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{{center|1=<small>WikiProject Kerala. <span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">©</span> Copyleft 2020<br> [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Kerala/Newsletter/Members|Subscribe]] </small>}}
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==2==
[[Category:WikiProject Kerala]]
{{short description|Oriental Orthodox church}}
{{Other uses|Jacobite (disambiguation){{!}}Jacobite}}
{{redirect|Syrian Orthodox}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon = Patriarchal Emblem of Syriac Orthodox Church.svg
| icon_width = 35px
| name = Syriac Orthodox Church
| native_name = {{lang-syc|ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘ̣ܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܗܰܝܡܳܢܽܘܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ ܫܽܘ̣ܒ̣ܚܳܐ}}
| native_name_lang = syc
| image = Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate 2k18.jpg
| imagewidth = 250
| alt = Cathedral of Saint George
| caption = [[Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus]], Syria
| type = [[Church of Antioch|Antiochian]]
| main_classification = [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]]
| orientation = [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]]
| scripture = [[Peshitta]]
| theology = [[Miaphysitism]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| structure = [[Koinonia|Communion]]
| leader_title = [[Patriarch]]
| leader_name = [[Ignatius Aphrem II]] [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch]]
| fellowships_type = [[Catholicos of India|Catholicate of India]]
| fellowships = [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]
| associations = [[World Council of Churches]]
| area = Middle East, India, and [[Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora|diaspora]]
| language = [[Syriac language|Classical Syriac]]
| liturgy = [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]]: [[Divine Liturgy of Saint James|Liturgy of Saint James]]
| headquarters = [[Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus|Cathedral of Saint George]], [[Damascus]], Syria (since 1959)
| founded_date = [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]] *{{sfn|Chaillot|1998|pp=21–22}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beggiani |first1=Seely J. |title=Early Syriac Theology |date=2014 |publisher=CUA Press |isbn=978-0-8132-2701-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q32aBAAAQBAJ&q=The+Syrian+Orthodox+Church+of+Antioch+and+All+the+East |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=q32aBAAAQBAJ&q=The+Syrian+Orthodox+Church+of+Antioch+and+All+the+East#v=snippet&q=The%20Syrian%20Orthodox%20Church%20of%20Antioch%20and%20All%20the%20East&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Thomas Collins |title=The Mission and Martyrdom of St. Peter: Or, Did St. Peter Ever Leave the East? Containing the Original Text of All the Passages in Ancient Writers Supposed to Imply a Journey Into Europe, with Translations and Roman-catholic Comments ... by Thomas Collyns Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5wZj8uP7EYIC |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5wZj8uP7EYIC/page/n95 70] |publisher=Rivingtons |date=1862}}</ref>
| founded_place = [[Antioch]], [[Roman Empire]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cave Church of St. Peter – Antioch, Turkey|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/antioch-cave-church-of-peter|website=www.sacred-destinations.com|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520032538/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/antioch-cave-church-of-peter|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC – Religions – Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml |work=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510092158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
| independence = 512 A.D.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowersock |first1=Glen Warren |title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World |date=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-51173-6 |pages=587 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rassam |first1=Suha |title=Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day |date=2005 |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |isbn=978-0-85244-633-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYC93sfHXAEC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+518+independence&pg=PA63 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=GYC93sfHXAEC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+518+independence&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q=syrian%20orthodox%20church%20518%20independence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeppesen |first1=Knud |last2=Nielsen |first2=Kirsten |last3=Rosendal |first3=Bent |title=In the Last Days: On Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic and Its Period |date=1994 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=978-87-7288-471-4 |pages=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc7YAAAAMAAJ&q=miaphysite |language=en}}</ref>
| branched_from = [[Church of Antioch]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Church of Antioch |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01567a.htm |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060652/http://newadvent.org/cathen/01567a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| merger=
| absorbed=
| congregations_type=
| congregations=
| members=Approximately 1.4—1.7 million (2015, including India)<ref>{{cite journal |title=CNEWA – The Syrian Orthodox Church |website=cnewa.org |url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=3 |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319235109/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=3 |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East – World Council of Churches |website=oikoumene.org |date=January 1960 |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308122540/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ministers_type=
| ministers=
| missionaries=
| churches=
| other_names = {{lang-ar|الكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية}}<br> {{Lang-ml|സുറിയാനി ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭ|translit=Suriyāni ōrtḥdōx Sabḥa}}<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ar:السريانية الأرثوذكسية |website=Reverso Context |url=https://context.reverso.net/translation/arabic-english/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015023911/https://context.reverso.net/translation/arabic-english/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| aid = EPDC St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee |url=https://www.hart-uk.org/st-ephrem-patriarchal-development-committee/ |website=Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust |date=17 February 2023 |access-date=27 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018171327/https://www.hart-uk.org/what-we-do/livelihoods/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| website = [https://www.syriacpatriarchate.org/ Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate]
| website_title1 = Digital Library
| website1 = [https://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/?lang=en Department of Syriac Studies]
| logo=
| footnotes = <nowiki>*</nowiki><small>Origin is according to [[Sacred tradition]].</small> <br />
West Syriac Cross [[Unicode]] (U+2670) : '''♰'''
}}
{{Oriental Orthodox sidebar}}

The '''Syriac Orthodox Church''' ({{lang-syc|ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ݂ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ|ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo}});<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sfarmele.de/?eingabe=Syrisch+Orthodoxe+Kirche+von+Antiochien&deviceDesktop=&radio=sfarmele&page=main&schriftart=suryoyo|title=Sfar Mele - Deutsch Aramäisch Online Wörterbuch Übersetzer - Targmono|website=sfarmele.de|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212171000/https://sfarmele.de/?eingabe=Syrisch+Orthodoxe+Kirche+von+Antiochien&deviceDesktop=&radio=sfarmele&page=main&schriftart=suryoyo|url-status=live}}</ref> also known as '''West Syriac Church''' or '''West Syrian Church''',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=February 14, 2018 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-Orthodox-Patriarchate-of-Antioch-and-All-the-East |access-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010522/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-Orthodox-Patriarchate-of-Antioch-and-All-the-East |url-status=live }}</ref> officially known as the '''Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east|title=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East|access-date=30 January 2021|website=[[World Council of Churches]]|date=January 1960|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206025945/https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east|url-status=live}}</ref> and informally as the '''Jacobite Church''',{{sfn|Seleznyov|2013|pp=382–398}} is an [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] [[Christian denomination|church]] that branched from the [[Church of Antioch]]. The [[bishop]] of [[Antioch]], known as the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|patriarch]], heads the church and possesses [[apostolic succession]] through [[Saint Peter]] ({{lang-syc|ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ|Šemʿōn Kēp̄ā}}), according to [[sacred tradition]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gregorios|first1=Paulos|title=Introducing the Orthodox Churches|date=1999|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-487-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6z756fq1LMC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+antioch+St.+Peter&pg=PA35|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=H6z756fq1LMC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+antioch+St.+Peter&pg=PA35#v=snippet&q=syrian%20orthodox%20church%20antioch%20St.%20Peter&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Saint Peter the Apostle|year=2019|author=O'Connor, Daniel William|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle|page=5|access-date=27 October 2019|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429064736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5630/Incidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter|url-status=live}}</ref> The church upholds [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite]] doctrine in [[Christology]], and employs the [[Liturgy of Saint James]], associated with [[James, brother of Jesus|James the Just]] (also called [[James the Less]] and [[James, son of Alphaeus]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint James apostle, the Lord's brother|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-James-the-Lords-brother|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=16 June 2023|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513134345/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-James-the-Lords-brother|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Classical Syriac]] is the official and [[liturgical language]] of the church.

