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{{Short description|British astronomer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Charles Piazzi Smyth
| name = Charles Piazzi Smyth
|image = Piazzismyth.jpg
| image = Piazzismyth.jpg
|image_size = 200px
| image_size = 200px
|caption = Charles Piazzi Smyth
| caption = Charles Piazzi Smyth
|birth_date = {{birth date|1819|1|3|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1819|1|3|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Naples]], [[Italy]]
| birth_place = [[Naples]], [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1900|2|21|1819|1|3|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1900|2|21|1819|1|3|df=y}}
|death_place =
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| residence =
|citizenship =
| citizenship =
|nationality =
| nationality =
|ethnicity =
| ethnicity =
|field = [[Astronomy]]
| field = [[Astronomy]]
|work_institutions = [[Astronomer Royal for Scotland]]
| work_institutions = [[Astronomer Royal for Scotland]]
|alma_mater =
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|religion = |footnotes = |signature =
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| spouse = [[Jessica Duncan Piazzi Smyth]]
}}
}}


'''Charles Piazzi Smyth''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|FRSE]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society of London|FRS]] [[Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society|FRAS]] [[FRSSA]]}} (3 January 1819 – 21 February 1900) was an Italian-born British astronomer who was [[Astronomer Royal for Scotland]] from 1846 to 1888; he is known for many innovations in [[astronomy]] and his [[Pyramidology|pyramidological]] and [[Pseudoscientific metrology|metrological]] studies of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]].
'''Charles Piazzi Smyth''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|FRSE]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society of London|FRS]] [[Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society|FRAS]] [[FRSSA]]}} (3 January 1819 – 21 February 1900) was a British astronomer who was [[Astronomer Royal for Scotland]] from 1846 to 1888; he is known for many innovations in [[astronomy]] and, along with his wife [[Jessica Duncan Piazzi Smyth]], his [[Pyramidology|pyramidological]] and [[Pseudoscientific metrology|metrological]] studies of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]].


==Astronomical career==
==Astronomical career==
Charles Piazzi Smyth (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|m|aɪ|θ}})<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brück|first1=Hermann Alexander|last2=Brück|first2=Mary T.|title=The Peripatetic Astronomer: The Life of Charles Piazzi Smyth|year=1988|publisher=A. Hilger|location=Bristol|isbn=978-0-85274-420-8|page=46}} His last name is often misspelled as "Smith" or "Smythe". His tombstone and published works all read "Smyth".</ref> was born in [[Naples]], Italy, to Captain (later Admiral) [[William Henry Smyth]] and his wife [[Eliza Anne "Annarella" Warington|Annarella]]. He was named Piazzi after his [[Godparent|godfather]], the Italian astronomer [[Giuseppe Piazzi]], whose acquaintance his father had made at [[Palermo]] when serving in the [[Mediterranean]].<ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Smyth, Charles Piazzi |volume=25 |page=282 |first=Agnes Mary |last=Clerke}}</ref> His father subsequently settled at [[Bedford]] and equipped there an [[observatory]], at which Piazzi Smyth received his first lessons in astronomy. He was educated at [[Bedford School]] until the age of sixteen when he became an assistant to Sir [[Thomas Maclear]] at the [[Cape of Good Hope]], where he observed
Charles Piazzi Smyth (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|m|aɪ|θ}})<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brück|first1=Hermann Alexander|last2=Brück|first2=Mary T.|title=The Peripatetic Astronomer: The Life of Charles Piazzi Smyth|year=1988|publisher=A. Hilger|location=Bristol|isbn=978-0-85274-420-8|page=46}} His last name is often misspelled as "Smith" or "Smythe". His tombstone and published works all read "Smyth".</ref> was born in [[Naples]], [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], to Captain (later Admiral) [[William Henry Smyth]] and his wife the former Eliza Anne "Annarella" Warington. He was named Piazzi after his [[Godparent|godfather]], the Italian astronomer [[Giuseppe Piazzi]], whose acquaintance his father had made at [[Palermo]] when serving in the [[Mediterranean]].<ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Smyth, Charles Piazzi |volume=25 |page=282 |first=Agnes Mary |last=Clerke|author-link= Agnes Mary Clerke}}</ref> His father subsequently settled at [[Bedford]] and equipped there an [[observatory]], at which Piazzi Smyth received his first lessons in astronomy. He was educated at [[Bedford School]] until the age of sixteen when he became an assistant to Sir [[Thomas Maclear]] at the [[Cape of Good Hope]], where he observed
[[Halley's comet]] and the [[Great Comet of 1843]], and took an active part in the verification and extension of [[Nicolas Louis de Lacaille]]'s [[arc of the meridian]].<ref name=EB1911/>
[[Halley's comet]] and the [[Great Comet of 1843]], and took an active part in the verification and extension of [[Nicolas Louis de Lacaille]]'s [[arc of the meridian]].<ref name=EB1911/>


In 1846 he was appointed [[Astronomer Royal for Scotland]],<ref name=EB1911/> based at the [[City Observatory, Edinburgh|Calton Hill Observatory]] in [[Edinburgh]], and professor of astronomy in the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name=EB1911/> Shortly after his appointment, the observatory was placed under the control of [[Her Majesty's Treasury]] and suffered from a long series of under-funding. Because of this, most of his notable work in astronomy was done elsewhere. Here he completed the reduction, and continued the series, of the observations made by his predecessor, [[Thomas James Henderson]].<ref name=EB1911/> In 1853, Smyth was responsible for installing the [[time ball]] on top of [[Nelson Monument, Edinburgh|Nelson's Monument]] in Edinburgh to give a time signal to the ships at Edinburgh's port of [[Leith]]. By 1861, this visual signal was augmented by the [[Edinburgh Castle#One O.27Clock Gun|One O'Clock Gun]] at [[Edinburgh Castle]].
In 1846 he was appointed [[Astronomer Royal for Scotland]],<ref name=EB1911/> based at the [[City Observatory, Edinburgh|Calton Hill Observatory]] in [[Edinburgh]], and professor of astronomy in the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name=EB1911/> Shortly after his appointment, the observatory was placed under the control of [[Her Majesty's Treasury]] and suffered from a long series of under-funding. Because of this, most of his notable work in astronomy was done elsewhere. Here he completed the reduction, and continued the series, of the observations made by his predecessor, [[Thomas James Henderson]].<ref name=EB1911/> In 1853, Smyth was responsible for installing the [[time ball]] on top of [[Nelson Monument, Edinburgh|Nelson's Monument]] in Edinburgh to give a time signal to the ships at Edinburgh's port of [[Leith]]. By 1861, this visual signal was augmented by the [[Edinburgh Castle#One O.27Clock Gun|One O'Clock Gun]] at [[Edinburgh Castle]].


