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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rufous-bellied Niltava Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East Sikkim India 20.04.2016.jpg
| image = Rufous-bellied Niltava Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East Sikkim India 20.04.2016.jpg
| image_caption = Male from [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[East Sikkim]]
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Rufous-bellied niltava (Female).jpg
| image2 = Rufous-bellied niltava (Female).jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| image2_caption = Female<br />both ''N. s. denotata''<br />[[Thailand]]
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22709473 |title=''Niltava sundara'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Niltava sundara'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22709473A94210975 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22709473A94210975.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| genus = Niltava
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = sundara
⚫
| authority = [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1837
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Muscicapidae]]
| genus = ''[[Niltava]]''
| species = '''''N. sundara'''''
| binomial = ''Niltava sundara''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1837
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
}}
}}


The '''rufous-bellied niltava''' (''Niltava sundara'') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Muscicapidae]].
The '''rufous-bellied niltava''' ('''''Niltava sundara''''') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Muscicapidae]].

[[File:Rufous-bellied Niltava.jpg|thumb|left]]
It is found in [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Thailand]]. Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s and subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]]s.
It is found in [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]]. Its natural [[habitat]]s are [[subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest]] and subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]].

Rufous-bellied niltava measures 15–18&nbsp;cm and weighs 19–24 g.<ref name="Clement (2020)">Clement, P. (2020). Rufous-bellied Niltava (''Niltava sundara''), version 1.0. In ''Birds of the World'' (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rubnil1.01</ref> It is a large, stocky and brightly coloured flycatcher with rounded head shape, fairly short tail and broad-based bill.

== Taxonomy and systematics ==
The rufous-breasted niltava is one of six species in the genus [[Niltava]], found in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] as well as in [[China]]. This bird has sometimes been considered to be conspecific with the [[Fujian niltava]] and [[Niltava sumatrana|rufous-vented niltava]].

It was described by the English naturalist [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Brian Hodgson]] in 1837.<ref name=hodgson>{{ cite journal | last=Hodgson | first=Brian Houghton | author-link=Brian Houghton Hodgson | date=1837 | title=Indication of a new genus of insessores, tending to connect the Sylviadae and Muscicapidae | journal=India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts | volume=1 | pages=650–652 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52653011 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''sundara'' is a [[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] version of the [[Hindi]] word ''sundar'', meaning "beautiful".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A. |title=A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |publisher=Oxford University |year=1991 |isbn=0198546343 |pages=161 |language=English}}</ref>

The bird has also been called the '''blue-and-orange niltava''' or '''black-and-orange niltava''', as the male's blue upperparts may look black in poor light. Other names for the bird include '''orange-bellied niltava''', '''beautiful niltava''', or the '''sundara niltava'''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-07|title=Mystery bird: rufous-bellied niltava, Niltava sundara {{!}} GrrlScientist|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/grrlscientist/2012/may/07/8|access-date=2020-10-29|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

=== Subspecies ===
''N. s. sundara'' - <small>([[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1837)</small>: The nominate subspecies, it is found in the central and eastern Himalayas east from Nepal and from [[South China]] to Myanmar. Non-breeding individuals are also found northeastern Bangladesh.<ref name="Clement (2020)" />

''N. s. whistleri'' - <small>([[Claud B. Ticehurst|Ticehurst]], 1926)</small>: Found in the [[Himalayas]] in north [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], extending eastward up until [[Uttarakhand]]. The subspecific epithet is in honour of [[Hugh Whistler]]. Males have paler underparts than that of the nominate, and females have a paler tail, upperparts, and more greyish-olive on their underparts.<ref name="Clement (2020)" />

''N. s. denotata'' - <small>(Bangs & Phillips, 1914)</small>: Found in eastern [[Myanmar]], southern China, and northwestern Vietnam. Non-breeding individuals can be found further south to northern [[Thailand]] and [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]]. Males more violet-blue in colour than that of the nominate, with females having more olive-brown on the crown and nape, buff on forehead, rufous-brown on mantle and rufous on uppertail-coverts and tail edges.<ref name="Clement (2020)" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Niltava sundara|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=561623#null|access-date=2020-10-29|website=www.itis.gov}}</ref>

