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The [[1994 Pacific hurricane season]] was an event in the annual cycle of [[tropical cyclogenesis]] over the Pacific Ocean north of the [[Equator]] and east of the [[International Date Line]]. The season began on May&nbsp;15 in the Eastern Pacific proper (east of 140°W) and on June&nbsp;1 in the Central Pacific (140°W to the International Date Line), and ended on November&nbsp;30. These dates conventionally delineate the period each year when [[tropical cyclone]]s tend to form in the basin according to the [[National Hurricane Center]].<ref name="TCClimo">{{cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|location=[[Miami, Florida]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223100811/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/|archive-date=February 23, 2024|url-status=live|access-date=March 18, 2024}}</ref> This timeline documents the formation of tropical cyclones as well as the strengthening, weakening, [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfalls]], [[extratropical cyclone#Extratropical transition|extratropical transitions]], and dissipations during the season.
The [[1994 Pacific hurricane season]] was an event in the annual cycle of [[tropical cyclogenesis]] over the Pacific Ocean north of the [[Equator]] and east of the [[International Date Line]]. The season began on May&nbsp;15 in the Eastern Pacific proper (east of 140°W) and on June&nbsp;1 in the Central Pacific (140°W to the International Date Line), and ended on November&nbsp;30. These dates conventionally delineate the period each year when [[tropical cyclone]]s tend to form in the basin according to the [[National Hurricane Center]].<ref name="TCClimo">{{cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|location=[[Miami, Florida]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223100811/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/|archive-date=February 23, 2024|url-status=live|access-date=March 18, 2024}}</ref> This timeline documents the formation of tropical cyclones as well as the strengthening, weakening, [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfalls]], [[extratropical cyclone#Extratropical transition|extratropical transitions]], and dissipations during the season.


