Jump to content

Crystal Semiconductor: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
mNo edit summary
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 10: Line 10:
| industry={{ubl|Computer|Semiconductor}}
| industry={{ubl|Computer|Semiconductor}}
}}
}}
'''Crystal Semiconductor Corporation''' was an American computer company based in [[Austin, Texas]], and active from 1984 to the early 2000s. Founded by Michael J. Callahan and James H. Clardy, the company originally specialized in the design and manufacture of silicon for [[mixed-signal integrated circuit]]s, namely [[Digital-to-analog converter|digital-to-analog]] (DAC) and [[Analog-to-digital converter|analog-to-digital]] (ADC) converters. After being acquired by [[Cirrus Logic]] of [[San Jose, California]], in 1991 for about $59&nbsp;million, the company became a dominant player in the [[personal computer]] [[sound chip]] market.<ref name=whoswho>{{cite journal | last=Fritz | first=Mark | date=December 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/224104655/ | title=The chip manufacturers: Who's who and what have they got? | work=CD-ROM Professional | publisher=Online, Incorporated | volume=8 | issue=12 | page=35 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>
'''Crystal Semiconductor Corporation''' was an American computer company based in [[Austin, Texas]], and active from 1984 to the early 2000s. Founded by Michael J. Callahan and James H. Clardy, the company originally specialized in the design and manufacture of silicon for [[mixed-signal integrated circuit]]s, namely [[Digital-to-analog converter|digital-to-analog]] (DAC) and [[Analog-to-digital converter|analog-to-digital]] (ADC) converters. After being acquired by [[Cirrus Logic]] of [[San Jose, California]], in 1991 for about $59&nbsp;million, the company became a dominant player in the [[personal computer]] [[sound chip]] market.<ref name=whoswho>{{cite journal | last=Fritz | first=Mark | date=December 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/224104655/ | title=The chip manufacturers: Who's who and what have they got? | journal=CD-ROM Professional | publisher=Online, Incorporated | volume=8 | issue=12 | page=35 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Independent era (1984–1991)===
===Independent era (1984–1991)===
Crystal Semiconductor Corporation was incorporated in 1984 by Michael J. Callahan and James H. Clardy in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref name=dataquest>{{cite book | last=((Components Division)) | date=June 1988 | url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723194-05-01-acc.pdf | title=A Decade of Semiconductor Companies | publisher=Dataquest Incorporated | via=Computer History Museum | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227101116/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723194-05-01-acc.pdf | archivedate=December 27, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|170}}<ref name=capital>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 29, 1986 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-capita/128441932/ | title=Crystal capital | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=C1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Callahan, the principal founder, had previously incorporated Texas Micro Engineering (TME), a fabless semiconductor firm, in Austin in 1979. Clardy meanwhile was a 21-year veteran designer at [[Texas Instruments]] before co-founding Crystal.<ref name=hometown>{{cite journal | last=Mitchell | first=Russell | date=October 25, 1984 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-new-chipmaker/128441830/ | title=New chipmaker makes Austin its hometown | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=G1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-new-chipmaker/128441853/ G5] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>{{rp|G1}} Immediately after forming Crystal, Callahan transferred TME's assets over to his new company.<ref name=dataquest />{{rp|170}} Unlike TME, Crystal was a full-on semiconductor fabricator, the company groundbreaking a 10,000-square-foot plant in Austin with the US$5&nbsp;million of capital they had initially raised.<ref name=hometown />{{rp|G1}} The company initially focused on the production of [[Digital-to-analog converter|digital-to-analog]] (DAC) and [[Analog-to-digital converter|analog-to-digital]] (ADC) [[integrated circuit]]s for use in [[telecommunications]], computers, and automobile stereos; the production of such converters constituted a US$600-million industry at the time.<ref name=hometown />{{rp|G5}}<ref name=bridges>{{cite journal | last=Sullivan | first=Kathleen | date=January 27, 1986 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-circuit-bridge/128441914/ | title=Circuit bridges built in Austin | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The founders hoped to reach $100&nbsp;million in sales within its first five years.<ref name=hometown />{{rp|G1}}
Crystal Semiconductor Corporation was incorporated in 1984 by Michael J. Callahan and James H. Clardy in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref name=dataquest>{{cite book | last=((Components Division)) | date=June 1988 | url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723194-05-01-acc.pdf | title=A Decade of Semiconductor Companies | publisher=Dataquest Incorporated | via=Computer History Museum | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227101116/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723194-05-01-acc.pdf | archivedate=December 27, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|170}}<ref name=capital>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 29, 1986 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-capita/128441932/ | title=Crystal capital | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=C1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Callahan, the principal founder, had previously incorporated Texas Micro Engineering (TME), a fabless semiconductor firm, in Austin in 1979. Clardy meanwhile was a 21-year veteran designer at [[Texas Instruments]] before co-founding Crystal.<ref name=hometown>{{cite journal | last=Mitchell | first=Russell | date=October 25, 1984 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-new-chipmaker/128441830/ | title=New chipmaker makes Austin its hometown | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=G1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-new-chipmaker/128441853/ G5] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>{{rp|G1}} Immediately after forming Crystal, Callahan transferred TME's assets over to his new company.<ref name=dataquest />{{rp|170}} Unlike TME, Crystal was a full-on semiconductor fabricator, the company groundbreaking a 10,000-square-foot plant in Austin with the US$5&nbsp;million of capital they had initially raised.<ref name=hometown />{{rp|G1}} The company initially focused on the production of [[Digital-to-analog converter|digital-to-analog]] (DAC) and [[Analog-to-digital converter|analog-to-digital]] (ADC) [[integrated circuit]]s for use in [[telecommunications]], computers, and automobile stereos; the production of such converters constituted a US$600-million industry at the time.<ref name=hometown />{{rp|G5}}<ref name=bridges>{{cite journal | last=Sullivan | first=Kathleen | date=January 27, 1986 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-circuit-bridge/128441914/ | title=Circuit bridges built in Austin | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The founders hoped to reach $100&nbsp;million in sales within its first five years.<ref name=hometown />{{rp|G1}}