The church gained its hierarchical distinctiveness in 512, when pro-[[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]] patriarch [[Flavian II of Antioch]] was deposed by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Anastasius I Dicorus]],{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|pp=202–206}} and a synod was held at [[Laodicea in Syria]] in order to choose his successor,<ref name="Witakowski">{{cite book|last1=Witakowski|first1=Witold|chapter=Severus of Antioch in Ethiopian Tradition|title=Studia Aethiopica|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|date=2004|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUppV49qw6AC&q=severus+of+antioch|isbn=978-3-447-04891-0|pages=115–116|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUppV49qw6AC&q=severus+of+antioch#v=snippet&q=severus%20of%20antioch&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> a prominent [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite]] theologian [[Severus the Great]] (d. 538).<ref name="Allen">{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Pauline|first2=C.T.R|last2=Hayward|title=Severus of Antioch|publisher=Routledge|date=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w92AAgAAQBAJ&q=epiphanius+bishop+severus&pg=PA195|isbn=978-1-134-56780-5|page=12|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163643/https://books.google.com/books?id=w92AAgAAQBAJ&q=epiphanius+bishop+severus&pg=PA195#v=snippet&q=epiphanius%20bishop%20severus&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> His later deposition (in 518) was not recognized by the Miaphisite party, and thus a distinctive ([[autocephaly|autocephalous]]) Miaphysite patriarchate was established, headed by Severus and his successors. During the sixth century, Miaphysite hierarchical structure in the region was further straightened by [[Jacob Baradaeus]] (d. 578),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-Orthodox-Patriarchate-of-Antioch-and-All-the-East|title=Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East &#124; Christianity|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010522/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-Orthodox-Patriarchate-of-Antioch-and-All-the-East|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilliard |first1=Alison |last2=Bailey |first2=Betty |title=Living Stones Pilgrimage |date=1999 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-8264-2249-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Rqjf-HN41UC&pg=PA8 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Rqjf-HN41UC&pg=PA8 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=67}} while the pro-Chalcedonian faction would form to become the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch]] (part of the wider [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]) and the [[Maronite church]] (an [[Eastern catholic|Eastern Catholic]] church).

In 1662, the vacant Syriac [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarchate of Antioch]] was filled by individuals who aligned themselves with the [[Catholic Church]]. [[Ignatius Andrew Akijan|Andrew Akijan]] was elected in that year, and was succeeded by another Catholic in [[Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin|Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin]]. The non-Catholic Syriac party elected the rival Abdulmasih I, Shahbaddin's uncle, as a competing patriarch. Upon Shahbaddin's death in 1702, the Catholic line died out for several decades until the Holy Synod in 1782 elected [[Ignatius Michael III Jarweh|Michael III Jarweh]], who again aligned the Syriacs with the pope. Following a period of violence and intrigue, the non-Catholic party was again recognized with their own patriarch and the Catholic line continued independently as the [[Syriac Catholic Church]]).

[[Mor Hananyo Monastery]] was the headquarters of the church from {{circa|1160}} until 1932.<ref name="Markessini 2012 31">{{harvnb|Markessini|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eVkphDtrW3AC&pg=PA31 31]}}</ref> The patriarchate was transferred to [[Homs]] due to the [[Sayfo]] genocide and the effects of [[World War I]]. The current see of the church is the [[Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus|Cathedral of Saint George]], [[Bab Tuma]], [[Damascus]], Syria, since 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJrSwAACAAJ|title=The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and Its Ancient Aramaic Heritage|date=19 March 2018|publisher=Trans World Film Italia|access-date=19 March 2018|via=Google Books|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163635/https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJrSwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lukenbill|first1=W. Bernard|title=Research in Information Studies: A Cultural and Social Approach|date=2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-7961-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae5NAAAAQBAJ&q=the+da+vinci+code+bloodlines+syriac+orthodox+church&pg=PA70|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163734/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae5NAAAAQBAJ&q=the+da+vinci+code+bloodlines+syriac+orthodox+church&pg=PA70#v=snippet&q=the%20da%20vinci%20code%20bloodlines%20syriac%20orthodox%20church&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atiya |first1=Aziz Suryal |title=A History of Eastern Christianity |date=1968 |publisher=Methuen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bS3ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Atiya%2C%20Aziz%20S.%20A%20History%20of%20Eastern%20Christianity.%20London%2C%201968. |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164136/https://books.google.com/books?id=bS3ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Atiya%2C%20Aziz%20S.%20A%20History%20of%20Eastern%20Christianity.%20London%2C%201968. |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2014, [[Ignatius Aphrem II]] is the current Patriarch of Antioch. The church has [[archdioceses]] and patriarchal vicariates in [[Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church|countries covering six continents]]. Being an active member of the [[World Council of Churches]], the church participates in various [[ecumenical dialogues]] with other churches.{{sfn|Brock|1999|pp=189–197}}{{sfn|Brock|2004|pp=44–65}}

==Name and identity==
{{see also|Terms for Syriac Christians|Christianity in Syria}}