A total of twenty-two tropical depressions formed, with all but two strengthening into named tropical storms; ten became hurricanes, of which five became major hurricanes (Category&nbsp;3 or higher on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]]).<ref name="EPAC summary">{{cite journal|last1=Pasch|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mayfield|first2=Max|author-link2=Max Mayfield|title=Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1994|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|volume=124|issue=7|pages=1579–1590|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1579:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1996MWRv..124.1579P|date=July 1, 1996|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="CPAC">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclones 1994|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/CP1994_Seasonal_TCR.pdf|publisher=[[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201195308/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/CP1994_Seasonal_TCR.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2024|url-status=live|accessdate=February 24, 2024|format=PDF}}</ref> Activity generally occurred farther west than usual, due in part to above-average [[sea surface temperature]]s over the southeastern portion of the Central Pacific basin and the presence of a large [[anticyclone]] near 140°W for much of July and August.<ref name="EPAC summary"/> With seventeen named storms and nine hurricanes forming east of 140°W, the National Hurricane Center considered this season to be near average for the Eastern Pacific proper.<ref name="EPAC summary"/> However, activity in the Central Pacific was considerably greater than average, with three storms (Hurricane Li and Tropical Storms Mele and Nona) forming in the basin and many more entering from the Eastern Pacific.<ref name="EPAC summary"/><ref name="CPAC"/> Five storms ([[Hurricane Emilia (1994)|Emilia]], [[Hurricane Gilma (1994)|Gilma]], Li, [[Hurricane John (1994)|John]], and Kristy) either became hurricanes in the Central Pacific or maintained hurricane strength as they crossed 140°W. This was the largest number of Central Pacific hurricanes in one season until the [[2015 Pacific hurricane season|2015 season]] produced eight hurricanes in the region.<ref name="EPAC summary"/><ref name="CPAC-2015">{{cite report|author=Chris Brenchley|title=Historic Hurricane Season – 2015 Summary for the Central Pacific Basin|url=https://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/examples/2015_HurricaneSeasonSummary_MediaAdvisory.pdf|publisher=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|date=December 18, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2024|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402160427/https://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/examples/2015_HurricaneSeasonSummary_MediaAdvisory.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hurricanes Emilia, Gilma, and John all reached [[List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes|Category&nbsp;5]] intensity, the highest rating on the scale, while in the Central Pacific. This set a record for most Category&nbsp;5 hurricanes in one season, which would later be tied in [[2002 Pacific hurricane season|2002]] and [[2018 Pacific hurricane season|2018]].<ref name="Klotzbach">{{cite tweet|last=Klotzbach|first=Philip|user=philklotzbach|number=1054399632887795713|title=Two other NE Pacific (to 180°) #hurricane seasons have had three Category 5 hurricanes: 1994 and 2002.|access-date=March 19, 2024}}</ref> The tropical cyclones of the 1994 season collectively generated an [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] value of 185.2&nbsp;units, which is the eleventh-highest on record for a Pacific hurricane season as of March&nbsp;2024.{{#tag:ref|Broadly speaking, Accumulated Cyclone Energy is the square of a tropical cyclone's wind intensity in knots at 6-hour intervals, multiplied by the length of time it existed.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Climate Prediction Center]]|title=Background information: Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season|date=May 22, 2019|url=https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/Background.html|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724071552/https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html|archive-date=July 24, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="nb"}}<ref>{{cite web| title=Basin Archives: Northeast Pacific Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics|url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northeastpacific|publisher=[[Colorado State University]]|location=[[Fort Collins, Colorado]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217045056/https://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northeastpacific|archive-date=December 17, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=March 21, 2024}}</ref> Despite the high overall activity, the season had an unusually late start;<ref name="Aletta pg 1">{{cite report|last=Pasch|first=Richard J.|date=October 25, 1994|title=Tropical Storm Aletta Preliminary Report (Page One)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=February 23, 2024|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1994/aletta/prenhc/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223180527/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1994/aletta/prenhc/prelim01.gif|archive-date=February 23, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> it did not commence until the formation of Tropical Storm Aletta on June&nbsp;18. The season ended on October&nbsp;26 with the dissipation of Tropical Storm Nona.
