Stjepan Gradić: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox writer |
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{{Short description|Ragusan philosopher and scientist (1613–1683)}} |
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| name = Stjepan Gradić |
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{{Infobox academic |
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| image = stefano gradi.gif |
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| honorific_prefix = Reverend |
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| caption = |
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| name = Stjepan Gradić |
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| alt = |
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| honorific_suffix = |
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| pseudonym = |
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| image = Stjepan Gradic.jpg |
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| birth_date = March 6, 1613 |
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| image_size = |
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| birth_place = [[Dubrovnik]], [[Republic of Ragusa]] |
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| alt = |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1683|05|02|1613|03|06}} |
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| caption = |
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| death_place = [[Rome]] |
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| native_name = |
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| occupation = [[philosopher]] |
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| native_name_lang = |
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| nationality = [[Croats|Croatian]] |
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| birth_name = <!-- use only if different from full/othernames --> |
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| period = |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1613|03|06}} |
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| genre = |
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| birth_place = [[Dubrovnik]], [[Republic of Ragusa]], (modern-day [[Croatia]]) |
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| movement = |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1683|05|02|1613|03|06|df=y}} |
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| notableworks = |
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| death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] |
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| influences = |
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| death_cause = |
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| influenced = |
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| nationality = [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan]] |
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| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> |
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| other_names = |
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| occupation = [[Catholic priest]], [[philosopher]], [[philologist]], [[scientist]], [[diplomat]], [[poet]], [[librarian]] |
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| period = |
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| known_for = |
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| title = |
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| boards = |
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| spouse = |
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| partner = |
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| children = |
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| parents = Michele Gradi and Maria Gradi (née Benessa) |
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| relatives = |
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| awards = <!--notable national-level awards only--> |
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| website = |
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| education = |
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| alma_mater = [[Roman College]]<br />[[Collegio Clementino]]<br />[[University of Bologna]] |
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| school_tradition = [[Aristotelianism]]<br />[[Scholasticism]] |
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| doctoral_advisor = |
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| academic_advisors = |
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| influences = {{flatlist| |
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* [[Benedetto Castelli]] |
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* [[Bonaventura Cavalieri]] |
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}} |
}} |
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| era = |
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'''Stjepan "Stijepo" Gradić''' or '''Stefano Gradi'''; March 6, 1613 – May 2, 1683) was a [[Croats|Croatian]] [[philosopher]] and [[scientist]] and a patrician of the [[Republic of Ragusa]]. |
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| discipline = Classical scholar, mathematician |
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| sub_discipline = |
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| workplaces = [[Vatican Library]] |
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| doctoral_students = |
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| notable_students = |
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| main_interests = |
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| notable_works = |
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| notable_ideas = |
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| influenced = [[Roger Joseph Boscovich]] |
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| signature = |
