon Formation]]. It is a shaly dolomite; however, it can range from pure shale to pure dolomite beds within the unit. Anhydrite can be prevalent within this unit as well.
Unit B is another salt unit and marks the Middle Vernon. The percentage of salt can range from 90% to 100%. Thin dolomite beds run through this unit. In comparison, Unit C marks the top of the [[Vernon Formation]]. It is a shaly dolomite; however, it can range from pure shale to pure dolomite beds within the unit. Anhydrite can be prevalent within this unit as well.


Unit D, the bottom of the Syracuse formation, is almost pure salt. Some dolomite may also occur within this unit. It is the thinnest unit of the Salina, and is not always present.
Unit D, the bottom of the Syracuse formation, is almost pure salt. Some dolomite may also occur within this unit. It is the thinnest unit of the Salina, and is not always present.


Unit E consists of shale, but can include dolomitic shale and dolomite. Anhydrite may also be present within this unit and is also part of the Syracuse.
Unit E consists of shale, but can include dolomitic shale and dolomite. Anhydrite may also be present within this unit and is also part of the Syracuse.


Unit F is the youngest and largest salt in the group, also known as the [[Syracuse Formation]]. Where thicker, the F has beds of salt separated by rock grading from shale to dolomite, often with anhydrite present especially in the shale.
Unit F is the youngest and largest salt in the group, also known as the [[Syracuse Formation]]. Where thicker, the F has beds of salt separated by rock grading from shale to dolomite, often with anhydrite present especially in the shale.


Unit G is the [[Camillus (formation)|Camillus]], which consists of dolomite and anhydrite while unit H is known as the [[Bertie Formation]]. In the Michigan Basin, the Bertie is pinched out; the [[Bass Islands Formation]] makes up the upper most Salina.
Unit G is the [[Camillus (formation)|Camillus]], which consists of dolomite and anhydrite while unit H is known as the [[Bertie Formation]]. In the Michigan Basin, the Bertie is pinched out; the [[Bass Islands Formation]] makes up the upper most Salina.

=== Illinois Basin ===

==== Wabash Formation ====
Wabash Formation made up of the Liston Creek Member, Kenneth Limestone Member, Kokomo Limestone Member and the Misslssinewa Shale member.

==== Pleasant Mills Formation ====
The '''Pleasant Mills Formation''' is made up of the Louisville Equivalent Member and Waldon Equivalent Member and Limberlost Dolomite Member. The Pleasant Mills Formation is equivalent to the entire "A Unit" in the Appalachian Basin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DROSTE |first=JOHN B. |last2=SHAVER |first2=ROBERT H. |date=1982 |title=THE SALINA GROUP (MIDDLE AND UPPER SILURIAN) OF INDIANA Special Report 24 |url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstreams/0f39971d-117b-4c2f-bfea-99bd2717382c/download |website=IUScholarWorks Indiana University}}</ref>


== Economic Resources ==
== Economic Resources ==
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Salt mines and brine wells are located in Western New York, Northeast Ohio and Detroit, Michigan with Ohio's salt production predating European settlement of the area as Native Americans collected and processed brine from springs in several locations, including "salt licks" where minerals were deposited by brine seeping out of the ground. Licking County was named for this natural phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheban |first=Jeffrey |date=30 November 2011 |title=Saltology 101 |work=The Columbus Dispatch |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/technology/2011/12/01/saltology-101/23471890007/ |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> Mahoning County's name is derived from a Native American term "ma-hon-ink" meaning "at the lick."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ROCK SALT |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/rock-salt |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Case Western Reserve University|date=10 September 2021 }}</ref>
Salt mines and brine wells are located in Western New York, Northeast Ohio and Detroit, Michigan with Ohio's salt production predating European settlement of the area as Native Americans collected and processed brine from springs in several locations, including "salt licks" where minerals were deposited by brine seeping out of the ground. Licking County was named for this natural phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheban |first=Jeffrey |date=30 November 2011 |title=Saltology 101 |work=The Columbus Dispatch |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/technology/2011/12/01/saltology-101/23471890007/ |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> Mahoning County's name is derived from a Native American term "ma-hon-ink" meaning "at the lick."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ROCK SALT |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/rock-salt |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Case Western Reserve University|date=10 September 2021 }}</ref>