Employment at Crystal grew tenfold from 1984 to 1986, the company having about 70 workers on its payroll in March 1986.<ref name=capital /> The following month the company delivered their first chip, the CSC8870B—a [[Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling|DTMF]] decoder—for the telecommunications industry.<ref name=dataquest />{{rp|170}}<ref name=first>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=April 9, 1986 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-announ/128441951/ | title=Crystal announces its first circuit | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=C1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Fabrication of the chip was subcontracted out to foundries in California, Canada, and Singapore.<ref name=first /> In June 1986, Crystal announced an analog circuit development system, comprising an [[in-circuit emulation]] application for the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]]—dubbed the Crystal-ICE Filter Development System—and the company's new CSC7008 filter chip.<ref name=dataquest />{{rp|170}}<ref name=pinup /> This development system was featured on the front cover of ''[[Electronic Design (magazine)|Electronic Design]]'' magazine.<ref name=pinup>{{cite journal | last=Sullivan | first=Kathleen | date=June 9, 1986 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystals-chip/128441981/ | title=Crystal's chip becomes pinup | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=C1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In January 1987, by which point Crystal had 85 employees. [[Asahi Kasei]], a Japanese chemical and electronics conglomerate, purchased an eight-percent stake in Crystal in exchange for flushing the company with new capital.<ref name=japanese>{{cite journal | last=Sullivan | first=Kathleen | date=January 21, 1987 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-japanese-buy-p/128442006/ | title=Japanese buy part of Crystal | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=E7 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=partners>{{cite journal | last=Sullivan | first=Kathleen | date=January 26, 1987 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-us-firms-tak/128442030/ | title=U.S. firms take partners on line | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
Employment at Crystal grew tenfold from 1984 to 1986, the company having about 70 workers on its payroll in March 1986.<ref name=capital /> The following month the company delivered their first chip, the CSC8870B—a [[Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling|DTMF]] decoder—for the telecommunications industry.<ref name=dataquest />{{rp|170}}<ref name=first>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=April 9, 1986 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-announ/128441951/ | title=Crystal announces its first circuit | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=C1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Fabrication of the chip was subcontracted out to foundries in California, Canada, and Singapore.<ref name=first /> In June 1986, Crystal announced an analog circuit development system, comprising an [[in-circuit emulation]] application for the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]]—dubbed the Crystal-ICE Filter Development System—and the company's new CSC7008 filter chip.<ref name=dataquest />{{rp|170}}<ref name=pinup /> This development system was featured on the front cover of ''[[Electronic Design (magazine)|Electronic Design]]'' magazine.<ref name=pinup>{{cite journal | last=Sullivan | first=Kathleen | date=June 9, 1986 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystals-chip/128441981/ | title=Crystal's chip becomes pinup | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=C1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In January 1987, by which point Crystal had 85 employees. [[Asahi Kasei]], a Japanese chemical and electronics conglomerate, purchased an eight-percent stake in Crystal in exchange for flushing the company with new capital.<ref name=japanese>{{cite journal | last=Sullivan | first=Kathleen | date=January 21, 1987 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-japanese-buy-p/128442006/ | title=Japanese buy part of Crystal | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=E7 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=partners>{{cite journal | last=Sullivan | first=Kathleen | date=January 26, 1987 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-us-firms-tak/128442030/ | title=U.S. firms take partners on line | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>