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| signature_alt = |
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| footnotes = |
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| resting_place = [[San Girolamo dei Croati|San Girolamo degli Illirici]] |
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}} |
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'''Stjepan Gradić''', also known as '''Stefano Gradi''' (Latin: Stephanus Gradius; 6 March 1613 – 2 May 1683)<ref name="Bio"/> was a [[polymath]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-11 |title=Stjepan Gradić - father of the homeland |url=https://www.dubrovnik.com/index.php/discover/events/727-exhibition-father-of-the-homeland |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Dubrovnik.com |language=hr}}</ref> [[philosopher]], [[scientist]] and a [[patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patrician]] of the [[Republic of Ragusa]]. |
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==Biography== |
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Stijepo's parents were Miho Gradi (Gradić) and Marija Benessa (Beneša). He was born in [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa (Dubrovnik)]], [[Republic of Ragusa]], where he was first schooled. He moved to [[Rome]] by the order of his uncle, a vicar general of [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]], Petar Benessa. In [[Rome]] and in [[Bologna]] he studied [[philosophy]], [[theology]], [[law]] and [[mathematics]]. His mathematics professor in Rome was [[Bonaventura Cavalieri]] and in [[Bologna]] his mathematics professor was [[Benedetto Castelli]]. He became a priest in 1643, the year he returned home and soon became abbot of the Benedictine abbey of St. Cosmas and Damian on the island of [[Pašman]], canon of cathedral choir in [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]] and [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]]n deputy Archbishop. After a private trip to [[Rome]] he remained there until his death as the official diplomatic representative of the Republic of Ragusa to the Holy See. Since 1682 he was the head of the [[Vatican Library]].<ref name="Bio"/> |
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Gradić was born in [[Dubrovnik]], Republic of Ragusa. Stijepo's parents were Miho Gradi and Marija Benessa, where he was first schooled. He moved to [[Rome]] for order of your uncle General-bicar of Dubrovnik Petar Benesa (*1580 +1642, studied philosophy and theology for seven years to Rome, as representative of the Republic of Ragusa to the Vatican, cardinal secretary of Megalloti and Francesco Barberini) to the Pope [[Urban VIII]], and stayed there to hold various offices for the Republic of Ragusa (its diplomatic representative by the [[Holy See]]. Since 1682 he was the head of the [[Vatican Library]]. |
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[[Image:stefano gradi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Stjepan Gradić]] |
[[Image:stefano gradi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Stjepan Gradić]] |
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Gradić was a [[polymath]]. He cooperated with the historian [[Joannes Lucius]], translated classical authors, wrote a biography of the Dubrovnik writer [[Junije Palmotić]] and a poem about the [[earthquake]] in Dubrovnik. In the literary and scientific circle of [[pope Alexander VII]] and Queen [[Christina of Sweden]] Gradić discussed scientific and philosophical issues. |
Gradić was a [[polymath]]. He cooperated with the historian [[Joannes Lucius]] in defending the honor and reputation of their native country of unjust attacks of some Italian and French writers, translated classical authors, wrote a biography of the [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]]n writer [[Junije Palmotić]] and a poem about the [[earthquake]] in [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]]. In the literary and scientific circle of [[pope Alexander VII]] and Queen [[Christina of Sweden]] Gradić discussed scientific and philosophical issues.<ref name="Bio"/> |
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His philosophical works are written in the spirit of [[Aristotle|Aristotelianism]] and [[scholasticism]]. Gradić was a member of the Royal Academy in [[Padua]], having correspondence with many notable Europeans. He described the disastrous earthquake in Dubrovnik in 1667 in [[Latin language|Latin]] verses and organized help from all over [[Europe]] for the devastated city. |
His philosophical works are written in the spirit of [[Aristotle|Aristotelianism]] and [[scholasticism]]. Gradić was a member of the Royal Academy in [[Padua]], having correspondence with many notable Europeans. He described the disastrous earthquake in [[1667 Dubrovnik earthquake|Ragusa in 1667]] in [[Latin language|Latin]] verses and organized help from all over [[Europe]] for the devastated city.<ref name="Bio"/> |
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Along with [[philosophy]], he engaged in [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[literature]] and [[diplomacy]]. In [[mathematics]], he dealt with [[Galileo's paradox]]. This work went unnoticed and was even unknown to [[Roger Joseph Boscovich]] who was a professor of mathematics at the Collegium Romanum where a century before Gradić had been an alumnus. In his only printed mathematical treatise ''De loco Galilaei quo punctum lineae aequale pronuntiat'' published in the collection ''Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor'' he disputed the concept of indivisible and developed a series of ideas en route to infinitesimal method.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Stephanus Gradius | title=De loco Galilaei quo punctum lineae aequale pronuntiat, Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor (written in 1661) | journal=Amstelodami: Apud Danielem Elsevirium | year=1680 | pages=39–54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=I. Martinović | title=Cavalieri, Fabri and Gradić on Galileo's paradox (in Croatian) | journal=[[Dubrovnik Annals]] | year=1992 | volume=30 | pages=79–91 | url=http://www.ifzg.hr/djelatnici/martinovicIvica/osobnaStranica/Martinovic-Cavalieri_Fabri_i_Gradic_o_Galileievu_paradoksu_posude.