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The '''may offensive''' was a military campaign during the [[Polish–Ukrainian War]]. The Polish army under the command of [[Józef Haller]] launched the offensive against the forces of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]], and as a result the polish forces won, with most of Galicia being captured by the Polish army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Савченко |first=Виктор |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjAMAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Двенадцать войн за Украину |date=2005 |publisher=Фолио |isbn=978-966-03-2921-8 |page=415 |language=ru}}</ref>
The '''may offensive''' was a military campaign during the [[Polish–Ukrainian War]]. The Polish army under the command of [[Józef Haller]] launched the offensive against the forces of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]], and as a result the polish forces won, with most of Galicia being captured by the Polish army.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Савченко |first=Виктор |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjAMAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Двенадцать войн за Украину |date=2005 |publisher=Фолио |isbn=978-966-03-2921-8 |page=415 |language=ru}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
Line 12: Line 12:


=== Polish forces ===
=== Polish forces ===
Under the orders of General Józef Haller, considerable forces were grouped. Their core consisted of:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-10 |title=Droga do niepodległości. Część II |url=https://kuriergalicyjski.com/droga-do-niepodlegoci-cz-ii/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Nowy Kurier Galicyjski |language=pl-PL}}</ref>

* I Corps under General Dominique Joseph Odry
* 1st Rifle Division of the Polish Army in France, commanded by [[Joseph Jean Bernard]]
* 2nd Rifle Division of the Polish Army in France, commanded by [[Louis Modelon]]
* Operational Group under General Aleksander Karnicki
* Group under General Wacław Iwaszkiewicz with his subordinated Operational Group under General Władysław Jędrzejewski
* 3rd Infantry Division of the Polish Legions, commanded by Henryk Minkiewicz
* 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Franciszek Aleksandrowicz

The total combat strength of the Polish troops scheduled for the operation was about 50,000 soldiers, 200 cannons and 900 machine guns. While the Ukrainian forces under the command of General Mykhailo Omelianovich-Pavlenko, had at that time around 44,000 troops, 552 machine guns and 144 cannons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nowik |first=Grzegorz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9AuAAAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=4 Dywizja Piechoty-Zmechanizowana: 1808-1994 : zarys dziejów |last2=Dębicki |first2=Mieczysław |last3=Rawski |first3=Tadeusz |date=1994 |publisher=Bellona |isbn=978-83-11-08377-6 |page=63 |language=pl}}</ref>

== The offensive ==
On the 14th of May the offensive started.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rubacha |first=Jarosław |title=Konflikt polsko-ukraiński o Galicję Wschodnią w latach 1918-1919 |date=2012 |year=2012 |page=187 |language=pl-Pl}}</ref> The Poles in Volhynia captured Mosty Wielkie and Sokal, at the same time Ukrainian forces were pushed out of [[Belz]] this ended the defense of Belz by Polish forces in a victory.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCUWAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Wojskowy przegla̜d historyczny |date=1993 |page=39 |language=pl}}</ref> On the 15th of May Polish forces led by [[Wacław Iwaszkiewicz-Rudoszański]] and [[Zygmunt Zieliński (1858–1925)|Zygmunt Zieliński]] attacked Chyrów, this assault broke the front, forcing the entire Ukrainian III Corps to retreat behind the Dniester line.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gąsowski |first=Tomasz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OMsAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Bitwy polskie: leksykon |last2=Ronikier |first2=Jerzy |last3=Zblewski |first3=Zdzisław |date=1999 |publisher=Wydawn. Znak |isbn=978-83-7006-787-8 |page=33 |language=pl}}</ref> On the 17th of May the Polish army commanded by Henryk Minkiewicz attacked the Ukrainian forces near [[Kamianka-Buzka]], it ended with the capture of the Lwów-Brody line and the pushing the remnants of the troops of the Ukrainian corps of ataman Osyp Mykytka towards the town of Busk.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gąsowski |first=Tomasz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OMsAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Bitwy polskie: leksykon |last2=Ronikier |first2=Jerzy |last3=Zblewski |first3=Zdzisław |date=1999 |publisher=Wydawn. Znak |isbn=978-83-7006-787-8 |page=59 |language=pl}}</ref> The next day forces commanded by [[Wacław Iwaszkiewicz-Rudoszański]] attacked [[Drohobych]], The tough resistance of the Ukrainian army of General Mykhailo Omelyanovich-Pavlenko was broken and during the pursuit the 9th Małopolska Uhlan Regiment, Lt Stanislaw Maczek's assault company and the 37th Infantry Regiment took Drohobych.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gąsowski |first=Tomasz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OMsAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Bitwy polskie: leksykon |last2=Ronikier |first2=Jerzy |last3=Zblewski |first3=Zdzisław |date=1999 |publisher=Wydawn. Znak |isbn=978-83-7006-787-8 |page=41 |language=pl}}</ref>