[[File:Edinburgh Castle Noon Gun 1861.png|thumb|220px|Firing the One o'clock gun in 1861]]
[[File:Edinburgh Castle Noon Gun 1861.png|thumb|upright|Firing the One o'clock gun in 1861]]


In 1704 [[Isaac Newton]] wrote in his book [[Opticks]] Book 1, Part 1:
In 1704 [[Isaac Newton]] wrote in his book [[Opticks]] Book 1, Part 1:
"... [telescopes] ... cannot be so formed as to take away that confusion of the Rays which arises from the Tremors of the Atmosphere. The only Remedy is a most serene and quiet Air, such as may perhaps be found on the tops of the highest Mountains above the grosser Clouds." This suggestion fell on deaf ears until in 1856, Smyth petitioned the [[Admiralty]] for a grant of £500 to take a telescope to the slopes of [[Teide]] in [[Tenerife]] (which he spelt Teneriffe) and test whether Newton had been right or not. In South Africa he had spent many nights observing from mountain tops but when he moved to Edinburgh had been appalled by the poor observing conditions there.
"... [telescopes] ... cannot be so formed as to take away that confusion of the Rays which arises from the Tremors of the Atmosphere. The only Remedy is a most serene and quiet Air, such as may perhaps be found on the tops of the highest Mountains above the grosser Clouds." This suggestion fell on deaf ears until in 1856, Smyth petitioned the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] for a grant of £500 to take a telescope to the slopes of [[Teide]] in [[Tenerife]] (which he spelt Teneriffe) and test whether Newton had been right or not. In South Africa he had spent many nights observing from mountain tops but when he moved to Edinburgh had been appalled by the poor observing conditions there.


The Admiralty approved his grant and he was offered the loan of further equipment from many sources. [[Robert Stephenson]] loaned his 140-ton yacht "Titania" for the expedition. [[Hugh Lee Pattinson|Mr. Hugh Pattinson]] loaned his [[refracting telescope]] of {{convert|7.5|in|cm}}. This was a [[T. Cooke & Sons|Thomas Cooke]] equatorial with setting circles and a driving clock.<ref>{{cite book|author=English, Neil|title=Classic Telescopes|year=2012|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpWrx9kJwS0C&pg=PA26}}</ref> The [[Crimean War]] had recently concluded and the army offered to lend tents. This offer was declined as Piazzi Smyth had already designed a tent with a sewn-in groundsheet based on his experience in South Africa.
The Admiralty approved his grant and he was offered the loan of further equipment from many sources. [[Robert Stephenson]] loaned his 140-ton yacht ''Titania'' for the expedition. [[Hugh Lee Pattinson|Mr. Hugh Pattinson]] loaned his [[refracting telescope]] of {{convert|7.5|in|cm}}. This was a [[T. Cooke & Sons|Thomas Cooke]] equatorial with setting circles and a driving clock.<ref>{{cite book|author=English, Neil|title=Classic Telescopes|year=2012|page=26|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781461444244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpWrx9kJwS0C&pg=PA26}}</ref> The [[Crimean War]] had recently concluded and the army offered to lend tents. This offer was declined as Piazzi Smyth had already designed a tent with a sewn-in groundsheet based on his experience in South Africa.


On this and all his subsequent trips he was accompanied by his wife whom he had married the previous year. In 1856, on reaching Tenerife they first set up camp on [[Mount Guajara]], a {{convert|8900|ft|m|abbr=on}} peak about {{convert|4|mi|km}} south of Teide (all heights on Tenerife are those he derived barometrically). It was higher than all its neighbours and free from any volcanic activity. They took all their equipment up loaded on mules, except for the Pattinson telescope which was much too bulky. They stayed there a month making astronomical, meteorological and geological observations. He made observations of the steadiness and clarity of star images with the 3.6-inch (9&nbsp;cm) Sheepshanks telescope and found both much better than at Edinburgh. He also made the first positive detection of heat coming from the [[Moon]]. Unfortunately they were annoyed by frequent dust incursions which frequently blotted out the horizon. Even when the dust was at its worst, the transparency at the zenith was better than at Edinburgh.
On this and all his subsequent trips he was accompanied by his wife whom he had married the year before. In 1856, on reaching Tenerife they first set up camp on [[Mount Guajara]], a {{convert|8900|ft|m|abbr=on}} peak about {{convert|4|mi|km}} south of Teide (all heights on Tenerife are those he derived barometrically). It was higher than all its neighbours and free from any volcanic activity. They took all their equipment up loaded on mules, except for the Pattinson telescope which was much too bulky. They stayed there a month making astronomical, meteorological and geological observations. He made observations of the steadiness and clarity of star images with the 3.6-inch (9&nbsp;cm) Sheepshanks telescope and found both much better than at Edinburgh. He also made the first positive detection of heat coming from the [[Moon]]. However, they were annoyed by frequent dust incursions which frequently blotted out the horizon. Even when the dust was at its worst, the transparency at the zenith was better than at Edinburgh.


[[File:Earth Atmosphere affects Astronomy Images.png|thumb|220px|α Piscium as seen from Edinburgh (above) and from Alta Vista at {{convert|10700|ft|m|abbr=on}} (below). The separation is 3.5&Prime; and the diameter of the Airy disc 1.5&Prime;]]
[[File:Earth Atmosphere affects Astronomy Images.png|thumb|upright|α Piscium as seen from Edinburgh (above) and from Alta Vista at {{convert|10700|ft|m|abbr=on}} (below). The separation is 3.5{{pprime}} and the diameter of the Airy disc 1.5{{pprime}}]]