[[File:Halitite (Salina Group, Silurian; Detroit Salt Company mine, Detroit, Michigan, USA) 3.jpg|thumb|Halite (Salina Group, Silurian; Detroit Salt Company mine, Detroit, Michigan, USA) ]]Throughout the early 1800s, Ohio's salt demand exceeded its production from brine wells and licks. Oil and gas exploration facilitated the discovery of salt during the 1860s; however, it was not until 1886 when the [[Cleveland Rolling Mill]] was drilling its second natural gas well that it hit brine. The salt was at a depth of approximately 1,900 feet. After a series of discoveries of salt around the same depth, it was concluded that there must be a large regional salt deposit. By the 1890s, several brine wells were drilled and operating in Cleveland. In total during this period, five salt-producing companies operating in Northeast Ohio. Clarence Foster examined drilling records from [[Standard Oil]] along [[Lake Erie]]. [[Sterling Morton]] built a salt mine at a depth of 1800 feet during the 1890s. This was located on Cleveland's east side.<ref name=":2" />
Throughout the early 1800s, Ohio's salt demand exceeded its production from brine wells and licks. Oil and gas exploration facilitated the discovery of salt during the 1860s; however, it was not until 1886 when the [[Cleveland Rolling Mill]] was drilling its second natural gas well that it hit brine. The salt was located at a depth of approximately 1,900 feet.<ref name=":2" />

By the 1890s, brine wells were drilled and operating in Cleveland. During this period, five salt-producing companies operated in Northeast Ohio. [[Sterling Morton]] built a salt mine at a depth of 1800 feet on Cleveland's east side and Clarence Foster examined drilling records from [[Standard Oil]] along [[Lake Erie]].<ref name=":2" />


=== Gypsum ===
=== Gypsum ===
[[File:Rock gypsum (gyprock) (Salina Group, Upper Silurian; Ottawa County, Ohio, USA).jpg|thumb|Rock gypsum (gyprock) (Salina Group, Upper Silurian; Ottawa County, Ohio, USA)]]In 1827, Gypsum was first identified in Michigan, near Grand Rapids. An [[Odawa]] man discovered it in a rock outcrop along [[Plaster Creek]] where it enters [[Grand River (Michigan)|Grand River]]. In 1838, Michigan's first state [[geologist]], [[Douglass Houghton]], arrived to select a site for salt mining. He reported an abundance of gypsum in the area. Daniel Ball and business partner Warren Granger constructed a mill to process gypsum in 1841.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schaetzl |first=Richard |title=Gypsum Mining |url=https://project.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/gypsummining.html#:~:text=Douglass%20Houghton%2C%20discovered%20gypsum%20in,gypsum%20mining%20area%20in%20Michigan. |url-status=live |website=Michigan State University}}</ref>
[[File:Rock gypsum (gyprock) (Salina Group, Upper Silurian; Ottawa County, Ohio, USA).jpg|thumb|Rock gypsum (gyprock) (Salina Group, Upper Silurian; Ottawa County, Ohio, USA)]]In 1827, Gypsum was first identified in Michigan, near Grand Rapids. An [[Odawa]] man discovered it in a rock outcrop along [[Plaster Creek]] where it enters [[Grand River (Michigan)|Grand River]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schaetzl |first=Richard |title=Gypsum Mining |url=https://project.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/gypsummining.html#:~:text=Douglass%20Houghton%2C%20discovered%20gypsum%20in,gypsum%20mining%20area%20in%20Michigan. |website=Michigan State University}}</ref>


In 1838, Douglass Houghton and [[Bela Hubbard]] discovered an outcrop of gypsum at the mouth of the [[Au Gres River]] located [[Saginaw Bay]]. The first mill was operational in 1862 in [[Alabaster, Michigan]].<ref name=":0" />
In 1838, Michigan's first state [[geologist]], [[Douglass Houghton]], arrived to select a site for salt mining and reported an abundance of gypsum in the area. That same year, he and [[Bela Hubbard]] discovered an outcrop of gypsum at the mouth of the [[Au Gres River]] in [[Saginaw Bay]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1841, Daniel Ball and business partner Warren Granger built a mill to process gypsum in 1841; a mill built by Houghton and Hubbard in [[Alabaster, Michigan]] became operational in 1862.<ref name=":0"/>