A total of twenty-two tropical depressions formed, with all but two strengthening into named tropical storms; ten became hurricanes, of which five became major hurricanes (Category&nbsp;3 or higher on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]]).<ref name="EPAC summary">{{cite journal|last1=Pasch|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mayfield|first2=Max|author-link2=Max Mayfield|title=Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1994|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|volume=124|issue=7|pages=1579–1590|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1579:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1996MWRv..124.1579P|date=July 1, 1996|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="CPAC">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclones 1994|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/CP1994_Seasonal_TCR.pdf|publisher=[[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201195308/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/CP1994_Seasonal_TCR.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2024|url-status=live|accessdate=February 24, 2024|format=PDF}}</ref> Activity generally occurred farther west than usual, due in part to above-average [[sea surface temperature]]s over the southeastern portion of the Central Pacific basin and the presence of a large [[anticyclone]] near 140°W for much of July and August.<ref name="EPAC summary"/> With seventeen named storms and nine hurricanes forming east of 140°W, the National Hurricane Center considered this season to be near average for the Eastern Pacific proper.<ref name="EPAC summary"/> However, activity in the Central Pacific was considerably greater than average, with three storms (Hurricane Li and Tropical Storms Mele and Nona) forming in the basin and many more entering from the Eastern Pacific.<ref name="EPAC summary"/><ref name="CPAC"/> Five storms ([[Hurricane Emilia (1994)|Emilia]], [[Hurricane Gilma (1994)|Gilma]], Li, [[Hurricane John (1994)|John]], and Kristy) either became hurricanes in the Central Pacific or maintained hurricane strength as they crossed 140°W. This was the largest number of Central Pacific hurricanes in one season until the [[2015 Pacific hurricane season|2015 season]] produced eight hurricanes in the region.<ref name="EPAC summary"/><ref name="CPAC-2015">{{cite report|author=Chris Brenchley|title=Historic Hurricane Season – 2015 Summary for the Central Pacific Basin|url=https://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/examples/2015_HurricaneSeasonSummary_MediaAdvisory.pdf|publisher=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|date=December 18, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2024|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402160427/https://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/examples/2015_HurricaneSeasonSummary_MediaAdvisory.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hurricanes Emilia, Gilma, and John all reached [[List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes|Category&nbsp;5]] intensity, the highest rating on the scale, while in the Central Pacific. This set a record for most Category&nbsp;5 hurricanes in one season, which would later be tied in [[2002 Pacific hurricane season|2002]] and [[2018 Pacific hurricane season|2018]].<ref name="Klotzbach">{{cite tweet|last=Klotzbach|first=Philip|user=philklotzbach|number=1054399632887795713|title=Two other NE Pacific (to 180°) #hurricane seasons have had three Category 5 hurricanes: 1994 and 2002.|access-date=March 19, 2024}}</ref> The high overall activity this season was attributed to [[El Niño]], which generally increases tropical cyclone activity in the Eastern Pacific basin.<ref name="CPAC-1997">{{cite web|url= http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1997.php|title=The 1997 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|last1=Hablutzel|first1=Benjamin|last2=Rosendal|first2=Hans|last3=Weyman|first3=James|last4=Hoag|first4=Jonathan|publisher=[[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]]|access-date=March 22, 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081020105520/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1997.php| archive-date=October 20, 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> The storms of the 1994 season collectively generated an [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] value of 185.2&nbsp;units, which is the eleventh-highest on record for a Pacific hurricane season as of March&nbsp;2024.{{#tag:ref|Broadly speaking, Accumulated Cyclone Energy is the square of a tropical cyclone's wind intensity in knots at 6-hour intervals, multiplied by the length of time it existed.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Climate Prediction Center]]|title=Background information: Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season|date=May 22, 2019|url=https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/Background.html|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724071552/https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html|archive-date=July 24, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="nb"}}<ref>{{cite web| title=Basin Archives: Northeast Pacific Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics|url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northeastpacific|publisher=[[Colorado State University]]|location=[[Fort Collins, Colorado]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217045056/https://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northeastpacific|archive-date=December 17, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=March 21, 2024}}</ref> Despite this, the season had an unusually late start;<ref name="Aletta pg 1">{{cite report|last=Pasch|first=Richard J.|date=October 25, 1994|title=Tropical Storm Aletta Preliminary Report (Page One)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=February 23, 2024|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1994/aletta/prenhc/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223180527/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1994/aletta/prenhc/prelim01.gif|archive-date=February 23, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> it did not commence until the formation of Tropical Storm Aletta on June&nbsp;18. The season ended on October&nbsp;26 with the dissipation of Tropical Storm Nona.