[[Syriac language|Syriac]]-speaking [[Syriac Christianity|Christians]] have referred to themselves as "''Ārāmāyē/Āṯūrāyē/Sūryāyē''" in native Aramaic terms based on their ethnic identity.{{sfn|Minahan|2002 |pp=205–209}} In most languages besides English, a unique name has long been used to distinguish the church from the polity of [[Syria]]. In [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (the official language of Syria), the church is known as the "Kenissa Suryaniya" as the term "''Suryani''" identifies the Syriac language and people. [[Chalcedonians]] referred to the church as "Jacobite" (after [[Jacob Baradaeus]]) since the schism that followed the 451 [[Council of Chalcedon]].{{sfn | Grabar | Bowersock | Brown | Brown | 2001 | p=227}} English-speaking historians identified the church as the "Syrian Church". The English term "Syrian" was used to describe the community of Syriacs in ancient [[Syria (region)|Syria]]. In the 15th century, the term "[[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]]" (from [[Greek language|Greek]]: "''orthodoxía''"; "correct opinion") was used to identify churches that practiced the set of doctrines believed by the early Christians. Since 1922, the term "Syrian" started being used for things named after the [[Syrian Federation]]. Hence, in 2000, the Holy Synod ruled that the church be named as "Syriac Orthodox Church" after the [[Syriac language]], the official liturgical language of the church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Syrian Orthodox Church – Full record view – Libraries Australia Search |website=librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au |url=https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=49787667 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720114220/https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=49787667 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The church is not [[ethnically]] exclusive, but two main ethnic groups in the community contest their ethnic identification as "[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]" and "[[Arameans]]".{{sfn|Donabed|Mako|2009|p=90}} "Suryoye" is the term used to identify the Syriacs in the diaspora.<ref name=HM-Suryoye>{{harvnb|Hämmerli|Mayer|2016|loc="Suryoye as a Social Category in the Homeland"}}</ref> The Syriac Orthodox identity included auxiliary cultural traditions of the [[Assyria|Assyrian Empire]] and [[Aramean]] kingdoms.{{sfn|Hengel|2004|p=331}} Church traditions crystallized into [[ethnogenesis]] through the preservation of their stories and customs by the 12th century. Since the 1910s, the identity of Syriac Orthodoxy in the [[Ottoman Empire]] was principally religious and linguistic.{{sfn|Haar Romeny|2005|pp=377–399}}{{sfn|Donabed|Mako|2009|p=77}}{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=201}}

In recent works, [[Assyrian-American]] historian Sargon Donabed has pointed out that parishes in the US were originally using ''Assyrian'' designations in their official English names, also noting that in some cases those designations were later changed to ''Syrian'', and then to ''Syriac'', while several other parishes still continue to use ''Assyrian'' designations.{{sfn|Donabed|Donabed|2006|pp=77–78}}{{sfn|Donabed|Mako|2009|p=81}}{{sfn|Donabed|2015|p=232|ps=: "By the early 1960s, all the Jacobite churches in the United States, previously bearing the official name 'Assyrian Apostolic Church of Antioch', had changed their names to 'Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch'"}}{{sfn|Donabed|2015|p=3|ps=: "the Syrian Orthodox Church (referred to as Jacobite and originally in English as Assyrian Apostolic)"}}

==History==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Icon of the blessed Virgin Mary by Luke the Evangelist.jpg
| caption1 = Icon of the [[Virgin Mary]] by [[Luke the Evangelist|St. Luke the Evangelist]].
| image2 = Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea.jpg
| caption2 = [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre#Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea|Syriac Orthodox Chapel]] of [[Saint Joseph of Arimathea|Saints Joseph of Arimathea]] and [[Saint Nicodemus|Nicodemus]], Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
| align =
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}}

===Early history===
The church claims [[Apostolic Succession|apostolic succession]] through the pre-Chalcedonian Patriarchate of Antioch to the [[Early Christian]] communities from [[Jerusalem]] led by [[Saint Barnabas]] and [[Saint Paul]] in [[Antioch]], during the [[Apostolic era]], as described in the [[Acts of the Apostles]]; "''The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch''" ([[New Testament]], {{bibleverse||Acts|11:26|NKJV}}). [[Saint Peter]] was selected by [[Jesus Christ]] ([[New Testament]], {{bibleverse||Matthew |16:18|NKJV}}) and is venerated as the first bishop of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] in {{circa|37 A.D.}} after the [[Incident at Antioch]].{{sfn | Smith | 1863 | p=73}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barratt|first1=Peter J. H.|title=Absentis: St Peter, the Disputed Site of His Burial Place and the Apostolic Succession|date=2014|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4931-6839-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B50kAwAAQBAJ&q=Patriarchate+of+Antioch+in+AD+37&pg=PA31|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164137/https://books.google.com/books?id=B50kAwAAQBAJ&q=Patriarchate+of+Antioch+in+AD+37&pg=PA31#v=snippet&q=Patriarchate%20of%20Antioch%20in%20AD%2037&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gould|first1=Sabine Baring|title=The lives of the saints. 12 vols. [in 15].|date=1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/livessaintsvols05goulgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/livessaintsvols05goulgoog/page/n391 365]|quote=Patriarchate of Antioch in AD 37.}}</ref>

[[Saint Evodius]] was [[List of Patriarchs of Antioch|Bishop of Antioch]] until 66 [[AD]] and was succeeded by [[Ignatius of Antioch|Saint Ignatius of Antioch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Evodius |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05653a.htm |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915070605/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05653a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" ({{Lang-el|Χριστιανισμός|links=no}}) was by [[Ignatius of Antioch]], in around 100&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Elwell|Comfort|2001|pp=266, 828}} In A.D 169, [[Theophilus of Antioch]] wrote three apologetic tracts to Autolycus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/theophilus-book1.html|title=Theophilus of Antioch (Roberts-Donaldson)|website=www.earlychristianwritings.com|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228102120/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/theophilus-book1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Patriarch [[Babylas of Antioch]] was considered the first saint recorded as having had his remains moved or "[[Translation (relic)|translated]]" for religious purposes—a practice that was to become extremely common in later centuries.<ref>Eduard Syndicus; ''Early Christian Art''; p. 73; Burns & Oates, London, 1962</ref> [[Eustathius of Antioch]] supported [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] who opposed the followers of the condemned doctrine of [[Arius]] ([[Arian controversy]]) at the [[First Council of Nicaea]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sellers |first1=Robert Victor |title=Eustathius of Antioch and His Place in the History of Early Christian Doctrine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WosswEACAAJ&q=Eustathius+of+Antioch |date=1927 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164138/https://books.google.com/books?id=0WosswEACAAJ&q=Eustathius+of+Antioch |url-status=live }}</ref> During the time of [[Meletius of Antioch]] the church split due to his being deposed for [[Homoiousian]] leanings—which became known as the [[Meletian schism|Meletian Schism]] and saw several groups and several claimants to the See of Antioch.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stillingfleet |first1=Edward |title=Origines Britannicæ [i.e., Britannicae], Or, The Antiquities of the British Churches: With a Preface Concerning Some Pretended Antiquities Relating to Britain, in Vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph |date=1685 |publisher=M. Flesher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj07AQAAMAAJ&q=Meletian+Schism&pg=PA96 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164139/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj07AQAAMAAJ&q=Meletian+Schism&pg=PA96#v=snippet&q=Meletian%20Schism&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=Rev James |title=The Faiths of the World: An Account of All Religions and Religious Sects, Their Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs |date=1858 |publisher=A. Fullarton & Company |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924022993798 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022993798/page/n426 403]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=General History of the Christian Religion and Church |date=1855 |publisher=Crocker & Brewster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtNKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA220 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164140/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtNKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=}}