Within 1988, the company had grown by 300&nbsp;percent and reached 100 employees by October that year. In that same month the company was commissioned by an alliance of airline companies for the design of an analog [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]] that could gauge [[wind shear]] threats for both pilots and air traffic controllers—a feature of [[fly-by-wire]] systems that had recently been mandated by the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] that year. The order for the chip was the largest the converter industry had seen up to that point.<ref name=heaven>{{cite journal | last=Pope | first=Kyle | date=October 23, 1988 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-nation-seeing/128442069/ | title=Nation seeing Austin as high-tech heaven | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=H1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-nation-seeing/128442113/ H3] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> By the end of the year, Crystal generated $5.5&nbsp;million in sales and employed 120 workers.<ref name=laysoff>{{cite journal | last=Pope | first=Kyle | date=January 4, 1989 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-lays-o/128448041/ | title=Crystal lays off 15 workers, announces increase in sales | work=Austin-American Statesman | page=C9, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-lays-o/128448066/ C10] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Despite growth in all its departments and a tripling of overall sales, the company had yet to post a profitable quarter, and members of the board allegedly feared that Crystal was beginning to grow too fast for the amount of remaining cash reserves the company had, prompting them to layoff 15 workers in the beginning of 1989.<ref name=laysoff /><ref name=profitable>{{cite journal | last=Pope | first=Kyle | date=August 1, 1989 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-semico/128448105/ | title=Crystal Semiconductor reports first profitable quarter since 1984 start | work=Austin-American Statesman | page=C1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-semico/128448142/ C3] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Crystal later achieved its first profitable quarter in August 1989;<ref name=profitable /> afterward, the company posted nine straight profitable quarters in a row.<ref name=above>{{cite journal | last=Breyer | first=R. Michelle | date=June 22, 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256532380/ | title=Above and beyond | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Employment at Crystal hovered around 100 between 1989 and 1990; by May 1991 the company had grown to 150 workers.<ref name=lineofcredit>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=May 11, 1991 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-line-of-credit/128448186/ | title=Line of credit | work=Austin-American Statesman | page=E1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
Within 1988, the company had grown by 300&nbsp;percent and reached 100 employees by October that year. In that same month the company was commissioned by an alliance of airline companies for the design of an analog [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]] that could gauge [[wind shear]] threats for both pilots and air traffic controllers—a feature of [[fly-by-wire]] systems that had recently been mandated by the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] that year. The order for the chip was the largest the converter industry had seen up to that point.<ref name=heaven>{{cite journal | last=Pope | first=Kyle | date=October 23, 1988 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-nation-seeing/128442069/ | title=Nation seeing Austin as high-tech heaven | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=H1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-nation-seeing/128442113/ H3] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> By the end of the year, Crystal generated $5.5&nbsp;million in sales and employed 120 workers.<ref name=laysoff>{{cite journal | last=Pope | first=Kyle | date=January 4, 1989 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-lays-o/128448041/ | title=Crystal lays off 15 workers, announces increase in sales | journal=Austin-American Statesman | page=C9, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-lays-o/128448066/ C10] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Despite growth in all its departments and a tripling of overall sales, the company had yet to post a profitable quarter, and members of the board allegedly feared that Crystal was beginning to grow too fast for the amount of remaining cash reserves the company had, prompting them to layoff 15 workers in the beginning of 1989.<ref name=laysoff /><ref name=profitable>{{cite journal | last=Pope | first=Kyle | date=August 1, 1989 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-semico/128448105/ | title=Crystal Semiconductor reports first profitable quarter since 1984 start | journal=Austin-American Statesman | page=C1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-semico/128448142/ C3] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Crystal later achieved its first profitable quarter in August 1989;<ref name=profitable /> afterward, the company posted nine straight profitable quarters in a row.<ref name=above>{{cite journal | last=Breyer | first=R. Michelle | date=June 22, 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256532380/ | title=Above and beyond | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Employment at Crystal hovered around 100 between 1989 and 1990; by May 1991 the company had grown to 150 workers.<ref name=lineofcredit>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=May 11, 1991 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-line-of-credit/128448186/ | title=Line of credit | journal=Austin-American Statesman | page=E1 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>