Only one tropical cyclone, [[Hurricane Rosa (1994)|Hurricane Rosa]] in October, caused fatalities or made landfall during the 1994 season. After striking the coast of the Mexican state of [[Sinaloa]] at Category&nbsp;2 strength, Rosa proceeded rapidly northeastward across Mexico&nbsp;– killing five&nbsp;people in the country<ref name="EPAC summary"/>&nbsp;– and into Texas. The storm and its remnants caused disastrous flooding in southeastern Texas, claiming more than twenty&nbsp;lives and wreaking at least $700&nbsp;million (1994&nbsp;[[United States Dollar|USD]]) in damage.<ref name="Texas floods">{{cite report|last1=Liscum|first1=Fred|last2=East|first2=Jeffery W.|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-073-94/pdf/FS-94-073.pdf|title=Floods in Southeast Texas, October 1994|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|format=PDF|access-date=March 21, 2024|date=January 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201160056/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-073-94/pdf/FS-94-073.pdf|archive-date=December 1, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier in the season, Tropical Depression One-C and Hurricane John caused minor impacts in the Central Pacific. Heavy rainfall from One-C generated substantial flooding on the Big Island of Hawaii during the second week of August, resulting in damages estimated at up to $5&nbsp;million (1994&nbsp;USD).<ref name="CPAC"/> John approached [[Johnston Atoll]] after weakening greatly from its peak intensity, passing approximately 15&nbsp;mi (25&nbsp;km) to the north as a strong Category&nbsp;1 hurricane. High winds caused $15&nbsp;million (1994&nbsp;USD) in damage on the atoll, which was the only land area directly affected by John during a full month as a tropical cyclone. Traversing the Pacific Ocean for 8,190&nbsp;mi (13,180&nbsp;km), John is the farthest-traveling tropical cyclone on record worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html|title=TCFAQ E7) What is the farthest a tropical cyclone has traveled?|publisher=[[Hurricane Research Division]]|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208010617/https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html|archive-date=February 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/tropical-cyclone-longest-distance-traveled-tropical-cyclone|title=Tropical Cyclone: Longest Distance Traveled by Tropical Cyclone|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] via [[Arizona State University]]|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203232543/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/tropical-cyclone-longest-distance-traveled-tropical-cyclone|archive-date=December 3, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Lasting for thirty or thirty-one&nbsp;days, John was also the longest-lived tropical cyclone on record globally until [[Cyclone Freddy]], which spent at least thirty-four days as a tropical cyclone in February and March of 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-longest-lasting-tropical-cyclone-on-earth|title=Ferocious Freddy slams into Mozambique for second time in 2 weeks|last=Donegan|first=Brian|work=[[Fox Weather]]|location=[[New York City, New York]]|date=March 11, 2023|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208223143/https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-longest-lasting-tropical-cyclone-on-earth|archive-date=December 8, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/malawi/southern-africa-snapshot-tropical-cyclone-freddys-impact-february-march-2023|title=Southern Africa: Snapshot of Tropical Cyclone Freddy's Impact (February – March 2023)|publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]|date=May 13, 2023|access-date=March 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14312|title=NASA Tracks Freddy, Longest-lived Tropical Cyclone on Record|last1=Lang|first1=Stephen|last2=Reed|first2=Jacob|website=[[Scientific Visualization Studio]]|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=March 16, 2023|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202153748/https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14312|archive-date=December 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
Only one tropical cyclone, [[Hurricane Rosa (1994)|Hurricane Rosa]] in October, caused fatalities or made landfall during the 1994 season. After striking the coast of the Mexican state of [[Sinaloa]] at Category&nbsp;2 strength, Rosa proceeded rapidly northeastward across Mexico&nbsp;– killing five&nbsp;people in the country<ref name="EPAC summary"/>&nbsp;– and into Texas. The storm and its remnants caused disastrous flooding in southeastern Texas, claiming more than twenty&nbsp;lives and wreaking at least $700&nbsp;million (1994&nbsp;[[United States Dollar|USD]]) in damage.<ref name="Texas floods">{{cite report|last1=Liscum|first1=Fred|last2=East|first2=Jeffery W.|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-073-94/pdf/FS-94-073.pdf|title=Floods in Southeast Texas, October 1994|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|format=PDF|access-date=March 21, 2024|date=January 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201160056/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-073-94/pdf/FS-94-073.pdf|archive-date=December 1, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier in the season, Tropical Depression One-C and Hurricane John caused minor impacts in the Central Pacific. Heavy rainfall from One-C generated substantial flooding on the Big Island of Hawaii during the second week of August, resulting in damages estimated at up to $5&nbsp;million (1994&nbsp;USD).<ref name="CPAC"/> John approached [[Johnston Atoll]] after weakening greatly from its peak intensity, passing approximately 15&nbsp;mi (25&nbsp;km) to the north as a strong Category&nbsp;1 hurricane. High winds caused $15&nbsp;million (1994&nbsp;USD) in damage on the atoll, which was the only land area directly affected by John during a full month as a tropical cyclone. Traversing the Pacific Ocean for 8,190&nbsp;mi (13,180&nbsp;km), John is the farthest-traveling tropical cyclone on record worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html|title=TCFAQ E7) What is the farthest a tropical cyclone has traveled?|publisher=[[Hurricane Research Division]]|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208010617/https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html|archive-date=February 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/tropical-cyclone-longest-distance-traveled-tropical-cyclone|title=Tropical Cyclone: Longest Distance Traveled by Tropical Cyclone|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] via [[Arizona State University]]|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203232543/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/tropical-cyclone-longest-distance-traveled-tropical-cyclone|archive-date=December 3, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Lasting for thirty or thirty-one&nbsp;days, John was also the longest-lived tropical cyclone on record globally until [[Cyclone Freddy]], which spent at least thirty-four days as a tropical cyclone in February and March of 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-longest-lasting-tropical-cyclone-on-earth|title=Ferocious Freddy slams into Mozambique for second time in 2 weeks|last=Donegan|first=Brian|work=[[Fox Weather]]|location=[[New York City, New York]]|date=March 11, 2023|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208223143/https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-longest-lasting-tropical-cyclone-on-earth|archive-date=December 8, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/malawi/southern-africa-snapshot-tropical-cyclone-freddys-impact-february-march-2023|title=Southern Africa: Snapshot of Tropical Cyclone Freddy's Impact (February – March 2023)|publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]|date=May 13, 2023|access-date=March 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14312|title=NASA Tracks Freddy, Longest-lived Tropical Cyclone on Record|last1=Lang|first1=Stephen|last2=Reed|first2=Jacob|website=[[Scientific Visualization Studio]]|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=March 16, 2023|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202153748/https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14312|archive-date=December 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:46, 22 March 2024