The dust was evidently confined to individual layers, so he decided to move to Alta Vista at {{convert|10700|ft|m|abbr=on}}, on the eastern slope of Teide, the highest point that mules could reach. He was determined to use the larger Pattinson telescope and returned to [[La Orotava]] to fetch it. As the three boxes were too heavy, they were opened and the contents distributed among several smaller boxes which were loaded on to seven strong horses. The telescope was soon mounted and in action. The [[Airy Disc]] was clearly seen and he made many critical observations and fine drawings. They spent a month there during which they spent a day climbing to the summit of Teide at {{convert|12200|ft|m|abbr=on}}.
The dust was evidently confined to individual layers, so he decided to move to Alta Vista at {{convert|10700|ft|m|abbr=on}}, on the eastern slope of Teide, the highest point that mules could reach. He was determined to use the larger Pattinson telescope and returned to [[La Orotava]] to fetch it. As the three boxes were too heavy, they were opened and the contents distributed among several smaller boxes which were loaded on to seven strong horses. The telescope was soon mounted and in action. The [[Airy Disc]] was clearly seen and he made many critical observations and fine drawings. They spent a month there during which they spent a day climbing to the summit of Teide at {{convert|12200|ft|m|abbr=on}}.
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In 1871 and 1872 Smyth investigated the spectra of the [[Aurora (astronomy)|aurora]], and [[zodiacal light]].<ref name=EB1911/> He recommended the use of the rain-band for [[weather forecasting]] and discovered, in conjunction with [[Alexander Stewart Herschel]], the harmonic relation between the rays emitted by [[carbon monoxide]].<ref name=EB1911/> In 1877–1878 he constructed at [[Lisbon]] a map of the [[sun|solar]] [[spectrum]] for which he received the [[Thomas Makdougall Brisbane|Makdougall Brisbane Prize]] in 1880. Smyth carried out further [[spectroscopic]] researches at [[Madeira]] in 1880 and at [[Winchester]] in 1884.
In 1871 and 1872 Smyth investigated the spectra of the [[Aurora (astronomy)|aurora]], and [[zodiacal light]].<ref name=EB1911/> He recommended the use of the rain-band for [[weather forecasting]] and discovered, in conjunction with [[Alexander Stewart Herschel]], the harmonic relation between the rays emitted by [[carbon monoxide]].<ref name=EB1911/> In 1877–1878 he constructed at [[Lisbon]] a map of the [[sun|solar]] [[spectrum]] for which he received the [[Thomas Makdougall Brisbane|Makdougall Brisbane Prize]] in 1880. Smyth carried out further [[spectroscopic]] researches at [[Madeira]] in 1880 and at [[Winchester]] in 1884.


In 1888 Smyth resigned as Astronomer Royal in protest at the chronic under-funding and age of his equipment. This brought events to a head and the Royal Observatory was almost closed when [[James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford|James Lindsay, Earl of Crawford]] made a donation of new astronomical instruments and the complete ''Bibliotheca Lindesiana'' in order that a new observatory could be founded. Thanks to this donation, the new [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh|Royal Observatory]] on [[Blackford, Edinburgh|Blackford Hill]] was opened in 1896. After his resignation, Smyth retired to the neighbourhood of [[Ripon]], where he remained until his death.<ref name=EB1911/>
In 1888 Smyth resigned as Astronomer Royal in protest at the chronic under-funding and age of his equipment. This brought events to a head and the Royal Observatory was almost closed when [[James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford|James Lindsay, Earl of Crawford]] made a donation of new astronomical instruments and the complete ''Bibliotheca Lindesiana'' in order that a new observatory could be founded. Thanks to this donation, the new [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh|Royal Observatory]] on [[Blackford, Edinburgh|Blackford Hill]] was opened in 1896. After his resignation, Smyth retired to the neighborhood of [[Ripon]], where he remained until his death.<ref name=EB1911/>


==Pyramidological researches==
==Pyramidological researches==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}
Smyth corresponded with pyramid theorist [[John Taylor (1781-1864)|John Taylor]] and was heavily influenced by him. Taylor theorized in his 1859 book ''The Great Pyramid: Why Was It Built? & Who Built It?'' that the Great Pyramid was planned and the building supervised by the [[biblical]] [[Noah]]. Refused a grant by the Royal Society, Smyth went on an expedition to Egypt in order to accurately measure every surface, dimension, and aspect of the Great Pyramid. He brought along equipment to measure the dimensions of the stones, the precise angle of sections such as the descending passage, and a specially designed [[camera]] to photograph both the interior and exterior of the pyramid. He also used other instruments to make astronomical calculations and determine the pyramid's accurate latitude and longitude.
Smyth corresponded with pyramid theorist [[John Taylor (1781-1864)|John Taylor]] and was heavily influenced by him. Taylor theorized in his 1859 book ''The Great Pyramid: Why Was It Built? & Who Built It?'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lq8ZBAAAQBAJ |title=The Great Pyramid |date=2014-08-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-07578-7 |language=en}}</ref> that the Great Pyramid was planned and the building supervised by the [[biblical]] [[Noah]]. Refused a grant by the Royal Society, Smyth went on an expedition to Egypt in order to accurately measure every surface, dimension, and aspect of the Great Pyramid. He brought along equipment to measure the dimensions of the stones, the precise angle of sections such as the descending passage, and a specially designed [[camera]] to photograph both the interior and exterior of the pyramid. He also used other instruments to make astronomical calculations and determine the pyramid's accurate latitude and longitude.


[[File:Piazzi-plate 7.jpg|thumb|500px|This diagram from Smyth's ''Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid'' (1877) shows some of his measurements and chronological determinations made from them]]
[[File:Piazzi-plate 7.jpg|thumb|upright=2.25|This diagram from Smyth's ''Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid'' (1877) shows some of his measurements and chronological determinations made from them]]


Smyth subsequently published his book ''Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid'' in 1864<ref name=EB1911/> (which he expanded over the years and is also titled ''The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed''). Smyth claimed that the measurements he obtained from the Great Pyramid of Giza indicated a unit of length, the [[pyramid inch]], equivalent to 1.001 [[English unit|British]] inches, that could have been the standard of measurement by the pyramid's architects. From this he extrapolated a number of other measurements, including the pyramid [[pint]], the sacred [[cubit]], and the pyramid [[Temperature measurement|scale of temperature]].
Smyth subsequently published his book ''Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid'' in 1864<ref name=EB1911/> (which he expanded over the years and is also titled ''The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed''). Smyth claimed that the measurements he obtained from the Great Pyramid of Giza indicated a unit of length, the [[pyramid inch]], equivalent to 1.001 [[English unit|British]] inches, that could have been the standard of measurement by the pyramid's architects. From this he extrapolated a number of other measurements, including the pyramid [[pint]], the sacred [[cubit]], and the pyramid [[Temperature measurement|scale of temperature]].