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=I. Martinović | title=Stjepan Gradić on Galileo's paradox of the bowl | journal=[[Dubrovnik Annals]] | year=1997 | volume=1 | pages=31–69 | url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=30964}}</ref> He was solving many mathematical problems which are left in his own inheritance and correspondence with other mathematicians as well, including those of [[Marin Getaldić|Ghetaldus]] such as the first problem from Ghetaldus' work ''Apollonius redivivus''. In scientific correspondence with [[Giovanni Alfonso Borelli]] and [[Honoré Fabri]] he published works dealing with the natural causes of motion and the laws of acceleration and falling bodies.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Stephanus Gradius | title= De causa naturali motus accelerati & aequalibus ejus in descensu corporum gravium ad aequalia momenta temporum incrementis, Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor | journal=Amstelodami: Apud Danielem Elsevirium | year=1680 | pages=22–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Stephanus Gradius | title= Dissertatio de directione navis ope gubernaculi, Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor | journal=Amstelodami: Apud Danielem Elsevirium | year=1680}}</ref> He wrote on the problem of true and apparent position of the polar star.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Stephanus Gradius | title= De situ stellae polaris, Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor | journal=Amstelodami: Apud Danielem Elsevirium | year=1680}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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{{Unreferenced|date=January 2011}} |
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<ref name="Bio"> |
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{{cite web |
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{{Authority control|VIAF=25401346}} |
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| url=http://enciklopedija.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=13214 |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| title=Gradić, Stjepan (in Croatian) |
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| work=enciklopedija.lzmk.hr |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| publisher=Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Croatian philosopher and scientist |
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| access-date=2 February 2015 |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = March 6, 1613 |
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}}</ref> |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dubrovnik]], [[Republic of Ragusa]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = May 2, 1683 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Rome]] |
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}} |
}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{DBI |title= GRADI, Stefano |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/stefano-gradi_(Dizionario-Biografico)|last= Montanari|first= Tomaso|author-link=Tomaso Montanari|volume= 58}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gradic, Stjepan}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gradic, Stjepan}} |
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[[Category:1613 births]] |
[[Category:1613 births]] |
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[[Category:Croatian philosophers]] |
[[Category:Croatian philosophers]] |
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[[Category:Croatian scientists]] |
[[Category:Croatian scientists]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Croatian mathematicians]] |
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[[Category:Croatian translators]] |
[[Category:Croatian translators]] |
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[[Category:People from the Republic of Ragusa]] |
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[[Category:Ragusan diplomats]] |
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[[Category:People from Dubrovnik]] |
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{{Croatia-scientist-stub}} |
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[[Category:Ragusan nobility]] |
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[[Category:17th-century translators]] |
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[[es:Stefano Gradi]] |
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[[hr:Stjepan Gradić]] |
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[[it:Stefano Gradi]] |
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[[la:Stephanus Gradi]] |
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[[ru:Градич, Степан]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:23, 7 May 2024
Reverend Stjepan Gradić | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | March 6, 1613 |
| Died | 2 May 1683 (aged 70) |
| Resting place | San Girolamo degli Illirici |
| Nationality | Ragusan |
| Occupation(s) | Catholic priest, philosopher, philologist, scientist, diplomat, poet, librarian |
| Parent(s) | Michele Gradi and Maria Gradi (née Benessa) |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Roman College Collegio Clementino University of Bologna |
| Influences | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Classical scholar, mathematician |
| School or tradition | Aristotelianism Scholasticism |
| Institutions | Vatican Library |
| Influenced | Roger Joseph Boscovich |
Stjepan Gradić, also known as Stefano Gradi (Latin: Stephanus Gradius; 6 March 1613 – 2 May 1683)[1] was a polymath,[2] philosopher, scientist and a patrician of the Republic of Ragusa.