Timeline of the
1994 Pacific hurricane season
A map of the tracks of all the storms of the 1994 Pacific hurricane season.
Season summary map
Season boundaries
First system formedJune 18, 1994
Last system dissipatedOctober 26, 1994
Strongest system
By maximum sustained windsJohn
Maximum winds175 mph (280 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg)
By central pressureGilma
Maximum winds160 mph (260 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg)
Longest lasting system
NameJohn
Duration18.75[nb 1] days
Storm articles
Other years
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996

The 1994 Pacific hurricane season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclogenesis over the Pacific Ocean north of the Equator and east of the International Date Line. The season began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific proper (east of 140°W) and on June 1 in the Central Pacific (140°W to the International Date Line), and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delineate the period each year when tropical cyclones tend to form in the basin according to the National Hurricane Center.[2] This timeline documents the formation of tropical cyclones as well as the strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, and dissipations during the season.

A total of twenty-two tropical depressions formed, with all but two strengthening into named tropical storms; ten became hurricanes, of which five became major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale).[3][4] Activity generally occurred farther west than usual, due in part to above-average sea surface temperatures over the southeastern portion of the Central Pacific basin and the presence of a large anticyclone near 140°W for much of July and August.[3] With seventeen named storms and nine hurricanes forming east of 140°W, the National Hurricane Center considered this season to be near average for the Eastern Pacific proper.[3] However, activity in the Central Pacific was considerably greater than average, with three storms (Hurricane Li and Tropical Storms Mele and Nona) forming in the basin and many more entering from the Eastern Pacific.[3][4] Five storms (Emilia, Gilma, Li, John, and Kristy) either became hurricanes in the Central Pacific or maintained hurricane strength as they crossed 140°W. This was the largest number of Central Pacific hurricanes in one season until the 2015 season produced eight hurricanes in the region.[3][5] Hurricanes Emilia, Gilma, and John all reached Category 5 intensity, the highest rating on the scale, while in the Central Pacific. This set a record for most Category 5 hurricanes in one season, which would later be tied in 2002 and 2018.[6] The high overall activity this season was attributed to El Niño, which generally increases tropical cyclone activity in the Eastern Pacific basin.[7] The storms of the 1994 season collectively generated an Accumulated Cyclone Energy value of 185.2 units, which is the eleventh-highest on record for a Pacific hurricane season as of March 2024.[nb 2][9] Despite this, the season had an unusually late start;[10] it did not commence until the formation of Tropical Storm Aletta on June 18. The season ended on October 26 with the dissipation of Tropical Storm Nona.

Only one tropical cyclone, Hurricane Rosa in October, caused fatalities or made landfall during the 1994 season. After striking the coast of the Mexican state of Sinaloa at Category 2 strength, Rosa proceeded rapidly northeastward across Mexico – killing five people in the country[3] – and into Texas. The storm and its remnants caused disastrous flooding in southeastern Texas, claiming more than twenty lives and wreaking at least $700 million (1994 USD) in damage.[11] Earlier in the season, Tropical Depression One-C and Hurricane John caused minor impacts in the Central Pacific. Heavy rainfall from One-C generated substantial flooding on the Big Island of Hawaii during the second week of August, resulting in damages estimated at up to $5 million (1994 USD).[4] John approached Johnston Atoll after weakening greatly from its peak intensity, passing approximately 15 mi (25 km) to the north as a strong Category 1 hurricane. High winds caused $15 million (1994 USD) in damage on the atoll, which was the only land area directly affected by John during a full month as a tropical cyclone. Traversing the Pacific Ocean for 8,190 mi (13,180 km), John is the farthest-traveling tropical cyclone on record worldwide.[12][13] Lasting for thirty or thirty-one days, John was also the longest-lived tropical cyclone on record globally until Cyclone Freddy, which spent at least thirty-four days as a tropical cyclone in February and March of 2023.[14][15][16]

Four time zones are utilized in the Eastern Pacific basin. They are, from east to west: Central east of 106°W; Mountain from 106°W to 114.9°W; Pacific from 115°W to 139.9°W; and Hawaii−Aleutian from 140°W to the International Date Line. For convenience, each event is listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) first, using the 24-hour clock (where 00:00 = midnight UTC),[17] with the respective local time included in parentheses. Figures for maximum sustained winds and position estimates are rounded to the nearest five units (knots, miles, or kilometers) and averaged over one minute, following National Hurricane Center practice. Direct wind observations are rounded to the nearest whole number. Atmospheric pressures are listed to the nearest millibar and nearest hundredth of an inch of mercury. This timeline includes information that was not released while the storm was active, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center is included.

Timeline of events

Hurricane Rosa (1994)Hurricane John (1994)Hurricane Gilma (1994)Hurricane Emilia (1994)Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

May

May 15

  • The 1994 Eastern Pacific hurricane season officially begins.[2]
  • No tropical cyclones formed in May.