On the 22nd of May after Polish forces captured the Boryslav-Drohobych line, pushed the Ukrainian forces out of the outskirts of Lviv, ending the half a year siege by the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rąkowski |first=Grzegorz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLxnKF8YwLUC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA39&dq=22+Maja+Lw%C3%B3w&hl=pl |title=Lwów |date=2008 |publisher=Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz" |isbn=978-83-89188-70-0 |page=39 |language=pl}}</ref> Józef Haller said this after ending the siege:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orłowski |first=Marek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlqNGAAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Generał Józef Haller: 1873-1960 |date=2007 |publisher=Wydawn. Arcana |isbn=978-83-89243-34-8 |page=286 |language=pl}}</ref>
{{Quote|text=Soldiers! Under the mighty blow of your breastworks the entire enemy line has been broken and the enemy ring surrounding Lwów has disintegrated.... I trust that you will continue to exert all your strength and will bring about the final complete victory for the glory of the Republic of Poland.|author=Józef Haller}}
On the 25th of May, Polish forces reached the Bolechów - Chodorów - Bóbrka - Busk line.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pomarański |first=Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_NimFPIsrMC&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Pierwsza wojna polska (1918-1920): Zbiór wojennych komunikatów prasowych Sztabu Generalnego (za czas od 26. XI. 1918 r. do 20. X. 1920 r.), uzupełniony komunikatami Naczelnej Komendy W.P. we Lwowie (od 2. XI. 1918 r. do 23. XI. 1918 r.) i Dowództwa Głownego W.P. w Poznaniu (od 11. I. 1919 r. do 14. XI. 1919 r.). |date=1920 |publisher=Głowna księgarnia wojskowa |page=112 |language=pl}}</ref> At the same time, the Romanian army, together with the 4th Polish Rifle Division, began to occupy the south-western areas of ZURL (Pokucia). These areas included Kolomyja and Sniatyn. <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INb8fuqHktYC&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Przegląd historyczno-wojskowy |date=2008 |publisher=Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej. |page=104 |language=pl}}</ref> The next day Polish forces captured [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Działalność Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej w Stanisławowie (1918–1919). Część 1 |url=https://kuriergalicyjski.com/dzialalnosc-polskiej-organizacji-wojskowej-w-stanislawowie-1918-1919-czesc-1/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Nowy Kurier Galicyjski |language=pl-PL}}</ref> The remaining Ukrainian soldiers were interned by [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Мірчук |first=Петро |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udPkAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Нарис історії Організації українських націоналістів |date=1968 |publisher=Ukraïnske vyd-vo |page=64 |language=uk}}</ref> On the 1st of June Polish forces captured [[Tarnopol]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulczycki |first=Józef |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ombwXwAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=pl |title=Zarys historji wojennej 38-go pułku "Strzelców lwowskich"... |date=1928 |publisher=Głowna ksizg. wojsk. |language=pl}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The offensive was a Polish success, and by the 1st of June the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]] found itself on the [[Ukrainian Death Triangle]]. Most of Galicia and Volhynia were captured by Polish forces.<ref name=":0" /> 2/3 of the UGA was destroyed, and the entire army was demoralized. Poland, in turn, was able to reach the borders with Romania , while cutting off the WUNR from Czechoslovakia - the only (not counting the UPR) trading partner of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Revision as of 14:54, 24 March 2024

The may offensive was a military campaign during the Polish–Ukrainian War. The Polish army under the command of Józef Haller launched the offensive against the forces of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, and as a result the polish forces won, with most of Galicia being captured by the Polish army.[1]

Background

In November of 1918 the Polish–Ukrainian War broke out between the newly established states of Poland and Ukraine. One of the main battles in the month took place in Lviv, Polish forces pushed out the Ukrainian Galician Army from the city, however the UGA began the siege of Lviv.[2]

In February of 1919 the Ukrainians attempted to capture Lviv. But after 5 days of fighting the polish forces repulsed the Ukrainian attack, and on March 18th the siege of Lviv was broken.[3]