Smyth claimed that the pyramid inch was a God-given measure handed down through the centuries from the time of Shem (Noah's Son), and that the architects of the pyramid could only have been directed by the hand of God. To support this Smyth said that, in measuring the pyramid, he found the number of inches in the perimeter of the base equalled one hundred times the number of days in a year, and found a numeric relationship between the height of the pyramid in inches to the distance from Earth to the Sun, measured in statute miles. He also advanced the theory that the Great Pyramid was a repository of [[prophecy|prophecies]] which could be revealed by detailed measurements of the structure. Working upon theories by Taylor, he conjectured that the [[Hyksos]] were the [[Hebrews|Hebrew people]], and that they built the Great Pyramid under the leadership of [[Melchizedek]]. Because the pyramid inch was a divine unit of measurement, Smyth, a committed proponent of [[British Israelism]], used his conclusions as an argument against the introduction of the [[metric system]] in Britain. For much of his life he was a vocal opponent of the metric system, which he considered a product of the minds of atheistic [[France|French]] radicals, a position advocated in many of his works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reisenauer |first1=Eric Michael |date=2003 |title="The Battle of the Standards": Great Pyramid Metrology and British Identity, 1859–1890 |journal=The Historian |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=931–78 |doi= 10.1111/1540-6563.00043 }}</ref>
Smyth claimed that the pyramid inch was a God-given measure handed down through the centuries from the time of Shem (Noah's Son), and that the architects of the pyramid could only have been directed by the hand of God. To support this Smyth said that, in measuring the pyramid, he found the number of inches in the perimeter of the base equaled one hundred times the number of days in a year, and found a numeric relationship between the height of the pyramid in inches to the distance from Earth to the Sun, measured in statute miles. He also advanced the theory that the Great Pyramid was a repository of [[prophecy|prophecies]] which could be revealed by detailed measurements of the structure. Working upon theories by Taylor, he conjectured that the [[Hyksos]] were the [[Hebrews|Hebrew people]], and that they built the Great Pyramid under the leadership of [[Melchizedek]]. Because the pyramid inch was a divine unit of measurement, Smyth, a committed proponent of [[British Israelism]], used his conclusions as an argument against the introduction of the [[metric system]] in Britain. For much of his life he was a vocal opponent of the metric system, which he considered a product of the minds of atheistic [[France|French]] radicals, a position advocated in many of his works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reisenauer |first1=Eric Michael |date=2003 |title="The Battle of the Standards": Great Pyramid Metrology and British Identity, 1859–1890 |journal=The Historian |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=931–78 |doi= 10.1111/1540-6563.00043 |s2cid=145199506 }}</ref>


Smyth, despite his bad reputation in [[Egyptological]] circles today, performed much valuable work at Giza. He made the most accurate measurements of the Great Pyramid that any explorer had made up to that time, and he photographed the interior passages, using a [[magnesium]] light, for the first time. Smyth's work resulted in many drawings and calculations, which were soon incorporated into his books ''Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid'', the three-volume ''Life and Work at the Great Pyramid'' (1867), and ''On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man'' (1868).<ref name=EB1911/> For his works he was awarded the [[Keith Medal|Keith gold medal]] for 1865–67 by the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]], but in 1874, the [[Royal Society of London]] rejected his paper on the design of Khufu's pyramid, as they had Taylor's. The rejection of his ideas helped contribute to his resignation from his post as Royal Astronomer in 1888.
Smyth, despite his bad reputation in [[Egyptological]] circles today, performed much valuable work at Giza. He made the most accurate measurements of the Great Pyramid that any explorer had made up to that time, and he photographed the interior passages, using a [[magnesium]] light, for the first time. Smyth's work resulted in many drawings and calculations, which were soon incorporated into his books ''Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smyth |first=Charles Piazzi |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/our-inheritance-in-the-great-pyramid/FC47589C106AE083C6F061734EC9E7CF |title=Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-04441-7 |series=Cambridge Library Collection - Spiritualism and Esoteric Knowledge |location=Cambridge}}</ref> the three-volume ''Life and Work at the Great Pyramid'' (1867),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smyth |first=C. Piazzi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPE-AAAAcAAJ |title=Life and Work at the Great Pyramid during the months of January, February, March, and April, A. D. 1865: With a Discussion of the Frits ascertained. In 3 Volumes With Illustrations on stone & wood. I |date=1867 |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |language=en}}</ref> and ''On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man'' (1868).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smyth |first=Charles Piazzi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYltnQEACAAJ |title=On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man, from a Practical and Astronomical Point of View |date=1868 |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |language=en}}</ref> For his works he was awarded the [[Keith Medal|Keith gold medal]] for 1865–67 by the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]], but in 1874, the [[Royal Society of London]] rejected his paper on the design of Khufu's pyramid, as they had Taylor's. The rejection of his ideas helped contribute to his resignation from his post as Royal Astronomer in 1888.


==Influence of Smyth's pyramid theories==
==Influence of Smyth's pyramid theories==
Smyth's theories on pyramid prophecy were then integrated into the works and prophecies of [[Charles Taze Russell]] (such as his ''[[Studies in the Scriptures]]''), who founded the [[Bible Student movement]] (who adopted the name [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] in 1931, though Russell's successor, [[Joseph F. Rutherford]], denounced pyramidology as unscriptural). Smyth's proposed dates for the [[Second Coming]], first 1882 then many dates between 1892 and 1911, were failed predictions.
Smyth's theories on pyramid prophecy were then integrated into the works and prophecies of [[Charles Taze Russell]] (such as his ''[[Studies in the Scriptures]]''), who founded the [[Bible Student movement]] (who adopted the name [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] in 1931, though Russell's successor, [[Joseph F. Rutherford]], denounced pyramidology as unscriptural). Smyth's proposed dates for the [[Second Coming]], first 1882 then many dates between 1892 and 1911, were failed predictions.


The theories of Taylor and Smyth gained many eminent supporters and detractors in the field of Egyptology during the late 1800s, but by the end of the 19th century it had lost most of its mainstream scientific support. The greatest blow to the theory was dealt by the great Egyptogist [[William Matthew Flinders Petrie]], who had initially been a supporter. When Petrie went to Egypt in 1880 to perform new measurements, he found that the pyramid was several feet smaller than previously believed. This so undermined the theory that Petrie rejected it, writing "there is no authentic example, that will bear examination, of the use or existence of any such measure as a 'Pyramid inch,' or of a cubit of 25.025 British inches."<ref>W. M. Flinders Petrie, ''The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh'' (London, 1883), p. 189 [http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/index.htm].</ref>
The theories of Taylor and Smyth gained many eminent supporters and detractors in the field of Egyptology during the late 1800s, but by the end of the 19th century it had lost most of its mainstream scientific support. The greatest blow to the theory was dealt by the great Egyptogist [[William Matthew Flinders Petrie]], who had initially been a supporter. When Petrie went to Egypt in 1880 to perform new measurements, he found that the pyramid was several feet smaller than previously believed. This so undermined the theory that Petrie rejected it, writing:

{{blockquote|The theories of the widths and heights of the passages are all connected, as the passages are all of the same section, or multiples of that. The entrance passage height has had a curiously complex theory attached to it supposing that the vertical and perpendicular heights are added together, their sum is 100 so-called "Pyramid inches". This at the angle of 26º 31' would require a perpendicular height of 47.27, the actual height being 47.24 ± .02. But in considering any theory of the height of this passage, it can not be separated from the similar passages, or from the most accurately wrought of all such heights, the course height of the King's Chamber. The passages vary from 46.2 to 48.6, and the mean course height is 47.040 ± .013. So although this theory agrees with one of the passages, it is evidently not the origin of this frequently recurring height; and it is the more unlikely as there is no authentic example, that will bear examination, of the use or existence of any such measure as a "Pyramid inch," or of a cubit of 25.025 British inches.<ref>W. M. Flinders Petrie, ''The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh'' (London, 1883), p. 189 [http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/index.htm].</ref>}}