=== Oil and Gas ===
=== Oil and Gas ===
The Salina serves as an oil reservoir formation along the Findlay Arch from Southwestern Michigan down into Northwest Ohio. Salt in not present along the Arch System.
The Salina serves as an oil reservoir formation along the Findlay Arch from Southwestern Michigan down into Northwest Ohio. Salt in not present along the Arch System.


== Fossils ==

=== Algae ===
''Medusaegraptus'' ''graminiformis'' (Ruedemann 1925)

=== Brachiopoda ===
''Orbiculoidea bertiensis (Ruedemann)''

''Lingula semina (Ruedemann)''

=== Coral ===
''Cyathophyllum hydraulicum (Simpson)''

=== Eurypterida ===
''Eurypterus remipes (DeKay, 1825)''

''Archaeophonus eurypteroides (Kjellesvig-Waering 1966)''

''Proscorpius osborni (Whitfield 1885)''

''Paracarcinosoma scorpionis (Grote & Pitt)''

''Eurypterus lacustris (Harlan, 1834)''

''Erettopterus waylandsmithi (Kjellesvig-Waering & Caster 1955)''

''Waeringopterus cumberlandicus (Leutze, 1961)''

''Waeringopterus apfeli (Leutze, 1961)''

''Dolichopterus herkimerensis (Caster and Kjellesvig-Waering 1956)''

=== Graptolithina ===

=== Ostracodes ===
''Leperditia scalaris (Jones 1856)''

=== Mollusca ===

==== Bivalvia ====
''Megalomus canadensis (Hall, 1852)''

==== Gastropoda ====


{{Portal|Geology}}
== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chronostratigraphy of Michigan}}
{{Chronostratigraphy of New York}}
{{Chronostratigraphy of Ohio}}
{{Chronostratigraphy of Pennsylvania}}
{{Chronostratigraphy of West Virginia}}


[[Category:Silurian United States]]
[[Category:Silurian United States]]
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[[Category:Geologic groups of the United States]]
[[Category:Geologic groups of the United States]]
[[Category:Geologic groups of Ontario]]
[[Category:Geologic groups of Ontario]]


{{Silurian footer|state=expanded}}

Latest revision as of 01:07, 7 March 2024

Salina Group
Stratigraphic range: Homerian-Přídolí
~430–420 Ma
Halite (Salina Group, Silurian; Detroit Salt Company mine, Detroit, Michigan, USA)
TypeGeological group
Unit ofCayugan Series
Sub-unitsAppalachian Basin & Michigan Basin

Illinois Basin

UnderliesHelderberg Group
OverliesLockport Group & Bloomsburg Formation
Lithology
PrimaryDolomite & Shale
OtherAnhydrite, Limestone, Gypsum & Halite
Location
RegionAppalachian Basin & Michigan Basin of eastern North America
CountryUnited States of America and Canada
Type section
Named forSalt found within the formation
Named byJames Dwight Dana

The Salina Group or Salina Formation is a Late Silurian-age, Stratigraphic unit of sedimentary rock that is found in Northeastern and Midwestern North America. Named for its Halite beds, the phrase "Salina Group" was first used as a descriptive term by James D. Dana in 1863.[1]

Figure 1: Extent of the Silurian salt deposits in Michigan, Ohio, New York, and adjacent states[2]

The Salina is an extensive formation. It ranges from West Virginia up through Pennsylvania into Ohio and then Michigan in the United States, and from Pennsylvania into New York. It is also found in the Canadian province of Ontario. (See Figure 1.)