===Cirrus Logic era (1991–2002)===
===Cirrus Logic era (1991–2002)===
[[File:Crystal CS4231.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A Crystal CS4231 sound chip from 1994]]
[[File:Crystal CS4231.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A Crystal CS4231 sound chip from 1994]]
The company exceeded $100&nbsp;million in sales for the first time in 1991.<ref name=ladendorf>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=September 5, 1991 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-merger/128448214/ | title=Crystal mergers with California chip company | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=F1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-merger/128448292/ F6] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>{{rp|F6}} In September 1991, [[Cirrus Logic|Cirrus Logic, Inc.]], a [[San Jose, California]]–based fabless semiconductor company specializing in personal computer chips, announced the acquisition of Crystal in a stock swap worth roughly $59&nbsp;million at the time.<ref>{{cite journal | date=September 4, 1991 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398220855/ | title=Cirrus Logic Inc.: Chip Maker Agrees to Buy Crystal Semiconductor | work=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=B4 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> The acquisition was completed in late October 1991, the company becoming an independent subsidiary of Cirrus Logic while retaining its headquarters, name, and marketing team.<ref name=ladendorf />{{rp|F1}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=October 28, 1991 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398229497/ | title=Cirrus Logic Completes Merger | work=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> After the acquisition, Crystal pivoted away from general-purpose converters to [[modem]]s and [[sound chip|sound-generating]] ASICs for personal computers.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=April 5, 1993 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-semico/128448318/ | title=Crystal Semiconductor gains steam | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-semico/128448344/ D6] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Prompted by growing sales and employment, between April and June 1993, the company's 350 workers moved out from their old headquarters to a new plant in Austin four times its size. Around the same time, Cirrus Logic earmarked another 45,000-square-foot plant in the area for them to occupy in January 1994.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=June 17, 1993 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-chip-maker-gro/128448370/ | title=Chip maker grows to new quarters | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=C9 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
The company exceeded $100&nbsp;million in sales for the first time in 1991.<ref name=ladendorf>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=September 5, 1991 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-merger/128448214/ | title=Crystal mergers with California chip company | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=F1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-merger/128448292/ F6] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>{{rp|F6}} In September 1991, [[Cirrus Logic|Cirrus Logic, Inc.]], a [[San Jose, California]]–based fabless semiconductor company specializing in personal computer chips, announced the acquisition of Crystal in a stock swap worth roughly $59&nbsp;million at the time.<ref>{{cite journal | date=September 4, 1991 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398220855/ | title=Cirrus Logic Inc.: Chip Maker Agrees to Buy Crystal Semiconductor | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=B4 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> The acquisition was completed in late October 1991, the company becoming an independent subsidiary of Cirrus Logic while retaining its headquarters, name, and marketing team.<ref name=ladendorf />{{rp|F1}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=October 28, 1991 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398229497/ | title=Cirrus Logic Completes Merger | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> After the acquisition, Crystal pivoted away from general-purpose converters to [[modem]]s and [[sound chip|sound-generating]] ASICs for personal computers.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=April 5, 1993 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-semico/128448318/ | title=Crystal Semiconductor gains steam | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-crystal-semico/128448344/ D6] | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Prompted by growing sales and employment, between April and June 1993, the company's 350 workers moved out from their old headquarters to a new plant in Austin four times its size. Around the same time, Cirrus Logic earmarked another 45,000-square-foot plant in the area for them to occupy in January 1994.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=June 17, 1993 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-chip-maker-gro/128448370/ | title=Chip maker grows to new quarters | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=C9 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>