==Marriage, family, and death==
==Marriage, family, and death==
[[File:Pyramid Tombstone in Sharow Churchyard - geograph.org.uk - 327872.jpg|A Pyramid surmounted by a cross, Smyth's tomb in Sharow churchyard|thumb|right]]
[[File:Pyramid Tombstone in Sharow Churchyard - geograph.org.uk - 327872.jpg|thumb|upright|A Pyramid surmounted by a cross, Smyth's tomb in Sharow churchyard]]
In 1855 Smyth married [[Jessica Duncan Piazzi Smyth|Jessica "Jessie" Duncan]] (1812–1896), daughter of Thomas Duncan. His brothers were [[Warington Wilkinson Smyth]] and [[Henry Augustus Smyth]]. His sisters were Henrietta Grace Smyth, who married [[Reverend]] [[Baden Powell (mathematician)|Baden Powell]] and was mother of [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]] (founder of the world [[Scouting Movement]]), Georgiana Rosetta Smyth, who married [[William Henry Flower]]; and Ellen Philadelphia Smyth, who married Captain Henry Toynbee of the HEIC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maury's Sailing Directions|last=Maury|first=Matthew Fontaine|publisher=Wm. Harris, Washington|year=1858|location=Washington|pages=217–221; Plates XX-XXXIX}}</ref>
In 1855 Smyth married [[Jessica Duncan Piazzi Smyth|Jessica "Jessie" Duncan]] (1812–1896), daughter of Thomas Duncan. Jessie Duncan was a geologist who had studied with [[Alexander Rose (geologist)|Alexander Rose]] in Edinburgh, and travelled on geological expeditions to Ireland, France, Switzerland and Italy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brück|first=Mary|date=2009|title=Women in Early British and Irish Astronomy|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2|isbn=978-90-481-2472-5|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1338604}}</ref>
Smyth's brothers were [[Warington Wilkinson Smyth]] and [[Henry Augustus Smyth]]. His sisters were Henrietta Grace Smyth, who married [[Reverend]] [[Baden Powell (mathematician)|Baden Powell]] and was mother of [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]] (founder of the world [[Scouting Movement]]), Georgiana Rosetta Smyth, who married [[William Henry Flower]]; and Ellen Philadelphia Smyth, who married Captain Henry Toynbee of the HEIC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maury's Sailing Directions|last=Maury|first=Matthew Fontaine|publisher=Wm. Harris, Washington|year=1858|location=Washington|pages=217–221; Plates XX-XXXIX}}</ref>


Smyth died in 1900 and was buried at St. John's Church in the village of [[Sharow]] near [[Ripon]]. A small stone pyramid-shaped monument, topped by a [[Christian cross]], marks his gravesite.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sharow.org.uk/st-johns-church/church-charles-p-smyth.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=8 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718150008/http://www.sharow.org.uk/st-johns-church/church-charles-p-smyth.html |archivedate=18 July 2006 }}</ref>
Smyth died in 1900 and was buried at St. John's Church in the village of [[Sharow]] near [[Ripon]]. A small stone pyramid-shaped monument, topped by a [[Christian cross]], marks his gravesite.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sharow.org.uk/st-johns-church/church-charles-p-smyth.html |title=Charles Piazzi Smyth |access-date=8 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718150008/http://www.sharow.org.uk/st-johns-church/church-charles-p-smyth.html |archive-date=18 July 2006 }}</ref>


==Honours==
==Honours==
He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] in 1846, and served on its Council for a number of years. In June 1857 he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]], but resigned in 1874.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27smyth%27%29|title= Library and Archive Catalogue|publisher= [[Royal Society]]|accessdate= 19 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the [[Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland]] in 1859.<ref>[http://www.iesis.org/honorary-fellows.html Honorary Members and Fellows]</ref> The crater [[Piazzi Smyth (crater)|Piazzi Smyth]] on the [[moon]] is named after him.
He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] in 1846, and served on its council for a number of years. In June 1857 he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]], but resigned in 1874.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27smyth%27%29|title= Library and Archive Catalogue|publisher= [[Royal Society]]|access-date= 19 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the [[Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland]] in 1859.<ref>[http://www.iesis.org/honorary-fellows.html Honorary Members and Fellows]</ref> The crater [[Piazzi Smyth (crater)|Piazzi Smyth]] on the [[moon]] is named after him.


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Line 85: Line 93:


*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1855 | title = Description of New or Improved Instruments for Navigation and Astronomy | publisher = Neill & Co., Printers | location = Edinburgh}}
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1855 | title = Description of New or Improved Instruments for Navigation and Astronomy | publisher = Neill & Co., Printers | location = Edinburgh}}
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1858 | title = Teneriffe, An Astronomer's Experiment: or, Specialities of a Residence Above the Clouds | publisher = L. Reeve | location = London}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=TmsPAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=charles+smyth+teneriffe#v=onepage&q=&f=false Full text available from] [[Google Books]]
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1858 | title = Teneriffe, An Astronomer's Experiment: or, Specialities of a Residence Above the Clouds | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TmsPAAAAYAAJ | publisher = L. Reeve | location = London}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TmsPAAAAYAAJ <!-- quote=charles smyth teneriffe. --> Full text available from] [[Google Books]]
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1862 | title = Three Cities in Russia | publisher = L. Reeve | location = London}}
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1862 | title = Three Cities in Russia | url = https://archive.org/details/threecitiesinru02smytgoog | publisher = L. Reeve | location = London}}
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1864 | title = The Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid | publisher = A. Strahan | location = London}} Reprinted in many editions by many publishers, often entitled ''The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed''. [https://archive.org/details/ourinheritancein00smytuoft Full text available] on the [[Internet Archive]]
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1864 | title = The Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid | url = https://archive.org/details/ourinheritancein00smyt | publisher = A. Strahan | location = London}} Reprinted in many editions by many publishers, often entitled ''The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed''. [https://archive.org/details/ourinheritancein00smytuoft Full text available] on the [[Internet Archive]]
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1867 | title = Life and Work at the Great Pyramid During the Months of January, February, March, and April, A.D. 1865; With a Discussion of the Facts Ascertained | publisher = Edmonston and Douglas | location = Edinburgh}} [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02927000&id=TqU0m0Z7kn8C&pg=PP7&dq=charles+piazzi+smyth&as_brr=1 Full text available from] Google Books
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1867 | title = Life and Work at the Great Pyramid During the Months of January, February, March, and April, A.D. 1865; With a Discussion of the Facts Ascertained | url = https://archive.org/details/lifeworkatgreatp02smytuoft | publisher = Edmonston and Douglas | location = Edinburgh}} [https://archive.org/details/lifeandworkatgr03smytgoog <!-- quote=charles piazzi smyth. --> Full text available from] Google Books
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1868 | title = On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man: From a Practical and Astronomical Point of View | publisher = Edmonston and Douglas | location = Edinburgh}} [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02028642&id=zcJTxIdCsgUC&printsec=titlepage&dq=charles+piazzi+smyth Full text available from] Google Books
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1868 | title = On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man: From a Practical and Astronomical Point of View | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32393 | publisher = Edmonston and Douglas | location = Edinburgh}} [https://archive.org/details/onantiquityinte00smytgoog <!-- quote=charles piazzi smyth. --> Full text available from] Google Books
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1882 | title = Madeira Spectroscopic: Being a Revision of 21 Places in the Red Half of the Solar Visible Spectrum with a Rutherfurd Diffraction Grating, at Madeira ... During the Summer of 1881 | publisher = W. & A. K. Johnston | location = Edinburgh}}
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1882 | title = Madeira Spectroscopic: Being a Revision of 21 Places in the Red Half of the Solar Visible Spectrum with a Rutherfurd Diffraction Grating, at Madeira ... During the Summer of 1881 | publisher = W. & A. K. Johnston | location = Edinburgh}}
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1884 | title = New Measures of the Great Pyramid | publisher = R. Banks | location = London}}
*{{cite book | first = Charles Piazzi | last = Smyth | year = 1884 | title = New Measures of the Great Pyramid | url = https://archive.org/details/newmeasuresofgre00smytiala | publisher = R. Banks | location = London}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Astronomer Royal for Scotland]]
* [[Geographical centre of Earth]]
* [[Geographical centre of Earth]]
* [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]]
* [[Pyramidology]]
* [[Pyramid inch]]
* [[Pseudoscientific metrology]]
⚫
* [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
* [[John Taylor (1781-1864)|John Taylor]]


==References==
==References==
Line 109: Line 110:
*{{cite book|last1=Brück|first1=Hermann Alexander|last2=Brück|first2=Mary T.|title=The Peripatetic Astronomer: The Life of Charles Piazzi Smyth|year=1988|publisher=A. Hilger|location=Bristol|isbn=978-0-85274-420-8}}
*{{cite book|last1=Brück|first1=Hermann Alexander|last2=Brück|first2=Mary T.|title=The Peripatetic Astronomer: The Life of Charles Piazzi Smyth|year=1988|publisher=A. Hilger|location=Bristol|isbn=978-0-85274-420-8}}
*{{cite book | first = Brian | last = Warner | year = 1983 | title = Charles Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer-Artist, his Cape years 1835 - 1845 | publisher = A.A.Balkema | location = Cape Town }}
*{{cite book | first = Brian | last = Warner | year = 1983 | title = Charles Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer-Artist, his Cape years 1835 - 1845 | publisher = A.A.Balkema | location = Cape Town }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Reisenauer |first1=Eric Michael |date=2003 |title="The Battle of the Standards": Great Pyramid Metrology and British Identity, 1859–1890 |journal=The Historian |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=931–78 |doi= 10.1111/1540-6563.00043 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Reisenauer |first1=Eric Michael |date=2003 |title="The Battle of the Standards": Great Pyramid Metrology and British Identity, 1859–1890 |journal=The Historian |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=931–78 |doi= 10.1111/1540-6563.00043 |s2cid=145199506 }}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:19th-century English writers]]
[[Category:19th-century English writers]]
[[Category:19th-century apocalypticists]]
[[Category:19th-century apocalypticists]]
[[Category:19th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:19th-century writers on archaeological subjects]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:British astronomers]]
[[Category:19th-century British astronomers]]
[[Category:British Israelism]]
[[Category:British Israelism]]
[[Category:People from Naples]]
[[Category:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people]]
[[Category:English astronomers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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[[Category:Pyramidologists]]
[[Category:Pyramidologists]]
[[Category:Victorian writers]]
[[Category:Victorian writers]]
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[[Category:Great Pyramid of Giza]]

Latest revision as of 15:53, 25 March 2024

Charles Piazzi Smyth
Charles Piazzi Smyth
Born(1819-01-03)3 January 1819
Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Died21 February 1900(1900-02-21) (aged 81)
SpouseJessica Duncan Piazzi Smyth
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy
InstitutionsAstronomer Royal for Scotland

Charles Piazzi Smyth FRSE FRS FRAS FRSSA (3 January 1819 – 21 February 1900) was a British astronomer who was Astronomer Royal for Scotland from 1846 to 1888; he is known for many innovations in astronomy and, along with his wife Jessica Duncan Piazzi Smyth, his pyramidological and metrological studies of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Astronomical career

[edit]

Charles Piazzi Smyth (pronounced /ˈsmaɪθ/)[1] was born in Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, to Captain (later Admiral) William Henry Smyth and his wife the former Eliza Anne "Annarella" Warington. He was named Piazzi after his godfather, the Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, whose acquaintance his father had made at Palermo when serving in the Mediterranean.[2] His father subsequently settled at Bedford and equipped there an observatory, at which Piazzi Smyth received his first lessons in astronomy. He was educated at Bedford School until the age of sixteen when he became an assistant to Sir Thomas Maclear at the Cape of Good Hope, where he observed Halley's comet and the Great Comet of 1843, and took an active part in the verification and extension of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille's arc of the meridian.[2]

In 1846 he was appointed Astronomer Royal for Scotland,[2] based at the Calton Hill Observatory in Edinburgh, and professor of astronomy in the University of Edinburgh.[2] Shortly after his appointment, the observatory was placed under the control of Her Majesty's Treasury and suffered from a long series of under-funding. Because of this, most of his notable work in astronomy was done elsewhere. Here he completed the reduction, and continued the series, of the observations made by his predecessor, Thomas James Henderson.[2] In 1853, Smyth was responsible for installing the time ball on top of Nelson's Monument in Edinburgh to give a time signal to the ships at Edinburgh's port of Leith. By 1861, this visual signal was augmented by the One O'Clock Gun at Edinburgh Castle.