Polish preparation for the offensive

In order to gain better positions before the general offensive planned for May, the Polish Army launched an operation code-named 'Jazda' on 19 April.[4] A flurry of attacks supported by strong air power led to the repulsion of the Ukrainians from the Lubien Wielki-Bartatów-Skniłów line and the Poles reached the Glinna-Nawaria-Nadgórzany-Sołonka-Zubrza line.[5]

At the end of April 1919, the Supreme Command of the Polish Armed Forces drew up a plan for an offensive against the West Ukrainian army in Eastern Galicia. The aim of the operation was to smash the Ukrainian army operating in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, to ensure the safety of the Polish population living in these areas, to recapture areas of Eastern Galicia and to obtain a direct link between Poland and Romania.[6]

Polish forces

Under the orders of General Józef Haller, considerable forces were grouped. Their core consisted of:[7]

  • I Corps under General Dominique Joseph Odry
  • 1st Rifle Division of the Polish Army in France, commanded by Joseph Jean Bernard
  • 2nd Rifle Division of the Polish Army in France, commanded by Louis Modelon
  • Operational Group under General Aleksander Karnicki
  • Group under General Wacław Iwaszkiewicz with his subordinated Operational Group under General Władysław Jędrzejewski
  • 3rd Infantry Division of the Polish Legions, commanded by Henryk Minkiewicz
  • 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Franciszek Aleksandrowicz

The total combat strength of the Polish troops scheduled for the operation was about 50,000 soldiers, 200 cannons and 900 machine guns. While the Ukrainian forces under the command of General Mykhailo Omelianovich-Pavlenko, had at that time around 44,000 troops, 552 machine guns and 144 cannons.[8]

The offensive

On the 14th of May the offensive started.[9] The Poles in Volhynia captured Mosty Wielkie and Sokal, at the same time Ukrainian forces were pushed out of Belz this ended the defense of Belz by Polish forces in a victory.[10] On the 15th of May Polish forces led by Wacław Iwaszkiewicz-Rudoszański and Zygmunt Zieliński attacked Chyrów, this assault broke the front, forcing the entire Ukrainian III Corps to retreat behind the Dniester line.[11] On the 17th of May the Polish army commanded by Henryk Minkiewicz attacked the Ukrainian forces near Kamianka-Buzka, it ended with the capture of the Lwów-Brody line and the pushing the remnants of the troops of the Ukrainian corps of ataman Osyp Mykytka towards the town of Busk.[12] The next day forces commanded by Wacław Iwaszkiewicz-Rudoszański attacked Drohobych, The tough resistance of the Ukrainian army of General Mykhailo Omelyanovich-Pavlenko was broken and during the pursuit the 9th Małopolska Uhlan Regiment, Lt Stanislaw Maczek's assault company and the 37th Infantry Regiment took Drohobych.[13]

On the 22nd of May after Polish forces captured the Boryslav-Drohobych line, pushed the Ukrainian forces out of the outskirts of Lviv, ending the half a year siege by the Ukrainian Galician Army.[14] Józef Haller said this after ending the siege:[15]

Soldiers! Under the mighty blow of your breastworks the entire enemy line has been broken and the enemy ring surrounding Lwów has disintegrated.... I trust that you will continue to exert all your strength and will bring about the final complete victory for the glory of the Republic of Poland.

— Józef Haller

On the 25th of May, Polish forces reached the Bolechów - Chodorów - Bóbrka - Busk line.[16] At the same time, the Romanian army, together with the 4th Polish Rifle Division, began to occupy the south-western areas of ZURL (Pokucia). These areas included Kolomyja and Sniatyn. [17] The next day Polish forces captured Ivano-Frankivsk.[18] The remaining Ukrainian soldiers were interned by Czechoslovakia.[19] On the 1st of June Polish forces captured Tarnopol.[20]