The thickness of the Salina Group varies greatly within the two basins, ranging from 84 feet in the southwestern corner of Michigan to an estimated 5,000 feet in that state's Gladwin County.[3]

This formation is of economic importance for salt mining, oil reservoir creation,[4] gypsum mining,[5] and potential natural gas storage.[6] Research has also been done on the viability of storing radioactive waste in the salt beds of the Salina.[7]

Description

[edit]

The Salina Formation is composed chiefly of dolomite and shale, interbedded with anhydrite, gypsum, and salt.[8]

Stratigraphy

[edit]

Stratigraphically, the Salina is placed in the Late Silurian age and is the lower member of the Cayugan Series. It overlies predominantly the Lockport; in parts central to northeast Pennsylvania it overlies the Bloomsburg Formation. It also underlies the Helderberg Group.[9]

Appalachian & Michigan Basins

[edit]

Being a thick formation, the Salina has subunits, as well as letter designations for the different formations. The letters originate at the base (oldest) with the A unit to the stratigraphic top H unit (youngest) made up of Anhydrite.[10]

During an extensive study in the state of Michigan, each unit was mapped. Unit A consists of dolomite and shaly dolomite, and is the bottom of the Vernon. Where the formation thickens, there may also be one or two large salt beds within the unit. Anhydrite can be found throughout this unit.[3] Due to unit A having two salt or anhydrite beds, it is often divided into the A1 and A2, with A1 being the basal unit.[11]

Unit B is another salt unit and marks the Middle Vernon. The percentage of salt can range from 90% to 100%. Thin dolomite beds run through this unit. In comparison, Unit C marks the top of the Vernon Formation. It is a shaly dolomite; however, it can range from pure shale to pure dolomite beds within the unit. Anhydrite can be prevalent within this unit as well.

Unit D, the bottom of the Syracuse formation, is almost pure salt. Some dolomite may also occur within this unit. It is the thinnest unit of the Salina, and is not always present.

Unit E consists of shale, but can include dolomitic shale and dolomite. Anhydrite may also be present within this unit and is also part of the Syracuse.

Unit F is the youngest and largest salt in the group, also known as the Syracuse Formation. Where thicker, the F has beds of salt separated by rock grading from shale to dolomite, often with anhydrite present especially in the shale.

Unit G is the Camillus, which consists of dolomite and anhydrite while unit H is known as the Bertie Formation. In the Michigan Basin, the Bertie is pinched out; the Bass Islands Formation makes up the upper most Salina.

Illinois Basin

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Wabash Formation

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Wabash Formation made up of the Liston Creek Member, Kenneth Limestone Member, Kokomo Limestone Member and the Misslssinewa Shale member.

Pleasant Mills Formation

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The Pleasant Mills Formation is made up of the Louisville Equivalent Member and Waldon Equivalent Member and Limberlost Dolomite Member. The Pleasant Mills Formation is equivalent to the entire "A Unit" in the Appalachian Basin.[12]

Economic Resources

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Carbonite and Evaporite deposits in North East United States

Salt

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Salt mines and brine wells are located in Western New York, Northeast Ohio and Detroit, Michigan with Ohio's salt production predating European settlement of the area as Native Americans collected and processed brine from springs in several locations, including "salt licks" where minerals were deposited by brine seeping out of the ground. Licking County was named for this natural phenomenon.[13] Mahoning County's name is derived from a Native American term "ma-hon-ink" meaning "at the lick."[14]

Throughout the early 1800s, Ohio's salt demand exceeded its production from brine wells and licks. Oil and gas exploration facilitated the discovery of salt during the 1860s; however, it was not until 1886 when the Cleveland Rolling Mill was drilling its second natural gas well that it hit brine. The salt was located at a depth of approximately 1,900 feet.[14]

By the 1890s, brine wells were drilled and operating in Cleveland. During this period, five salt-producing companies operated in Northeast Ohio. Sterling Morton built a salt mine at a depth of 1800 feet on Cleveland's east side and Clarence Foster examined drilling records from Standard Oil along Lake Erie.[14]

Gypsum

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Rock gypsum (gyprock) (Salina Group, Upper Silurian; Ottawa County, Ohio, USA)

In 1827, Gypsum was first identified in Michigan, near Grand Rapids. An Odawa man discovered it in a rock outcrop along Plaster Creek where it enters Grand River.[15]

In 1838, Michigan's first state geologist, Douglass Houghton, arrived to select a site for salt mining and reported an abundance of gypsum in the area. That same year, he and Bela Hubbard discovered an outcrop of gypsum at the mouth of the Au Gres River in Saginaw Bay.[15] In 1841, Daniel Ball and business partner Warren Granger built a mill to process gypsum in 1841; a mill built by Houghton and Hubbard in Alabaster, Michigan became operational in 1862.[15]

Oil and Gas

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The Salina serves as an oil reservoir formation along the Findlay Arch from Southwestern Michigan down into Northwest Ohio. Salt in not present along the Arch System.