Firing the One o'clock gun in 1861

In 1704 Isaac Newton wrote in his book Opticks Book 1, Part 1: "... [telescopes] ... cannot be so formed as to take away that confusion of the Rays which arises from the Tremors of the Atmosphere. The only Remedy is a most serene and quiet Air, such as may perhaps be found on the tops of the highest Mountains above the grosser Clouds." This suggestion fell on deaf ears until in 1856, Smyth petitioned the Admiralty for a grant of £500 to take a telescope to the slopes of Teide in Tenerife (which he spelt Teneriffe) and test whether Newton had been right or not. In South Africa he had spent many nights observing from mountain tops but when he moved to Edinburgh had been appalled by the poor observing conditions there.

The Admiralty approved his grant and he was offered the loan of further equipment from many sources. Robert Stephenson loaned his 140-ton yacht Titania for the expedition. Mr. Hugh Pattinson loaned his refracting telescope of 7.5 inches (19 cm). This was a Thomas Cooke equatorial with setting circles and a driving clock.[3] The Crimean War had recently concluded and the army offered to lend tents. This offer was declined as Piazzi Smyth had already designed a tent with a sewn-in groundsheet based on his experience in South Africa.

On this and all his subsequent trips he was accompanied by his wife whom he had married the year before. In 1856, on reaching Tenerife they first set up camp on Mount Guajara, a 8,900 ft (2,700 m) peak about 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Teide (all heights on Tenerife are those he derived barometrically). It was higher than all its neighbours and free from any volcanic activity. They took all their equipment up loaded on mules, except for the Pattinson telescope which was much too bulky. They stayed there a month making astronomical, meteorological and geological observations. He made observations of the steadiness and clarity of star images with the 3.6-inch (9 cm) Sheepshanks telescope and found both much better than at Edinburgh. He also made the first positive detection of heat coming from the Moon. However, they were annoyed by frequent dust incursions which frequently blotted out the horizon. Even when the dust was at its worst, the transparency at the zenith was better than at Edinburgh.

α Piscium as seen from Edinburgh (above) and from Alta Vista at 10,700 ft (3,300 m) (below). The separation is 3.5″ and the diameter of the Airy disc 1.5″

The dust was evidently confined to individual layers, so he decided to move to Alta Vista at 10,700 ft (3,300 m), on the eastern slope of Teide, the highest point that mules could reach. He was determined to use the larger Pattinson telescope and returned to La Orotava to fetch it. As the three boxes were too heavy, they were opened and the contents distributed among several smaller boxes which were loaded on to seven strong horses. The telescope was soon mounted and in action. The Airy Disc was clearly seen and he made many critical observations and fine drawings. They spent a month there during which they spent a day climbing to the summit of Teide at 12,200 ft (3,700 m).

The scientific results were described in reports addressed to the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, the Royal Society, and the "Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh Vol XII 1863", which were widely acclaimed. Piazzi Smyth was the pioneer of the modern practice of placing telescopes at high altitudes to enjoy the best observing conditions.

He wrote a popular account of the voyage in "Teneriffe, an astronomers Experiment".[2] This was the first book ever illustrated by stereoscopic photographs ("photo-stereographs"). It included 20 stereoviews of Teneriffe taken by the author using the wet collodion process. A stereoscope could be purchased which allowed the pictures to be viewed in 3-D without removing them from the book.

In 1871 and 1872 Smyth investigated the spectra of the aurora, and zodiacal light.[2] He recommended the use of the rain-band for weather forecasting and discovered, in conjunction with Alexander Stewart Herschel, the harmonic relation between the rays emitted by carbon monoxide.[2] In 1877–1878 he constructed at Lisbon a map of the solar spectrum for which he received the Makdougall Brisbane Prize in 1880. Smyth carried out further spectroscopic researches at Madeira in 1880 and at Winchester in 1884.

In 1888 Smyth resigned as Astronomer Royal in protest at the chronic under-funding and age of his equipment. This brought events to a head and the Royal Observatory was almost closed when James Lindsay, Earl of Crawford made a donation of new astronomical instruments and the complete Bibliotheca Lindesiana in order that a new observatory could be founded. Thanks to this donation, the new Royal Observatory on Blackford Hill was opened in 1896. After his resignation, Smyth retired to the neighborhood of Ripon, where he remained until his death.[2]

Pyramidological researches

[edit]

Smyth corresponded with pyramid theorist John Taylor and was heavily influenced by him. Taylor theorized in his 1859 book The Great Pyramid: Why Was It Built? & Who Built It? [4] that the Great Pyramid was planned and the building supervised by the biblical Noah. Refused a grant by the Royal Society, Smyth went on an expedition to Egypt in order to accurately measure every surface, dimension, and aspect of the Great Pyramid. He brought along equipment to measure the dimensions of the stones, the precise angle of sections such as the descending passage, and a specially designed camera to photograph both the interior and exterior of the pyramid. He also used other instruments to make astronomical calculations and determine the pyramid's accurate latitude and longitude.

This diagram from Smyth's Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1877) shows some of his measurements and chronological determinations made from them

Smyth subsequently published his book Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid in 1864[2] (which he expanded over the years and is also titled The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed). Smyth claimed that the measurements he obtained from the Great Pyramid of Giza indicated a unit of length, the pyramid inch, equivalent to 1.001 British inches, that could have been the standard of measurement by the pyramid's architects. From this he extrapolated a number of other measurements, including the pyramid pint, the sacred cubit, and the pyramid scale of temperature.

Smyth claimed that the pyramid inch was a God-given measure handed down through the centuries from the time of Shem (Noah's Son), and that the architects of the pyramid could only have been directed by the hand of God. To support this Smyth said that, in measuring the pyramid, he found the number of inches in the perimeter of the base equaled one hundred times the number of days in a year, and found a numeric relationship between the height of the pyramid in inches to the distance from Earth to the Sun, measured in statute miles. He also advanced the theory that the Great Pyramid was a repository of prophecies which could be revealed by detailed measurements of the structure. Working upon theories by Taylor, he conjectured that the Hyksos were the Hebrew people, and that they built the Great Pyramid under the leadership of Melchizedek. Because the pyramid inch was a divine unit of measurement, Smyth, a committed proponent of British Israelism, used his conclusions as an argument against the introduction of the metric system in Britain. For much of his life he was a vocal opponent of the metric system, which he considered a product of the minds of atheistic French radicals, a position advocated in many of his works.[5]

Smyth, despite his bad reputation in Egyptological circles today, performed much valuable work at Giza. He made the most accurate measurements of the Great Pyramid that any explorer had made up to that time, and he photographed the interior passages, using a magnesium light, for the first time. Smyth's work resulted in many drawings and calculations, which were soon incorporated into his books Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid,[6] the three-volume Life and Work at the Great Pyramid (1867),[7] and On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man (1868).[8] For his works he was awarded the Keith gold medal for 1865–67 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, but in 1874, the Royal Society of London rejected his paper on the design of Khufu's pyramid, as they had Taylor's. The rejection of his ideas helped contribute to his resignation from his post as Royal Astronomer in 1888.