====Patriarchate of Antioch====
{{Further|List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch}}

Given the antiquity of the Bishopric of Antioch and the importance of the Christian community in the city of Antioch, a commercially significant city in the eastern parts of the [[Roman Empire]], the [[First Council of Nicaea]] (325) recognized the Bishopric as one of main regional primacies in Christendom, with jurisdiction over the administrative [[Diocese of the Orient]], thus laying the foundation for the creation of the "Patriarchate of Antioch and All of the East".{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|pp=54–59}} Because of the significance attributed to [[Ignatius of Antioch]] in the church, most of the Syriac Orthodox patriarchs since 1293 have used the name of Ignatius in the title of the Patriarch preceding their own Patriarchal name.{{sfn|Chaillot|1998|p=}}

Christological controversies that followed the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451) resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the council. In 512, pro-Chalcedonian patriarch [[Flavian II of Antioch]] was deposed by [[Emperor Anastasius I]] (d. 518), and new patriarch [[Severus of Antioch]] (d. 538) was chosen to succeed him. On 6 November 512, at the synod of [[Laodicea in Syria]], a prominent miapyhsite theologian [[Severus the Great]] was elected, and consecrated on 16 November at the [[Domus Aurea (Antioch)|Great Church of Antioch]].{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|pp=202–206}} In 518, he was exiled from Antioch,{{sfn|Brock|2017|pp=25–50}} by new emperor [[Justin I]] (d. 527), who tried to enforce a uniform [[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]] orthodoxy throughout the empire.{{sfn|Menze|2008|p=18}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Severus of Antioch Greek theologian |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Severus-of-Antioch |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916210711/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Severus-of-Antioch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Honigmann |first1=Ernest |title=THE PATRIARCHATE OF ANTIOCH: A Revision of Le Quien and the Notitia Antiochena |journal=Traditio |volume=5 |pages=135–161 |date=1947|jstor=27830138 |doi=10.1017/S0362152900013544 |s2cid=151905022 }}</ref> Those who belonged to the pro-Chalcedonian party accepted newly appointed patriarch [[Paul II of Antioch (Chalcedonian)|Paul]], who took over the see of Antioch. The miaphisite patriarchate was thus forced to move from Antioch with [[Severus the Great]] who took refuge in [[Alexandria]]. The non-Chalcedonian community was divided between "Severians" (followers of Severus), and [[aphthartodocetae]], and that division remained unresolved until 527.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jugie |first1=Martin |title=J. Lebon. Le monophysisme sévérien. Étude historique, littéraire et théologique de la résistance monophysite au concile de Chalcédoine jusqu'à la constitution de l'Église jacobite. |journal=Revue des Études Byzantines |date=1910 |volume=13 |issue=85 |pages=368–369 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1910_num_13_85_3882_t1_0368_0000_2 |access-date=18 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018125559/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1910_num_13_85_3882_t1_0368_0000_2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Severians continued to recognize Severus as the legitimate miaphysite Patriarch of Antioch until his death in 538, and then proceeded to follow his successors.{{sfn|Menze|2008|p=150}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeremie |first1=James Amiraux |last2=Lyall |first2=Alfred |title=Christianity in the Middle Ages ... |date=1857 |publisher=Richard Griffin |pages=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqQYAAAAYAAJ&dq=Severians,+the+followers+of+Severus+of+Antioch&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Bishop of Edessa|Bishop]] [[Jacob Baradaeus]] (died 578) is credited for ordaining most of the [[miaphysite]] hierarchy while facing heavy persecution in the sixth century. In 544, [[Jacob Baradeus]] ordained [[Sergius of Tella]] continuing the non-Chalcedonian succession of patriarchs of the [[Church of Antioch]].{{sfn | Loetscher | 1977 | p=82}} That was done in opposition to the government-backed Patriarchate of Antioch held by the pro-Chalcedonian believers leading to the Syriac Orthodox Church being known popularly as the "Jacobite" Church, while the Chalcedonian believers were known popularly as ''[[Melkite]]s—c''oming from the Syriac word for king (malka), an implication of the Chalcedonian Church's relationship to the Roman Emperor (later emphasised by the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]]).{{sfn|Thomas|2001|p=47}} Because of many historical upheavals and consequent hardships that the Syriac Orthodox Church had to undergo, the patriarchate was transferred to different monasteries in [[Mesopotamia]] for centuries. [[John III of the Sedre]] was elected and consecrated Patriarch after the death of [[Athanasius I Gammolo]] in 631 A.D., followed by the fall of [[Roman Syria]] and the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]]. John and several bishops were summoned before [[Emir]] [[Umayr ibn Sad al-Ansari]] of [[Jund Hims|Hims]] to engage in open debate regarding Christianity and represent the entire Christian community, including non-Syriac Orthodox communities, such as Greek Orthodox Syrians.{{sfn|Griffith|2005|p=98}} The Emir demanded translations of the Gospels into [[Arabic language|Arabic]] to confirm John's beliefs, which according to the Chronicle of [[Michael the Syrian]] was the first translation of the Gospels into Arabic.

'''Transfer to new locations'''

In 1166, the patriarchal seat was transferred to the [[Mor Bar Sauma Monastery]] where it remained for most of the twelfth and thirteenth century until the abandonment of the monastery in 1293.{{sfn|Kaufhold|2000|p=227}} Thereafter, the patriarchate resided in the [[Mor Hananyo Monastery]] (Deir al. Zaʿfarān) in southeastern [[Anatolia]] near [[Mardin]], where it remained until 1933 and re-established in [[Homs]], Syria, due to the adverse political situation in Turkey. In 1959, the patriarchate was transferred to [[Damascus]]. The [[mother church]] and official seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church are now situated in [[Bab Tuma]], [[Damascus]], capital of Syria.