Crystal under Cirrus Logic's ownership employed 429 in 1995.<ref name=above /> Between 1997 and 1998 the company cut 30 jobs, amid a wave of layoffs at Cirrus Logic affecting between 400 and 500 workers total.<ref name=changing>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=October 27, 1998 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/255595085/ | title=Changing Austin tech | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Clardy left the company in 1997, citing overbearing management from Cirrus Logic.<ref name=whipping>{{cite journal | last=Hawkins | first=Lori | date=July 11, 2005 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/255738881/ | title=Whipping chip startups into shape | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> That year, Crystal launched a lawsuit against [[Milpitas, California|Milpitas]]-based [[OPTi Inc.]] and Singapore-based TriTech Microelectronics for alleged patent infringement of Crystal's [[Mixed-signal integrated circuit|mixed-signal]] technology.<ref name=Flood2000>{{cite journal | last=Flood | first=Mary | date=January 19, 2000 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398722345/ | title=As Austin High-Tech Firms Mature, Patent Suits Boom | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=T1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Collett | first=Stacy | date=May 24, 1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOdcDhFTjuMC&pg=PA29 | title=Chip Maker Wins Big in Patent Infringement Suit | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=33 | issue=21 | page=29 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The courts ruled in favor of Crystal in late 1999 or early 2000, ordering TriTech and OPTi to pay their portion of a combined $20&nbsp;million.<ref name=Flood2000 />
Crystal under Cirrus Logic's ownership employed 429 in 1995.<ref name=above /> Between 1997 and 1998 the company cut 30 jobs, amid a wave of layoffs at Cirrus Logic affecting between 400 and 500 workers total.<ref name=changing>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=October 27, 1998 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/255595085/ | title=Changing Austin tech | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Clardy left the company in 1997, citing overbearing management from Cirrus Logic.<ref name=whipping>{{cite journal | last=Hawkins | first=Lori | date=July 11, 2005 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/255738881/ | title=Whipping chip startups into shape | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> That year, Crystal launched a lawsuit against [[Milpitas, California|Milpitas]]-based [[OPTi|OPTi Inc.]] and Singapore-based TriTech Microelectronics for alleged patent infringement of Crystal's [[Mixed-signal integrated circuit|mixed-signal]] technology.<ref name=Flood2000>{{cite journal | last=Flood | first=Mary | date=January 19, 2000 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398722345/ | title=As Austin High-Tech Firms Mature, Patent Suits Boom | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=T1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Collett | first=Stacy | date=May 24, 1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOdcDhFTjuMC&pg=PA29 | title=Chip Maker Wins Big in Patent Infringement Suit | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=33 | issue=21 | page=29 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The courts ruled in favor of Crystal in late 1999 or early 2000, ordering TriTech and OPTi to pay their portion of a combined $20&nbsp;million.<ref name=Flood2000 />


In April 2000, Cirrus Logic relocated their headquarters and management from San Jose to Crystal's home of Austin, citing a pivot away from video controller chips to Crystal's specialty of audio and [[optical storage]] controller chips.<ref name=home>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=April 27, 2000 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256721967/ | title=Cirrus Logic will call Austin home | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> By 2002, Cirrus Logic had absorbed Crystal into their base of operations and finally retired the name.<ref name=cicada>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=April 22, 2002 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256744035/ | title=With chips, Cicada hears click of success | work=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>
In April 2000, Cirrus Logic relocated their headquarters and management from San Jose to Crystal's home of Austin, citing a pivot away from video controller chips to Crystal's specialty of audio and [[optical storage]] controller chips.<ref name=home>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=April 27, 2000 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256721967/ | title=Cirrus Logic will call Austin home | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> By 2002, Cirrus Logic had absorbed Crystal into their base of operations and finally retired the name.<ref name=cicada>{{cite journal | last=Ladendorf | first=Kirk | date=April 22, 2002 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256744035/ | title=With chips, Cicada hears click of success | journal=Austin American-Statesman | page=D1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 06:35, 4 April 2024

Crystal Semiconductor Corporation
Company type
  • Private (1984–1991)
  • Subsidiary (after 1991)
Industry
  • Computer
  • Semiconductor
Founded1984; 40 years ago (1984) in Austin, Texas, United States
Founders
  • Michael J. Callahan
  • James H. Clardy
Defunct2002; 22 years ago (2002)
FateAcquired by Cirrus Logic in 1991; absorbed into Cirrus Logic c. 2002
Number of employees
429 (1995)