Fossils

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Algae

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Medusaegraptus graminiformis (Ruedemann 1925)

Brachiopoda

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Orbiculoidea bertiensis (Ruedemann)

Lingula semina (Ruedemann)

Coral

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Cyathophyllum hydraulicum (Simpson)

Eurypterida

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Eurypterus remipes (DeKay, 1825)

Archaeophonus eurypteroides (Kjellesvig-Waering 1966)

Proscorpius osborni (Whitfield 1885)

Paracarcinosoma scorpionis (Grote & Pitt)

Eurypterus lacustris (Harlan, 1834)

Erettopterus waylandsmithi (Kjellesvig-Waering & Caster 1955)

Waeringopterus cumberlandicus (Leutze, 1961)

Waeringopterus apfeli (Leutze, 1961)

Dolichopterus herkimerensis (Caster and Kjellesvig-Waering 1956)

Graptolithina

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Ostracodes

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Leperditia scalaris (Jones 1856)

Mollusca

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Bivalvia

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Megalomus canadensis (Hall, 1852)

Gastropoda

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References

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  1. ^ Elowski, Ronald C. (1980). "GIMDL-RI25.PDF" (PDF). State of Michigan.
  2. ^ Norris, Stanley E. (1978). "HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE SILURIAN SALT DEPOSITS IN PARTS OF MICHIGAN, OHIO, AND NEW YORK" (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
  3. ^ a b Landes, Kenneth K. (1945). "THE SALINA AND BASS ISLAND ROCKS IN THE MICHIGAN BASIN". United States Geological Survey.
  4. ^ Ells, Garland D. (April 1958). "PROGRESS REPORT NUMBER EIGHTEEN Notes on the Devonian-Silurian in the Subsurface of Southwest Michigan" (PDF). State of Michigan - michigan.gov.
  5. ^ Stone, R.W (1920). "GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES" (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
  6. ^ Carter, Kristin M.; Patchen, Douglas G.; Moore, Jessica P.; Fakhari, Mohammad; Daft, Jr., Gary W.; Solis, Michael; Dunst, Brian J.; Anthony, Robin V.; Metz, Kyle (August 1, 2016 – July 31, 2017). "A Geological Study to Determine the Potential to Create an Appalachian Storage Hub for Natural Gas Liquids" (PDF). West Virginia Geological Survey.
  7. ^ PIERCE, W. G.; RICH, E. I. (1962). "Summary of Rock Salt Deposits in the United States as Possible Storage Sites for Radioactive Waste Materials" (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
  8. ^ Norris, Stanley E. (June 1978). "HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE SILURIAN SALT DEPOSITS IN PARTS OF MICHIGAN, OHIO, AND NEW YORK" (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
  9. ^ Fergusson, William B.; Prather, Bruce A. (1968). "Salt Deposits in the Salina Group in Pennsylvania". Pennsylvania, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey.
  10. ^ Janssens, Adriaan (1977). "SILURIAN ROCKS IN THE SUBSURFACE OF NORTHWESTERN OHIO" (PDF). OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
  11. ^ Rickard, Lawernce (1969). "Stratigraphy of the Upper Silurian Salina Group New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario" (PDF). New York State Museum. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  12. ^ DROSTE, JOHN B.; SHAVER, ROBERT H. (1982). "THE SALINA GROUP (MIDDLE AND UPPER SILURIAN) OF INDIANA Special Report 24". IUScholarWorks Indiana University.
  13. ^ Sheban, Jeffrey (30 November 2011). "Saltology 101". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  14. ^ a b c "ROCK SALT". Case Western Reserve University. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  15. ^ a b c Schaetzl, Richard. "Gypsum Mining". Michigan State University.


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