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Dioceses of the Syrian Orthodox Church.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Syriac Orthodox dioceses]] in the medieval period.{{legend|#d45500|Palestine}}
{{legend|#800000|Syria}}
{{legend|#a05a2c|Lebanon and Cyprus}}
{{legend|#217821|Cilicia}}
{{legend|#00aa88|Cappadocia}}
{{legend|#892ca0|Amid and Arzun}}
{{legend|#44aa00|Commagene}}
{{legend|#892ca0|Osrhoene}}
{{legend|#d400aa|Mardin and Tur Abdin}}
{{legend|#668000|Iraq}}]]

The 8th century hagiography ''Life of [[Jacob Baradaeus]]'' is evidence of a definite denominational and social differentiation between the [[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonians]] and [[Miaphysites]] (Syriac Orthodox).{{sfn|Saint-Laurent|2015|p=131}} The longer hagiography shows that the Syriac Orthodox (called "Syriac Jacobites" in the work: ''suryoye yaquboye'') self-identified with Jacob's story more than those of other saints.{{sfn|Saint-Laurent|2015|p=103, 106}} Coptic historian and miaphysite bishop [[Severus ibn al-Muqaffa]] (ca. 897) speaks of Jacobite origins, and on the veneration of Jacob Baradaeus. He claimed that unlike the Chalcedonian Christians (who were labeled as "Melkites"), Miaphysite Jacobites never traded their Orthodoxy to win the favor of the Byzantine emperors, as the Melkites had done (''malko'' is derived from "ruler, king, emperor").{{sfn|Trimingham|1979|p=}}{{sfn|Griffith|2002|p=}}{{sfn|Saint-Laurent|2015|p=136}}

In Antioch, after the 11th-century persecutions, the Syriac Orthodox population was almost extinguished. Only one Jacobite church is attested in Antioch in the first half of the 12th century, while a second and third are attested in the second half of the century, perhaps due to refugee influx. Dorothea Weltecke concluded that the Syriac Orthodox population was very low in this period in Antioch and its surroundings.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006b|p=108}}

In the 12th century, several Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs visited Antioch and some established temporary residences.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006b|p=123}} In the 13th century, the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy in Antioch was prepared to accept Latin supervision.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006b|pp=123–124}} In [[Adana]], an anonymous 1137 report speaks of the entire population consisting of Syriac Orthodox.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006b|p=108}} Before the advent of the [[Crusades]], the Syriacs occupied most of the hill country of Jazirah ([[Upper Mesopotamia]]).{{sfn | Masters | 2004 | p=45}}

===Early modern period===
====16th century====

Among the preeminent churchmen of the period, [[Moses of Mardin]] (fl. 1549–d. 1592), was a diplomat of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Rome in the 16th century.{{sfn|Borbone|2017|pp=277–287}}

====17th century====
[[File:St-stephanus-gt-vorhang.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Interior of St. Stephen Church, [[Gütersloh]].]]

By the early 1660s, 75% of the 5,000 Syriac Orthodox of Aleppo had converted to Catholicism following the arrival of mendicant missionaries.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=40}} The Catholic missionaries had sought to place a Catholic Patriarch among the Jacobites and consecrated Andrew Akhijan as the Patriarch of the newly founded [[Syriac Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=40}} The [[Propaganda Fide]] and foreign diplomats pushed for Akhijan to be recognized as the Jacobite Patriarch, and the [[Sublime Porte|Porte]] then consented and warned the Syriac Orthodox that they would be considered an enemy if they did not recognize him.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=41}} Despite the warning and gifts to priests, frequent conflicts and violent arguments continued between the Catholic and Orthodox Syriacs.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=41}} Around 1665, many [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[Kerala]], India, committed themselves in allegiance to the Syriac Orthodox Church, which established the [[Malankara Syrian Church]]. The [[Malankara Church]] consolidated under [[Mar Thoma I]] welcomed [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]], who regularised the canonical ordination of [[Mar Thoma I]] as a native democratically elected Bishop of the [[Malabar Syrian Christians]].{{sfn|Neill|2004|pp=327–331}}

=== Late modern period ===
In the 19th century, the various Syriac Christian denominations did not view themselves as part of one ethnic group.{{sfn|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=21}} During the ''[[Tanzimat]]'' reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox was granted independent status by gaining recognition as their own [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]] in 1873, apart from Armenians and Greeks.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=87}}

In the late 19th century, the Syriac Orthodox community of the Middle East, primarily from the cities of [[Adana]] and [[Harput]], began the process of creating the [[Assyrian-Chaldean–Syriac diaspora|Syriac diaspora]], with the United States being one of their first destinations in the 1890s.{{sfn|Donabed|Donabed|2006|pp=1–38}} Later, in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], the first Syriac Orthodox Church in the United States was built.{{sfn|Donabed|Donabed|2006|pp=77–78}}

Also in the late 1800s, the reformation faction of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] in India left to form the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].

The [[Hamidian massacres|1895–96 massacres]] in Turkey affected the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]] and Syriac Orthodox communities when an estimated 105,000 Christians were killed.{{sfn|Farag|2011|p=251}} By the end of the 19th century, 200,000 Syriac Orthodox Christians remained in the Middle East, most concentrated around [[Saffron Monastery]], the Patriarchal Seat.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=9}}

In 1870, there were 22 Syriac Orthodox settlements in the vicinity of [[Diyarbakır]].{{sfn|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=225}} In the 1870–71 Diyarbakır ''[[salname]]s'', there were 1,434 Orthodox Syriacs in that city.{{sfn|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=222}}{{sfn|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=223}} On 10 December 1876, [[Ignatius Peter IV]] consecrated [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala]] as metropolitan.{{sfn|Hage|2007|p=349}} Rivalry within the Syriac Orthodox Church in Tur Abdin resulted in many conversions to the [[Syriac Catholic Church]] (the [[Uniate]] branch).{{sfn|Hunter|2014|p=549}}

==== Genocide (1914–1918) ====
[[File:Syrianska seyfo monument hallunda.jpg|thumb|[[Sayfo]] Monument at St. Peters & St. Pauls Church, [[Hallunda]].]]
{{Further|Seyfo}}

The Ottoman authorities killed and deported Orthodox Syriacs, then looted and appropriated their properties.{{sfn|Kevorkian|2011}} During 1915–16, the number of Orthodox Syriacs in the Diyarbakır province was reduced by 72%, and in the Mardin province by 58%.{{sfn|Gaunt|Beṯ-Şawoce|Donef|2006|pp=433–436}}

==== Interwar period ====
In 1924, the patriarchate of the Church was transferred to [[Homs]] after [[Kemal Atatürk]] expelled the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, who took the library of Deir el-Zaferan and settled in [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Parry|2010|p=259}}{{sfn|Atto|Barthoma|2017|pp=113–131}} The Syriac Orthodox villages in Tur Abdin suffered from the 1925–26 Kurdish rebellions and massive flight to Lebanon, northern Iraq and especially Syria ensued.{{sfn|O'Mahony|2006|p=513}}

In the early 1920s, the city of [[Qamishli]] was built mainly by Syriac Orthodox refugees, escaping the [[Syriac genocide]].