Crystal Semiconductor Corporation was an American computer company based in Austin, Texas, and active from 1984 to the early 2000s. Founded by Michael J. Callahan and James H. Clardy, the company originally specialized in the design and manufacture of silicon for mixed-signal integrated circuits, namely digital-to-analog (DAC) and analog-to-digital (ADC) converters. After being acquired by Cirrus Logic of San Jose, California, in 1991 for about $59 million, the company became a dominant player in the personal computer sound chip market.[1]

History

[edit]

Independent era (1984–1991)

[edit]

Crystal Semiconductor Corporation was incorporated in 1984 by Michael J. Callahan and James H. Clardy in Austin, Texas.[2]: 170 [3] Callahan, the principal founder, had previously incorporated Texas Micro Engineering (TME), a fabless semiconductor firm, in Austin in 1979. Clardy meanwhile was a 21-year veteran designer at Texas Instruments before co-founding Crystal.[4]: G1  Immediately after forming Crystal, Callahan transferred TME's assets over to his new company.[2]: 170  Unlike TME, Crystal was a full-on semiconductor fabricator, the company groundbreaking a 10,000-square-foot plant in Austin with the US$5 million of capital they had initially raised.[4]: G1  The company initially focused on the production of digital-to-analog (DAC) and analog-to-digital (ADC) integrated circuits for use in telecommunications, computers, and automobile stereos; the production of such converters constituted a US$600-million industry at the time.[4]: G5 [5] The founders hoped to reach $100 million in sales within its first five years.[4]: G1 

Employment at Crystal grew tenfold from 1984 to 1986, the company having about 70 workers on its payroll in March 1986.[3] The following month the company delivered their first chip, the CSC8870B—a DTMF decoder—for the telecommunications industry.[2]: 170 [6] Fabrication of the chip was subcontracted out to foundries in California, Canada, and Singapore.[6] In June 1986, Crystal announced an analog circuit development system, comprising an in-circuit emulation application for the IBM PC—dubbed the Crystal-ICE Filter Development System—and the company's new CSC7008 filter chip.[2]: 170 [7] This development system was featured on the front cover of Electronic Design magazine.[7] In January 1987, by which point Crystal had 85 employees. Asahi Kasei, a Japanese chemical and electronics conglomerate, purchased an eight-percent stake in Crystal in exchange for flushing the company with new capital.[8][9]

Within 1988, the company had grown by 300 percent and reached 100 employees by October that year. In that same month the company was commissioned by an alliance of airline companies for the design of an analog ASIC that could gauge wind shear threats for both pilots and air traffic controllers—a feature of fly-by-wire systems that had recently been mandated by the FAA that year. The order for the chip was the largest the converter industry had seen up to that point.[10] By the end of the year, Crystal generated $5.5 million in sales and employed 120 workers.[11] Despite growth in all its departments and a tripling of overall sales, the company had yet to post a profitable quarter, and members of the board allegedly feared that Crystal was beginning to grow too fast for the amount of remaining cash reserves the company had, prompting them to layoff 15 workers in the beginning of 1989.[11][12] Crystal later achieved its first profitable quarter in August 1989;[12] afterward, the company posted nine straight profitable quarters in a row.[13] Employment at Crystal hovered around 100 between 1989 and 1990; by May 1991 the company had grown to 150 workers.[14]

Cirrus Logic era (1991–2002)

[edit]
A Crystal CS4231 sound chip from 1994

The company exceeded $100 million in sales for the first time in 1991.[15]: F6  In September 1991, Cirrus Logic, Inc., a San Jose, California–based fabless semiconductor company specializing in personal computer chips, announced the acquisition of Crystal in a stock swap worth roughly $59 million at the time.[16] The acquisition was completed in late October 1991, the company becoming an independent subsidiary of Cirrus Logic while retaining its headquarters, name, and marketing team.[15]: F1 [17] After the acquisition, Crystal pivoted away from general-purpose converters to modems and sound-generating ASICs for personal computers.[18] Prompted by growing sales and employment, between April and June 1993, the company's 350 workers moved out from their old headquarters to a new plant in Austin four times its size. Around the same time, Cirrus Logic earmarked another 45,000-square-foot plant in the area for them to occupy in January 1994.[19]