June

June 1

  • The 1994 Central Pacific hurricane season officially begins.[2]

June 18

A track map of a tropical storm over the Eastern Pacific Ocean; the storm generally moves west-northwestward
Storm path of Tropical Storm Aletta

June 19

June 20

June 21

June 23

June 27

A satellite image of a tropical storm over the Eastern Pacific Ocean
Tropical Storm Bud shortly after being upgraded late on June 27

June 28

June 29

June 30

A satellite image of a hurricane over the Eastern Pacific Ocean with a clear eye and spiral bands of thick clouds
Hurricane Carlotta near peak intensity late on June 30

July

July 1

July 2

July 4

July 5

July 8

A satellite image of a tropical storm over the Eastern Pacific Ocean
Tropical Storm Daniel near peak intensity late on July 10

July 9

July 11

July 14

July 16

A track map of the west-northwestward path of a hurricane over the Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean
Storm path of Hurricane Emilia

July 17

July 18

July 19

A close-up satellite image of a powerful hurricane's eye
The eye of Hurricane Emilia on July 19, with mesovortices visible

July 20

July 21

July 22

July 23

A track map of the westward path of a tropical storm over the Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean
Storm path of Tropical Storm Fabio

July 24

July 25

A satellite image of a powerful hurricane over the Central Pacific Ocean; it has a circular eye, a thick and round central region of clouds, and pronounced spiral bands on its eastern flank
Hurricane Gilma at peak intensity late on July 24

July 26

July 27

July 30

July 31

August

August 2

A track map of a tropical cyclone that traversed a portion of the Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean as a tropical depression; it eventually became a minimal hurricane for a brief period of time, just before it crossed the International Date Line. Though it has several dips and rises, the system's track generally represents a westward trajectory overall.
Storm path of Hurricane Li, including the time it spent west of the International Date Line from August 12 to August 18

August 3

August 7

August 8

A satellite image of a tropical storm off the west coast of the southern Baja California peninsula
Tropical Storm Hector just after peak intensity late on August 8

August 9

August 10

August 11

A track map of the westward path of a tropical depression over the Central Pacific Ocean, just south of Hawaii
Storm path of Tropical Depression One-C

August 12

A satellite image of a hurricane with a ragged and cloudy eye just southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula
Hurricane Ileana at peak intensity late on August 12

August 13

August 14

August 15

A track map of a tropical depression over the Eastern Pacific Ocean, off the west coast of the Baja California peninsula. The system's path starts with a slow north-northeastward motion; as it accelerates, the system gradually turns to the west, which results in the overall track resembling a fish hook.
Storm path of Tropical Depression Twelve-E

August 20

August 21

August 22

August 23

A satellite image of a powerful hurricane south of the Big Island of Hawaii. It has a clear and well-defined eye surrounded by a circular area of intense convection; a pronounced outer band originates from the western side of the storm and curves clockwise a quarter of the way around it, before jutting out to the east.
Hurricane John near peak intensity early on August 23

August 24

August 25

August 26

August 27

August 28

August 30

A satellite image of a hurricane over the Central Pacific Ocean. It has a clear but ragged eye surrounded by deep but somewhat lopsided convection which is mostly concentrated in the northeastern quadrant; an arc of thin high clouds begins on the system's south side, curving around the western flank.
Hurricane Kristy nearing peak strength late on August 31

August 31

September

September 1

September 2

September 3

September 4

A satellite image of a powerful hurricane over the Eastern Pacific Ocean, with a cloudy but well-defined eye, a central region of deep convection marked by thick clouds, and several spiral bands; a large arc of thin high clouds is fanning out to the northwest of the hurricane
Hurricane Lane near peak intensity late on September 6

September 5

September 6

September 7

A satellite image of a tropical depression on the cusp of becoming a tropical storm over the Central Pacific Ocean
Tropical Depression Two-C shortly before reaching tropical storm status and being named late on September 6

September 8

September 9

September 10

A track map of a hurricane over much of the Pacific Ocean. It is generally westward at first, except for two brief northwest turns early in the system's life. It then gradually curves into a more prolonged northwestward motion, which ends with an abrupt turn to the east as it slows down greatly. A hairpin turn results in the system resuming a northwestward trajectory; finally, it turns northeastward and accelerates, meeting its demise over the far northern Central Pacific basin.
Storm path of Hurricane John, including the time it spent west of the International Date Line from August 28 to September 8

September 15

September 17

September 18

A track map of a tropical storm over the Eastern Pacific Ocean; the system initially moves west-northwestward before turning to the west-southwest midway through its life
Storm path of Tropical Storm Miriam