==== 1945–2000 ====

In 1959, the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church was transferred to [[Damascus]] in Syria.{{sfn|Parry|2010|p=259}} In the mid-1970s, the estimate of Syriac Orthodox lived in Syria is 82,000.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=110}} In 1977, the number of Syriac Orthodox followers in diaspora dioceses was: 9,700 in the Diocese of Middle Europe; 10,750 in the Diocese of Sweden and surrounding countries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sobornost|volume=28–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KVAAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|page=21|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KVAAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 October 1987, [[Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala]] was declared a saint by [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]], Patriarch permitting additions to the diptychs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patriarchal Encyclical: Permitting additions to Diptychs in Malankara – Oct 20, 1987 |url=http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/PZakka1/19871020MalankaraTubden.html |website=sor.cua.edu |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321185212/http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/PZakka1/19871020MalankaraTubden.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Melkite :: Patriarch |url=http://www.melkitepat.org/patriarch/view/A-list-of-churches-and-monasteries-and-shrines-damaged-in-the-Syrian-crisis |website=www.melkitepat.org |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023093750/http://www.melkitepat.org/patriarch/view/A-list-of-churches-and-monasteries-and-shrines-damaged-in-the-Syrian-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:11-2015-05-08 كنيسة أم الزنار.jpg|thumb|Damage to exterior of [[St. Mary Church of the Holy Belt]] during the [[Syrian Civil War]].]]

==Leadership==
[[File:Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II seated color.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Ignatius Aphrem II]], current [[Patriarch of Antioch]].]]

===Patriarch===
The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is named [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch of Antioch]], in reference to his titular pretense to one of the five patriarchates of the [[Pentarchy]] of [[State church of the Roman Empire|Byzantine]] [[Christianity]]. Considered the "father of fathers", he must be an [[ordain]]ed bishop. He is the general administrator to Holy [[Synod]] and supervises the spiritual, administrative, and financial matters of the church. He governs external relations with other churches and signs agreements, treaties, contracts, pastoral encyclicals (bulls), [[pastoral letters]] related to the affairs of the church.<ref>{{cite web |title=With Wisdom and Courage, New Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Reaffirms the Church's Commitment to Syria Duke Religious Studies |url=https://religiousstudies.duke.edu/news/wisdom-and-courage-new-syriac-orthodox-patriarch-reaffirms-churchs-commitment-syria |website=religiousstudies.duke.edu |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024082240/https://religiousstudies.duke.edu/news/wisdom-and-courage-new-syriac-orthodox-patriarch-reaffirms-churchs-commitment-syria |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Maphrian or Catholicos of India===
After the Patriarch, the second highest Rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church is that of the Maphrian or the Catholicos of India. He is important functionary in guiding the church when the patriarchate falls vacant after the death of a Patriarch, overseeing the election of the next Patriarch and leading the ceremony for the ordination of the Patriarch. The Maphrian's see is India and is the head of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church and is subject to the authority of the Patriarch. In joint councils the Maphrian is seated on the right side of the Patriarch and heads the church's regional synod in India with the Patriarch's sanction.

===Archbishops and Bishops===
The title ''bishop'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word'' episkopos,'' meaning "the one who oversees".<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of BISHOP |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bishop |website=www.merriam-webster.com |date=7 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618003004/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bishop |url-status=live }}</ref> A bishop is a spiritual ruler of the church who has different ranks. Then there are [[metropolitan bishop]]s or [[archbishop]]s, and under them, there are [[auxiliary bishops]].

===Priests===
The priest (''Kasheesho'') is the seventh rank and is the one duly appointed to administer the [[sacrament]]s. Unlike in the [[Catholic Church]], Syriac [[deacon]]s may marry before [[ordination|ordained]] as priests; they cannot marry after ordained as priests. There is an [[Title of honor|honorary rank]] among the priests that are [[Chorbishop|Corepiscopos]] who has the privileges of "first among the priests" and is given a chain with a cross and specific vestment decorations. Corepiscopos is the highest rank a married man can be elevated to in the Syriac Orthodox Church. The ranks above the Corepiscopos are unmarried.

===Deacons===
In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, different ranks among the [[deacon]]s are specifically assigned with particular duties. The six ranks of the diaconate are:
# '''Ulmoyo'' (Faithful)
# ''Mawdyono'' (Confessor of faith)
# ''Mzamrono'' (Singer)
# ''Quroyo'' or ''Korooyo'' (Reader)
# ''Afudyaqno'' (Sub-deacon)
# ''Evangeloyo'' (High deacon)
# ''Masamsono'' (Full deacon)
Only a full deacon can take the [[censer]] during the [[Divine Liturgy]] to assist the priest. In [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], because of the lack of deacons, [[altar assistant]]s who do not have a rank of deaconhood may assist the priest.

Historically, in the [[Malankara Church]], the local chief was called as [[Archdeacon]], who was the ecclesiastical authority of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] in the [[Malabar region]] of India.{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=319}}

===Deaconess===
An ordained [[deaconess]] is entitled to enter the sanctuary only for cleaning, lighting the lamps and is limited to give [[Holy Communion]] to women and the children who are under the age of five.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kollanoor |first1=Greger |title=The Office of the Deaconess in Orthodox Churches1 -A Historical Analysis |url=https://www.academia.edu/4343910 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716092607/https://www.academia.edu/4343910 |url-status=live }}</ref> She can read scriptures, Holy Gospel in a public gathering. The name of deaconess can also be given to a choirgirl. Deaconess is not ordained as chanter before reaching fifteen years of age. The ministry of the deaconess assists the priest and deacon outside the altar including in the service of baptizing women and anointing them with holy [[chrism]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wainwright |editor-first1=Geoffrey |editor-link1=Geoffrey Wainwright |editor-first2=Karen B. |editor-last2=Westerfield Tucker |editor-link2=Karen B. Westerfield Tucker |chapter=The Ancient Oriental Churches |first=Christine |last=Chaillot |title=[[The Oxford History of Christian Worship]] |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513886-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC&q=Deaconesses+in+the+Oriental+Orthodox+Tradition&pg=PA135 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164651/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC&q=Deaconesses+in+the+Oriental+Orthodox+Tradition&pg=PA135#v=snippet&q=Deaconesses%20in%20the%20Oriental%20Orthodox%20Tradition&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

While this rank exists, it is rarely awarded.

== Worship ==

=== Bible ===
[[File:Bible and Pulpit, Mor Hananyo.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peshitto]] Bible at [[Mor Hananyo Monastery]].]]
Syriac Orthodox churches use the [[Peshitta]] (Syriac: simple, common) as its Bible. The [[New Testament]] books of this Bible are estimated to have been translated from Greek to [[Syriac language|Syriac]] between the late first century to the early third century AD.<ref>Brock, Sebastian P. ''The Bible in Syriac Bible''. Kottayam: SEERI.</ref> The [[Old Testament]] of the Peshitta was translated from [[Hebrew]], probably in the second century. The [[Aramaic New Testament|New Testament of the Peshitta]], which originally excluded certain disputed books, had become the standard by the early fifth century, replacing two early Syriac versions of the gospels.