Crystal under Cirrus Logic's ownership employed 429 in 1995.[13] Between 1997 and 1998 the company cut 30 jobs, amid a wave of layoffs at Cirrus Logic affecting between 400 and 500 workers total.[20] Clardy left the company in 1997, citing overbearing management from Cirrus Logic.[21] That year, Crystal launched a lawsuit against Milpitas-based OPTi Inc. and Singapore-based TriTech Microelectronics for alleged patent infringement of Crystal's mixed-signal technology.[22][23] The courts ruled in favor of Crystal in late 1999 or early 2000, ordering TriTech and OPTi to pay their portion of a combined $20 million.[22]

In April 2000, Cirrus Logic relocated their headquarters and management from San Jose to Crystal's home of Austin, citing a pivot away from video controller chips to Crystal's specialty of audio and optical storage controller chips.[24] By 2002, Cirrus Logic had absorbed Crystal into their base of operations and finally retired the name.[25]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Fritz, Mark (December 1995). "The chip manufacturers: Who's who and what have they got?". CD-ROM Professional. 8 (12). Online, Incorporated: 35 – via ProQuest.
  2. ^ a b c d Components Division (June 1988). A Decade of Semiconductor Companies (PDF). Dataquest Incorporated. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2014 – via Computer History Museum.
  3. ^ a b Staff writer (March 29, 1986). "Crystal capital". Austin American-Statesman: C1 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ a b c d Mitchell, Russell (October 25, 1984). "New chipmaker makes Austin its hometown". Austin American-Statesman: G1, G5 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ Sullivan, Kathleen (January 27, 1986). "Circuit bridges built in Austin". Austin American-Statesman: D1 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ a b Staff writer (April 9, 1986). "Crystal announces its first circuit". Austin American-Statesman: C1 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ a b Sullivan, Kathleen (June 9, 1986). "Crystal's chip becomes pinup". Austin American-Statesman: C1 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ Sullivan, Kathleen (January 21, 1987). "Japanese buy part of Crystal". Austin American-Statesman: E7 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ Sullivan, Kathleen (January 26, 1987). "U.S. firms take partners on line". Austin American-Statesman: D1 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ Pope, Kyle (October 23, 1988). "Nation seeing Austin as high-tech heaven". Austin American-Statesman: H1, H3 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ a b Pope, Kyle (January 4, 1989). "Crystal lays off 15 workers, announces increase in sales". Austin-American Statesman: C9, C10 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ a b Pope, Kyle (August 1, 1989). "Crystal Semiconductor reports first profitable quarter since 1984 start". Austin-American Statesman: C1, C3 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ a b Breyer, R. Michelle (June 22, 1995). "Above and beyond". Austin American-Statesman: D1 – via ProQuest.
  14. ^ Staff writer (May 11, 1991). "Line of credit". Austin-American Statesman: E1 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ a b Ladendorf, Kirk (September 5, 1991). "Crystal mergers with California chip company". Austin American-Statesman: F1, F6 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "Cirrus Logic Inc.: Chip Maker Agrees to Buy Crystal Semiconductor". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B4. September 4, 1991 – via ProQuest.
  17. ^ Staff writer (October 28, 1991). "Cirrus Logic Completes Merger". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest.
  18. ^ Ladendorf, Kirk (April 5, 1993). "Crystal Semiconductor gains steam". Austin American-Statesman: D1, D6 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Ladendorf, Kirk (June 17, 1993). "Chip maker grows to new quarters". Austin American-Statesman: C9 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ Ladendorf, Kirk (October 27, 1998). "Changing Austin tech". Austin American-Statesman: D1 – via ProQuest.
  21. ^ Hawkins, Lori (July 11, 2005). "Whipping chip startups into shape". Austin American-Statesman: D1 – via ProQuest.
  22. ^ a b Flood, Mary (January 19, 2000). "As Austin High-Tech Firms Mature, Patent Suits Boom". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: T1 – via ProQuest.
  23. ^ Collett, Stacy (May 24, 1999). "Chip Maker Wins Big in Patent Infringement Suit". Computerworld. 33 (21). IDG Publications: 29 – via Google Books.
  24. ^ Ladendorf, Kirk (April 27, 2000). "Cirrus Logic will call Austin home". Austin American-Statesman: D1 – via ProQuest.
  25. ^ Ladendorf, Kirk (April 22, 2002). "With chips, Cicada hears click of success". Austin American-Statesman: D1 – via ProQuest.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Semiconductor&oldid=1217165539"