Biography
[edit]Stijepo's parents were Miho Gradi (Gradić) and Marija Benessa (Beneša). He was born in Ragusa (Dubrovnik), Republic of Ragusa, where he was first schooled. He moved to Rome by the order of his uncle, a vicar general of Ragusa, Petar Benessa. In Rome and in Bologna he studied philosophy, theology, law and mathematics. His mathematics professor in Rome was Bonaventura Cavalieri and in Bologna his mathematics professor was Benedetto Castelli. He became a priest in 1643, the year he returned home and soon became abbot of the Benedictine abbey of St. Cosmas and Damian on the island of Pašman, canon of cathedral choir in Ragusa and Ragusan deputy Archbishop. After a private trip to Rome he remained there until his death as the official diplomatic representative of the Republic of Ragusa to the Holy See. Since 1682 he was the head of the Vatican Library.[1]
Gradić was a polymath. He cooperated with the historian Joannes Lucius in defending the honor and reputation of their native country of unjust attacks of some Italian and French writers, translated classical authors, wrote a biography of the Ragusan writer Junije Palmotić and a poem about the earthquake in Ragusa. In the literary and scientific circle of pope Alexander VII and Queen Christina of Sweden Gradić discussed scientific and philosophical issues.[1]
His philosophical works are written in the spirit of Aristotelianism and scholasticism. Gradić was a member of the Royal Academy in Padua, having correspondence with many notable Europeans. He described the disastrous earthquake in Ragusa in 1667 in Latin verses and organized help from all over Europe for the devastated city.[1]
Along with philosophy, he engaged in mathematics, physics, astronomy, literature and diplomacy. In mathematics, he dealt with Galileo's paradox. This work went unnoticed and was even unknown to Roger Joseph Boscovich who was a professor of mathematics at the Collegium Romanum where a century before Gradić had been an alumnus. In his only printed mathematical treatise De loco Galilaei quo punctum lineae aequale pronuntiat published in the collection Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor he disputed the concept of indivisible and developed a series of ideas en route to infinitesimal method.[3][4][5] He was solving many mathematical problems which are left in his own inheritance and correspondence with other mathematicians as well, including those of Ghetaldus such as the first problem from Ghetaldus' work Apollonius redivivus. In scientific correspondence with Giovanni Alfonso Borelli and Honoré Fabri he published works dealing with the natural causes of motion and the laws of acceleration and falling bodies.[6][7] He wrote on the problem of true and apparent position of the polar star.[8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Gradić, Stjepan (in Croatian)". enciklopedija.lzmk.hr. Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ "Stjepan Gradić - father of the homeland". Dubrovnik.com (in Croatian). 11 September 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ Stephanus Gradius (1680). "De loco Galilaei quo punctum lineae aequale pronuntiat, Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor (written in 1661)". Amstelodami: Apud Danielem Elsevirium: 39–54.
- ^ I. Martinović (1992). "Cavalieri, Fabri and Gradić on Galileo's paradox (in Croatian)" (PDF). Dubrovnik Annals. 30: 79–91.
- ^ I. Martinović (1997). "Stjepan Gradić on Galileo's paradox of the bowl". Dubrovnik Annals. 1: 31–69.
- ^ Stephanus Gradius (1680). "De causa naturali motus accelerati & aequalibus ejus in descensu corporum gravium ad aequalia momenta temporum incrementis, Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor". Amstelodami: Apud Danielem Elsevirium: 22–38.
- ^ Stephanus Gradius (1680). "Dissertatio de directione navis ope gubernaculi, Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor". Amstelodami: Apud Danielem Elsevirium.
- ^ Stephanus Gradius (1680). "De situ stellae polaris, Dissertationes physico-mathematicae quatuor". Amstelodami: Apud Danielem Elsevirium.
External links
[edit]- Montanari, Tomaso (2002). "GRADI, Stefano". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 58: Gonzales–Graziani (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