=== Doctrine ===
[[File:Vangeli di Rabbula, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Cod. Plut. I, 56, fol. 13v.jpg|thumb|[[Ascension of Jesus Christ|Ascension]] miniature from the [[Rabbula Gospels]], 6th Century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rabbula Gospels |url=https://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/syriac-arts/syriac-icons/rabbula-gospels/?lang=en |website=Department of Syriac Studies |date=29 June 2022}}</ref>]]
The Syriac Orthodox Church theology is based on the [[Nicene Creed]]. The Syriac Orthodox Church teaches that it is the [[Four Marks of the Church|One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic]] Church founded by [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]] in his [[Great Commission]], that its [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]]s are the [[Apostolic succession|successors]] of Christ's [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]], and that the [[List of Patriarchs of Antioch before 518|Patriarch is the successor]] to [[Saint Peter]] on whom [[Primacy of Peter|primacy]] was conferred by [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]].<ref>Holy Bible: Matthew {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:19|ESV}}</ref><ref name="Aydin pp. 124–131">{{cite journal | last=Aydin | first=Mor Polycarpus Augin | title=The Syriac tradition of the work of the Holy Spirit in the Church to make it One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic | journal=International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=18 | issue=2–3 | date=3 July 2018 | issn=1474-225X | doi=10.1080/1474225x.2018.1516428 | pages=124–131| s2cid=150675986 }}</ref> The church accepted first three synods held at [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea]] (325), [[First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople]] (381), and [[Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]] (431), shaping the formulation and early interpretation of [[Christian doctrine]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |title=The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints |date=1821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgTAAAAQAAJ&q=Bishops+of+Antioch&pg=PA407 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164655/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgTAAAAQAAJ&q=Bishops+of+Antioch&pg=PA407#v=snippet&q=Bishops%20of%20Antioch&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Syriac Orthodox Church is part of [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], a distinct [[communion (Christian)|communion]] of churches claiming to continue the patristic and apostolic Christology before the [[schism]] following the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451.<ref name="CNEWA">{{cite web|title=CNEWA – The Syrian Orthodox Church|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1|website=www.cnewa.org|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221224244/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1|url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of [[Christology]], the Oriental Orthodox (Non-Chalcedonian) understanding is that [[Christ]] is "One Nature—the Logos Incarnate, of the full humanity and full divinity". Just as humans are ''of'' their mothers and fathers and not ''in'' their mothers and fathers, so too is the nature of Christ according to Oriental Orthodoxy. The Chalcedonian understanding is that Christ is "in two natures, full humanity and full divinity". This is the doctrinal difference that separated the Oriental Orthodox from the rest of Christendom. The church believes in the mystery of [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]] and venerate [[Virgin Mary]] as [[Theotokos]] or ''[[Yoldath Aloho]]'' (Meaning: 'Bearer of God').{{sfn | Kurian | Nelson | 2001 | p=8905}}{{sfn|Loosley|2010|p=4}}

The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church gave a theological interpretation to the primacy of [[Saint Peter]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Primacy of the Apostolic See, and the Authority of General Councils Vindicated. In a Series of Letters to the Rt. Rev. J. H. Hopkins |date=1838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuZhAAAAcAAJ&q=Primacy+of+Saint+Peter+syriac&pg=PA25 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164655/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuZhAAAAcAAJ&q=Primacy+of+Saint+Peter+syriac&pg=PA25#v=snippet&q=Primacy%20of%20Saint%20Peter%20syriac&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> They were fully convinced of the unique office of Peter in the early Christian community. [[Ephrem the Syrian|Ephrem]], [[Aphrahat]], and [[Maruthas]] unequivocally acknowledged the office of Peter. The different orders of liturgies used for sanctification of church buildings, marriages, ordinations etc., reveal that the primacy of Peter is a part of faith of the church. The church does not believe in [[Papal Primacy]] as understood by the [[Roman See]], rather, [[Petrine Primacy]] according to the ancient Syriac tradition.{{sfn | Benni | 1871 | p=93}} The church uses both [[Julian calendar]] and [[Gregorian calendar]] based on their regions and traditions they adapted.

===Language===
* [[Syriac language]], as the most prominent variant of [[Aramaic language]] in the Christian era, is used by the Syriac Orthodox Church in two basic forms: [[Classical Syriac]] is traditionally employed as the main liturgical and [[literary language]], while [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] (Neo-Syriac) dialect known as [[Turoyo]] is spoken as the most common vernacular language.{{sfn|Kiraz|2007|pp=129–142}}{{sfn|Jastrow|2011|pp=697–707}}
* [[Arabic]] had become the dominant language of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt by the 11th century.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=22}} Syriac Orthodox clergy wrote in Arabic using [[Garshūni]], a Syriac script in the 15th century and later adopted the Arabic script.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=22}} An English missionary in the 1840s noted that the Arabic speech of the Syriacs was intermixed with Syriac vocabulary.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=22}} They chose Arabic and Muslim-sounding names, while women had Biblical names.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=22}}
* [[Greek language|Greek]] language was historically used (along with Syriac) in the earliest periods, during and after the separation (5th–6th centuries), but its use gradually declined.{{sfn|Millar|2013|pp=43–92}}
* English: Used Globally along with [[Syriac language|Syriac]].
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] are presently used in India. [[Suriyani Malayalam]], also known as Karshoni or Syriac Malayalam, is a dialect of [[Malayalam]] written in a variant form of the [[Syriac alphabet]] which was popular among the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasranis) of [[Kerala]] in India.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It/2016/05/09/article3422438.ece|title=City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 May 2016|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603040415/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It/2016/05/09/article3422438.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=nf>[http://www.nasranifoundation.org/articles/SyriacMalayalam.html Suriyani Malayalam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611020933/http://www.nasranifoundation.org/articles/SyriacMalayalam.html |date=11 June 2014 }}, Nasrani Foundation</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A sacred language is vanishing from State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/A-sacred-language-is-vanishing-from-State/article15278959.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301072054/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/A-sacred-language-is-vanishing-from-State/article15278959.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=M. G. |date=4 August 1997 |title=Tiny village in Kerala one of the last bastions of Syriac in the world |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19970804-tiny-village-in-kerala-one-of-the-last-bastions-of-syriac-in-the-world-831835-1997-08-04 |work=India Today |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503063520/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19970804-tiny-village-in-kerala-one-of-the-last-bastions-of-syriac-in-the-world-831835-1997-08-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> It uses Malayalam grammar, the [[Madnhaya|Maḏnḥāyā]] or "Eastern" Syriac script with special [[orthography|orthographic]] features, and vocabulary from Malayalam and East Syriac. This originated in the South Indian region of the [[Malabar Coast]] (modern-day Kerala). Until the 19th century, the script was widely used by Syrian Christians in Kerala.
* Swedish, German, Dutch, Turkish, Spanish, Portuguese are used in diasporas along with [[Syriac language|Syriac]].