== Ecology and behaviour ==

=== Diet ===
The rufous-breasted niltava is predominantly [[Insectivore|insectivorous]]. Its diet mainly consists of small invertebrates and larvae (especially [[ant]]s and [[beetle]]s), along with occasional consumption of fruit. Feeds by perching quietly in the undergrowth and darting out or dropping to the ground to catch prey. Rufous-breasted niltavas tend to feed either solitarily or in pairs, sometimes joining mixed-species flocks. It tends to be more solitary in winter.<ref name="Clement (2020)" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
Rufous-bellied niltava in Nepal.jpg|male ''N.s. sundara'', [[Nepal]]
Rufous-bellied niltava (Niltava sundara sundara) female Phulchowki.jpg|female ''N.s. sundara'', [[Nepal]]
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category|Niltava sundara}}
{{Commons category|Niltava sundara}}
{{Reflist}}<!-- Forktail16:147. -->
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1590088}}


[[Category:Niltava|rufous-bellied niltava]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rufous-Bellied Niltava}}
[[Category:Niltava]]
[[Category:Birds of Central China]]
[[Category:Birds of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Birds of the Himalayas]]
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[[Category:Birds of Myanmar]]
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[[Category:Birds of Tibet]]
[[Category:Birds of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1837|rufous-bellied niltava]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Brian Houghton Hodgson]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Birds of Nepal]]
[[Category:Birds of Nepal]]
⚫
[[Category:Birds of Bangladesh]]
⚫
[[Category:Birds described in 1837]]




Latest revision as of 15:16, 22 March 2024

Rufous-bellied niltava
Male
Female
both N. s. denotata
Thailand
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Muscicapidae
Genus: Niltava
Species:
N. sundara
Binomial name
Niltava sundara
Hodgson, 1837

The rufous-bellied niltava (Niltava sundara) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae.

It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

Rufous-bellied niltava measures 15–18 cm and weighs 19–24 g.[2] It is a large, stocky and brightly coloured flycatcher with rounded head shape, fairly short tail and broad-based bill.

Taxonomy and systematics

[edit]

The rufous-breasted niltava is one of six species in the genus Niltava, found in South and Southeast Asia as well as in China. This bird has sometimes been considered to be conspecific with the Fujian niltava and rufous-vented niltava.

It was described by the English naturalist Brian Hodgson in 1837.[3] The specific epithet sundara is a Latinised version of the Hindi word sundar, meaning "beautiful".[4]

The bird has also been called the blue-and-orange niltava or black-and-orange niltava, as the male's blue upperparts may look black in poor light. Other names for the bird include orange-bellied niltava, beautiful niltava, or the sundara niltava.[5]

Subspecies

[edit]

N. s. sundara - (Hodgson, 1837): The nominate subspecies, it is found in the central and eastern Himalayas east from Nepal and from South China to Myanmar. Non-breeding individuals are also found northeastern Bangladesh.[2]

N. s. whistleri - (Ticehurst, 1926): Found in the Himalayas in north India and Pakistan, extending eastward up until Uttarakhand. The subspecific epithet is in honour of Hugh Whistler. Males have paler underparts than that of the nominate, and females have a paler tail, upperparts, and more greyish-olive on their underparts.[2]

N. s. denotata - (Bangs & Phillips, 1914): Found in eastern Myanmar, southern China, and northwestern Vietnam. Non-breeding individuals can be found further south to northern Thailand and Indochina. Males more violet-blue in colour than that of the nominate, with females having more olive-brown on the crown and nape, buff on forehead, rufous-brown on mantle and rufous on uppertail-coverts and tail edges.[2][6]

Ecology and behaviour

[edit]

Diet

[edit]

The rufous-breasted niltava is predominantly insectivorous. Its diet mainly consists of small invertebrates and larvae (especially ants and beetles), along with occasional consumption of fruit. Feeds by perching quietly in the undergrowth and darting out or dropping to the ground to catch prey. Rufous-breasted niltavas tend to feed either solitarily or in pairs, sometimes joining mixed-species flocks. It tends to be more solitary in winter.[2]

[edit]
  • male N.s. sundara, Nepal
    male N.s. sundara, Nepal
  • female N.s. sundara, Nepal
    female N.s. sundara, Nepal

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Niltava sundara.
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Niltava sundara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22709473A94210975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22709473A94210975.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Clement, P. (2020). Rufous-bellied Niltava (Niltava sundara), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rubnil1.01
  3. ^ Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1837). "Indication of a new genus of insessores, tending to connect the Sylviadae and Muscicapidae". India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts. 1: 650–652.
  4. ^ Jobling, James A. (1991). A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Oxford University. p. 161. ISBN 0198546343.
  5. ^ "Mystery bird: rufous-bellied niltava, Niltava sundara | GrrlScientist". the Guardian. 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  6. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Niltava sundara". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-29.


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