September 19

September 20

September 21

A track map of a tropical storm over the Eastern Pacific Ocean, off the west coast of Mexico; the system initially moves northwestward at a brisk pace, slowing down and turning northward later in its life
Storm path of Tropical Storm Norman

September 22

September 24

September 25

A satellite image of a powerful hurricane over the Eastern Pacific Ocean; it has a well-defined eye surrounded by thick, intense convection, with pronounced spiral bands extending southward from the storm and multiple arcs of thin high clouds fanning out to the northwest
Hurricane Olivia near peak intensity on September 25

September 26

September 27

September 28

A satellite image of a minimal tropical storm over the Eastern Pacific Ocean
Tropical Storm Paul just before peak intensity late on September 26

September 29

September 30

October

October 8

October 11

October 12

A satellite image of a hurricane approaching the west coast of Mexico; its eye is surrounded by convection spiraling inwards, and there is a large region of clouds fanning out to the north
Hurricane Rosa strengthening on October 13

October 13

October 14

October 15

October 21

A satellite image of a tropical depression over the Central Pacific Ocean
Tropical Depression Three-C late on October 22, about 2.5 days before it would become Tropical Storm Nona

October 25

October 26

November

No tropical cyclones were active in November.

November 30

The 1994 Pacific hurricane season officially ends.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ Hurricane John was a tropical cyclone for longer than 18.75 days. It crossed the International Date Line on August 28 and entered the Western Pacific basin, where it spent 11.25 days before crossing back into the Central Pacific basin, giving it a total of 30 days as a tropical cyclone.[1]
  2. ^ Broadly speaking, Accumulated Cyclone Energy is the square of a tropical cyclone's wind intensity in knots at 6-hour intervals, multiplied by the length of time it existed.[8]
  3. ^ In their post-storm reports on Hurricane Emilia, the National Hurricane Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center disagreed on the system's maximum wind intensity. The Central Pacific Hurricane Center's report on all 1994 tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility stated that Emilia reached Category 5 intensity at 18:00 UTC on July 19.[4] However, the National Hurricane Center's Premilinary Report on the storm stated that it reached peak winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) – a high-end Category 4 hurricane – at 06:00 UTC on July 19, and maintained these winds for nearly two days.[25][26] The National Hurricane Center has since amended the Eastern and Central Pacific hurricane database (HURDAT) to list Emilia as a Category 5 hurricane for six hours starting at 18:00 UTC on July 19.[1]
  4. ^ The Central Pacific Hurricane Center stated in their post-season report that Hurricane Emilia regained Category 5 status at 12:00 UTC on July 20 and maintained it for 12 hours.[4] However, HURDAT maintains Emilia as a high-end Category 4 hurricane during this period.[1]
  5. ^ Operationally, advisories were not initiated on Tropical Depression Eleven-E (future Hurricane Ileana) until 15:00 UTC on August 11, by which time it was already a tropical storm;[36] advisories were initiated on Tropical Depression Ten-E (future Hurricane John) six hours prior at 09:00 UTC,[37] resulting in that system receiving an earlier number despite forming 18 hours after Eleven-E.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ a b c d "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Pasch, Richard J.; Mayfield, Max (July 1, 1996). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1994". Monthly Weather Review. 124 (7). American Meteorological Society: 1579–1590. Bibcode:1996MWRv..124.1579P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1579:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm Tropical Cyclones 1994 (PDF) (Report). Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  5. ^ Chris Brenchley (December 18, 2015). Historic Hurricane Season – 2015 Summary for the Central Pacific Basin (PDF) (Report). Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  6. ^ Klotzbach, Philip [@philklotzbach] (October 22, 2018). "Two other NE Pacific (to 180°) #hurricane seasons have had three Category 5 hurricanes: 1994 and 2002" (Tweet). Retrieved March 19, 2024 – via Twitter.
  7. ^ Hablutzel, Benjamin; Rosendal, Hans; Weyman, James; Hoag, Jonathan. "The 1997 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  8. ^ "Background information: Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season". United States Climate Prediction Center. May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  9. ^ "Basin Archives: Northeast Pacific Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics". Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Pasch, Richard J. (October 25, 1994). Tropical Storm Aletta Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  11. ^ Liscum, Fred; East, Jeffery W. (January 1995). Floods in Southeast Texas, October 1994 (PDF) (Report). United States Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  12. ^ "TCFAQ E7) What is the farthest a tropical cyclone has traveled?". Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  13. ^ "Tropical Cyclone: Longest Distance Traveled by Tropical Cyclone". World Meteorological Organization via Arizona State University. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  14. ^ Donegan, Brian (March 11, 2023). "Ferocious Freddy slams into Mozambique for second time in 2 weeks". Fox Weather. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  15. ^ Southern Africa: Snapshot of Tropical Cyclone Freddy's Impact (February – March 2023) (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. May 13, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  16. ^ Lang, Stephen; Reed, Jacob (March 16, 2023). "NASA Tracks Freddy, Longest-lived Tropical Cyclone on Record". Scientific Visualization Studio. NASA. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  17. ^ "Understanding the Date/Time Stamps". Silver Spring, Maryland: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Pasch, Richard J. (October 25, 1994). Tropical Storm Aletta Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  19. ^ a b c d e Rappaport, Edward N. (July 22, 1994). Tropical Storm Bud Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Rappaport, Edward N. (July 22, 1994). Tropical Storm Bud Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Avila, Lixion A. (July 21, 1994). Hurricane Carlotta Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Avila, Lixion A. (July 21, 1994). Hurricane Carlotta Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  23. ^ a b c d e Mayfield, Max (October 15, 1994). Tropical Storm Daniel Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Mayfield, Max (October 15, 1994). Tropical Storm Daniel Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  25. ^ a b c d e Lawrence, Miles (August 13, 1994). Hurricane Emilia Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lawrence, Miles (August 13, 1994). Hurricane Emilia Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  27. ^ a b c Mayfield, Max (October 15, 1994). Tropical Storm Fabio Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Mayfield, Max (October 15, 1994). Tropical Storm Fabio Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  29. ^ a b c d e Pasch, Richard J. (January 20, 1995). Hurricane Gilma Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pasch, Richard J. (January 20, 1995). Hurricane Gilma Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  31. ^ a b Pasch, Richard J. (January 20, 1995). Hurricane Gilma Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  32. ^ a b c d Rappaport, Edward N. (October 20, 1994). Tropical Depression Eight-E Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  33. ^ a b c d Avila, Lixion A. (September 20, 1994). Tropical Storm Hector Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  34. ^ a b c d e Avila, Lixion A. (September 20, 1994). Tropical Storm Hector Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  35. ^ a b Rappaport, Edward N. (October 20, 1994). Tropical Depression Eight-E Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  36. ^ Rappaport, Edward (August 11, 1994). Tropical Depression Eleven-E Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  37. ^ Lawrence, Miles (August 11, 1994). Tropical Depression Ten-E Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  38. ^ a b c d e f Mayfield, Max (October 17, 1994). Hurricane Ileana Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Mayfield, Max (October 17, 1994). Hurricane Ileana Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  40. ^ a b c d e Lawrence, Miles (January 3, 1995). Hurricane John Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h Lawrence, Miles (January 3, 1995). Hurricane John Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  42. ^ a b c d Pasch, Richard J. (January 13, 1995). Tropical Depression Twelve-E Preliminary Report (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lawrence, Miles (January 3, 1995). Hurricane John Preliminary Report (Page Four) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  44. ^ a b c Lawrence, Miles (January 3, 1995). Hurricane John Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g Rappaport, Edward N. (October 17, 1994). Hurricane Kristy Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  46. ^ a b c d e f Rappaport, Edward N. (October 17, 1994). Hurricane Kristy Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  47. ^ a b c d Rappaport, Edward N. (October 17, 1994). Hurricane Kristy Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g Avila, Lixion A. (October 19, 1994). Hurricane Lane Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Avila, Lixion A. (October 19, 1994). Hurricane Lane Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  50. ^ a b c d Lawrence, Miles (January 3, 1995). Hurricane John Preliminary Report (Page Five) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  51. ^ a b c d e Lawrence, Miles (October 30, 1994). Tropical Storm Miriam Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Lawrence, Miles (October 30, 1994). Tropical Storm Miriam Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  53. ^ a b c d Mayfield, Max (October 17, 1994). Tropical Storm Norman Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  54. ^ a b c d e Mayfield, Max (October 17, 1994). Tropical Storm Norman Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
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  57. ^ a b c d Rappaport, Edward N. (October 18, 1994). Tropical Storm Paul Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  58. ^ a b c d e Rappaport, Edward N. (October 18, 1994). Tropical Storm Paul Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  59. ^ a b c d e Pasch, Richard J. (January 13, 1995). Hurricane Olivia Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  60. ^ a b c d e f Avila, Lixion A. (November 22, 1994). Hurricane Rosa Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Avila, Lixion A. (November 22, 1994). Hurricane Rosa Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
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