Aftermath

The offensive was a Polish success, and by the 1st of June the Ukrainian Galician Army found itself on the Ukrainian Death Triangle. Most of Galicia and Volhynia were captured by Polish forces.[1] 2/3 of the UGA was destroyed, and the entire army was demoralized. Poland, in turn, was able to reach the borders with Romania , while cutting off the WUNR from Czechoslovakia - the only (not counting the UPR) trading partner of the West Ukrainian People's Republic.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c Савченко, Виктор (2005). Двенадцать войн за Украину (in Russian). Фолио. p. 415. ISBN 978-966-03-2921-8.
  2. ^ "Obrona Lwowa. "Poszli do walki jak w taniec" - Historia - polskieradio.pl" (in Polish). Pierwszy etap konfliktu 1918-1919 roku zakończył się w nocy z 22 na 23 listopada 1918, gdy oddziały ukraińskiej Armii Halickiej wycofały się ze Lwowa, rozpoczynając równocześnie jego oblężenie. [The first stage of the 1918-1919 conflict ended on the night of November 22-23, 1918, when the units of the Ukrainian Galician Army withdrew from Lviv, simultaneously beginning its siege.]
  3. ^ Klimecki, Michał (1998). Lwów 1918-1919 (in Polish). Bellona. p. 180. ISBN 978-83-11-08750-7.
  4. ^ Laskowski, Leszek (1998). Roman Abraham: losy dowódcy (in Polish). Wydawn. Nauk. PWN. p. 49. ISBN 978-83-01-12690-2.
  5. ^ Tarkowski, Krzysztof A. (1991). Lotnictwo polskie w wojnie z Rosją Sowiecką: 1919-1920 (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności. p. 38. ISBN 978-83-206-0985-1.
  6. ^ Mroczka, Ludwik (1998). Spór o Galicję Wschodnią 1914-1923 (in Polish). Wydawn. Naukowe WSP. p. 162. ISBN 978-83-87513-27-6.
  7. ^ "Droga do niepodległości. Część II". Nowy Kurier Galicyjski (in Polish). 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  8. ^ Nowik, Grzegorz; Dębicki, Mieczysław; Rawski, Tadeusz (1994). 4 Dywizja Piechoty-Zmechanizowana: 1808-1994 : zarys dziejów (in Polish). Bellona. p. 63. ISBN 978-83-11-08377-6.
  9. ^ Rubacha, Jarosław (2012). Konflikt polsko-ukraiński o Galicję Wschodnią w latach 1918-1919 (in Polish). p. 187.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  10. ^ Wojskowy przegla̜d historyczny (in Polish). 1993. p. 39.
  11. ^ Gąsowski, Tomasz; Ronikier, Jerzy; Zblewski, Zdzisław (1999). Bitwy polskie: leksykon (in Polish). Wydawn. Znak. p. 33. ISBN 978-83-7006-787-8.
  12. ^ Gąsowski, Tomasz; Ronikier, Jerzy; Zblewski, Zdzisław (1999). Bitwy polskie: leksykon (in Polish). Wydawn. Znak. p. 59. ISBN 978-83-7006-787-8.
  13. ^ Gąsowski, Tomasz; Ronikier, Jerzy; Zblewski, Zdzisław (1999). Bitwy polskie: leksykon (in Polish). Wydawn. Znak. p. 41. ISBN 978-83-7006-787-8.
  14. ^ Rąkowski, Grzegorz (2008). Lwów (in Polish). Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz". p. 39. ISBN 978-83-89188-70-0.
  15. ^ Orłowski, Marek (2007). Generał Józef Haller: 1873-1960 (in Polish). Wydawn. Arcana. p. 286. ISBN 978-83-89243-34-8.
  16. ^ Pomarański, Stefan (1920). Pierwsza wojna polska (1918-1920): Zbiór wojennych komunikatów prasowych Sztabu Generalnego (za czas od 26. XI. 1918 r. do 20. X. 1920 r.), uzupełniony komunikatami Naczelnej Komendy W.P. we Lwowie (od 2. XI. 1918 r. do 23. XI. 1918 r.) i Dowództwa Głownego W.P. w Poznaniu (od 11. I. 1919 r. do 14. XI. 1919 r.) (in Polish). Głowna księgarnia wojskowa. p. 112.
  17. ^ Przegląd historyczno-wojskowy (in Polish). Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej. 2008. p. 104.
  18. ^ "Działalność Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej w Stanisławowie (1918–1919). Część 1". Nowy Kurier Galicyjski (in Polish). 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  19. ^ Мірчук, Петро (1968). Нарис історії Організації українських націоналістів (in Ukrainian). Ukraïnske vyd-vo. p. 64.
  20. ^ Kulczycki, Józef (1928). Zarys historji wojennej 38-go pułku "Strzelców lwowskich"... (in Polish). Głowna ksizg. wojsk.
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