Influence of Smyth's pyramid theories

[edit]

Smyth's theories on pyramid prophecy were then integrated into the works and prophecies of Charles Taze Russell (such as his Studies in the Scriptures), who founded the Bible Student movement (who adopted the name Jehovah's Witnesses in 1931, though Russell's successor, Joseph F. Rutherford, denounced pyramidology as unscriptural). Smyth's proposed dates for the Second Coming, first 1882 then many dates between 1892 and 1911, were failed predictions.

The theories of Taylor and Smyth gained many eminent supporters and detractors in the field of Egyptology during the late 1800s, but by the end of the 19th century it had lost most of its mainstream scientific support. The greatest blow to the theory was dealt by the great Egyptogist William Matthew Flinders Petrie, who had initially been a supporter. When Petrie went to Egypt in 1880 to perform new measurements, he found that the pyramid was several feet smaller than previously believed. This so undermined the theory that Petrie rejected it, writing:

The theories of the widths and heights of the passages are all connected, as the passages are all of the same section, or multiples of that. The entrance passage height has had a curiously complex theory attached to it supposing that the vertical and perpendicular heights are added together, their sum is 100 so-called "Pyramid inches". This at the angle of 26º 31' would require a perpendicular height of 47.27, the actual height being 47.24 ± .02. But in considering any theory of the height of this passage, it can not be separated from the similar passages, or from the most accurately wrought of all such heights, the course height of the King's Chamber. The passages vary from 46.2 to 48.6, and the mean course height is 47.040 ± .013. So although this theory agrees with one of the passages, it is evidently not the origin of this frequently recurring height; and it is the more unlikely as there is no authentic example, that will bear examination, of the use or existence of any such measure as a "Pyramid inch," or of a cubit of 25.025 British inches.[9]

Marriage, family, and death

[edit]
A Pyramid surmounted by a cross, Smyth's tomb in Sharow churchyard

In 1855 Smyth married Jessica "Jessie" Duncan (1812–1896), daughter of Thomas Duncan. Jessie Duncan was a geologist who had studied with Alexander Rose in Edinburgh, and travelled on geological expeditions to Ireland, France, Switzerland and Italy.[10]

Smyth's brothers were Warington Wilkinson Smyth and Henry Augustus Smyth. His sisters were Henrietta Grace Smyth, who married Reverend Baden Powell and was mother of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell (founder of the world Scouting Movement), Georgiana Rosetta Smyth, who married William Henry Flower; and Ellen Philadelphia Smyth, who married Captain Henry Toynbee of the HEIC.[11]

Smyth died in 1900 and was buried at St. John's Church in the village of Sharow near Ripon. A small stone pyramid-shaped monument, topped by a Christian cross, marks his gravesite.[12]

Honours

[edit]

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1846, and served on its council for a number of years. In June 1857 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but resigned in 1874.[13] He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1859.[14] The crater Piazzi Smyth on the moon is named after him.

Bibliography

[edit]
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Charles Piazzi Smyth
  • Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1855). Description of New or Improved Instruments for Navigation and Astronomy. Edinburgh: Neill & Co., Printers.
  • Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1858). Teneriffe, An Astronomer's Experiment: or, Specialities of a Residence Above the Clouds. London: L. Reeve. Full text available from Google Books
  • Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1862). Three Cities in Russia. London: L. Reeve.
  • Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1864). The Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid. London: A. Strahan. Reprinted in many editions by many publishers, often entitled The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed. Full text available on the Internet Archive
  • Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1867). Life and Work at the Great Pyramid During the Months of January, February, March, and April, A.D. 1865; With a Discussion of the Facts Ascertained. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. Full text available from Google Books
  • Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1868). On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man: From a Practical and Astronomical Point of View. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. Full text available from Google Books
  • Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1882). Madeira Spectroscopic: Being a Revision of 21 Places in the Red Half of the Solar Visible Spectrum with a Rutherfurd Diffraction Grating, at Madeira ... During the Summer of 1881. Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Johnston.
  • Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1884). New Measures of the Great Pyramid. London: R. Banks.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Brück, Hermann Alexander; Brück, Mary T. (1988). The Peripatetic Astronomer: The Life of Charles Piazzi Smyth. Bristol: A. Hilger. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-85274-420-8. His last name is often misspelled as "Smith" or "Smythe". His tombstone and published works all read "Smyth".
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Clerke, Agnes Mary (1911). "Smyth, Charles Piazzi" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 282.
  3. ^ English, Neil (2012). Classic Telescopes. Springer. p. 26. ISBN 9781461444244.
  4. ^ Taylor, John (21 August 2014). The Great Pyramid. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-07578-7.
  5. ^ Reisenauer, Eric Michael (2003). ""The Battle of the Standards": Great Pyramid Metrology and British Identity, 1859–1890". The Historian. 65 (4): 931–78. doi:10.1111/1540-6563.00043. S2CID 145199506.
  6. ^ Smyth, Charles Piazzi (2012). Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid. Cambridge Library Collection - Spiritualism and Esoteric Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-04441-7.
  7. ^ Smyth, C. Piazzi (1867). Life and Work at the Great Pyramid during the months of January, February, March, and April, A. D. 1865: With a Discussion of the Frits ascertained. In 3 Volumes With Illustrations on stone & wood. I. Edmonston and Douglas.
  8. ^ Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1868). On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man, from a Practical and Astronomical Point of View. Edmonston and Douglas.
  9. ^ W. M. Flinders Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh (London, 1883), p. 189 [1].
  10. ^ Brück, Mary (2009). Women in Early British and Irish Astronomy. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2. ISBN 978-90-481-2472-5.
  11. ^ Maury, Matthew Fontaine (1858). Maury's Sailing Directions. Washington: Wm. Harris, Washington. pp. 217–221, Plates XX-XXXIX.
  12. ^ "Charles Piazzi Smyth". Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 8 September 2006.
  13. ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 19 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^ Honorary Members and Fellows
  • Critical comments on some of Smyth's books, by Olin J. Eggen (1955).
  • Brück, Hermann A. (1983). The Story of Astronomy in Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
  • Brück, Hermann Alexander; Brück, Mary T. (1988). The Peripatetic Astronomer: The Life of Charles Piazzi Smyth. Bristol: A. Hilger. ISBN 978-0-85274-420-8.
  • Warner, Brian (1983). Charles Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer-Artist, his Cape years 1835 - 1845. Cape Town: A.A.Balkema.
  • Reisenauer, Eric Michael (2003). ""The Battle of the Standards": Great Pyramid Metrology and British Identity, 1859–1890". The Historian. 65 (4): 931–78. doi:10.1111/1540-6563.00043. S2CID 145199506.
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