=== Liturgy ===
[[File:Mor Ignatius Aphrem II at St. John's Church, Stuttgart.jpg|thumb|Celebration of Mass at [[St. John's Church, Stuttgart]], Germany.]]
The [[Mass (liturgy)|liturgical service]] is called [[Holy Qurobo]] in the [[Syriac language]] meaning "[[Eucharist]]". [[Liturgy of Saint James]] is celebrated on Sundays and special occasions. The Holy Eucharist consists of [[Gospel]] reading, [[Bible reading]]s, prayers, and songs. The recitation of the Liturgy is performed according to with specific parts chanted by the presider, the lectors, the choir, and the congregated faithful, at certain times in unison. Apart from certain readings, prayers are sung in the form of [[chant]]s and [[melody|melodies]]. Hundreds of melodies remain preserved in the book known as ''[[Beth Gazo]]'', the key reference to Syriac Orthodox [[church music]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Patrologia syriaca: complectens opera omnia ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque catholicorum, quibus accedunt aliorum acatholicorum auctorum scripta quae ad res ecclesiasticas pertinent, quotquot syriace supersunt, secundum codices praesertim, londinenses, parisienses, vaticanos accurante R. Graffin ... |date=1926 |publisher=Firmin-Didot et socii. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ay4vAAAAMAAJ&q=%DC%92%DC%B6%DC%9D%DC%AC%CC%A5+%DC%93%DC%B0%DC%99%DC%B3%DC%90%E2%80%8E |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164656/https://books.google.com/books?id=ay4vAAAAMAAJ&q=%DC%92%DC%B6%DC%9D%DC%AC%CC%A5+%DC%93%DC%B0%DC%99%DC%B3%DC%90%E2%80%8E#v=onepage&q=%DC%92%DC%B6%DC%9D%DC%AC%CC%A5%20%DC%93%DC%B0%DC%99%DC%B3%DC%90%E2%80%8E&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1983, the French ethnomusicologist [[Christian Poché]] produced audio recordings of the [[Liturgy|liturgical]] music of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In his liner notes for the UNESCO Anthology of Traditional Music, he described the liturgical music of communities in [[Antioch]], [[Tur Abdin|Tur ‘Abdin]], [[Urfa]], [[Mardin]] in modern [[Turkey]], as well as in Aleppo and [[Qamishli]] in modern Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syrian Orthodox Church: Antioch Liturgy |url=https://folkways.si.edu/syrian-orthodox-church-antioch-liturgy/world/music/album/smithsonian |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Smithsonian Folkways Recordings |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Prayer ===
Syriac Orthodox clergy and [[laity]] follow a regimen of seven prayers a day that are said at [[fixed prayer times]], in accordance with [[Psalm 119]] (cf. [[Shehimo]]).{{sfn | The Oxford selection of Psalms and hymns, for the use of parish churches | 1857 | p=89}}<ref name="Richards1908">{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=William Joseph |title=The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: Otherwise Called the Syrian Christians of Malabar: a Sketch of Their History and an Account of Their Present Condition as Well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas |date=1908 |publisher=Bemrose |page=98 |quote=We are commanded to pray standing, with faces towards the East, for at the last Messiah is manifested in the East. 2. All Christians, on rising from sleep early in the morning, should wash the face and pray. 3. We are commanded to pray seven times, thus...}}</ref> According to the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] tradition, an ecclesiastical day starts at sunset and the [[Canonical hours]] are based on [[West Syriac Rite]]:
* Evening or ''[[Ramsho]]'' prayer ([[Vespers]]){{sfn | Jarjour | 2018 | p=236}}
* Night prayer or ''Sootoro'' prayer ([[Compline]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Syrian Orthodox Church |title=The Book of Common Prayer of the Syrian Church |date=2005 |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=978-1-59333-033-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RRGvgAACAAJ&q=Sootoro |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164657/https://books.google.com/books?id=1RRGvgAACAAJ&q=Sootoro |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Midnight or ''Lilyo'' prayer ([[Matins]])
* Morning or ''Saphro'' prayer ([[Prime (liturgy)|Prime]] or [[Lauds]], 6 a.m.)
* Third Hour or ''tloth sho`in'' prayer ([[Terce]], 9 a.m.)
* Sixth Hour or ''sheth sho`in'' prayer ([[Sext]], noon)
* Ninth Hour or ''tsha` sho'in'' prayer ([[None (liturgy)|None]], 3 p.m.)

=== Sacraments ===
The seven Holy [[Sacraments]] of the church are:
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chrismation]] (Anointing of Holy Muron)
* [[Baptism]]
* [[Confession (religion)|Confession]]
* [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]] (Queen of the Sacraments)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=Kannanayakal Mani |title=Queen of the Sacraments: A Treatise on the Liturgy of the Holy Mass as Celebrated in the Syrian Orthodox Church |date=1991 |publisher=St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church |url=https://archive.org/details/queenofsacrament0000kann |quote=Queen of the Sacraments Syriac Orthodox Church.}}</ref>
* [[Christian views on marriage|Marriage]]
* [[Anointing of the Sick|Unction]] (Anointing of the Sick)
* [[Holy orders|Ordination]]{{sfn | Fahlbusch | Bromiley | Lochman | Mbiti | 2008 | p=284}} }}

=== Vestments ===
[[File:Eucharist at St. Mary's Church, Meenangadi.jpg|thumb|left|Liturgical vestments of clergy.]]
The clergy of the Syriac Orthodox Church has unique liturgical vestments with their order in the priesthood: the [[deacon]]s, the priests, the [[chorbishop]]s, the bishops, and the [[patriarch]] each have different vestments.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRC exhibition proposal: Faith and Attire. Vestments and embroidery within the Syriac Orthodox Church |url=https://www.trc-leiden.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=629%3Afaith-and-attire&catid=78%3Afront-page&Itemid=129&lang=nl |website=www.trc-leiden.nl |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528021726/https://www.trc-leiden.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=629:faith-and-attire&catid=78:front-page&Itemid=129&lang=nl |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bishop in the Eastern Orthodox Church|Bishops]] usually wear a black or a red robe with a red belt. They should not wear a red robe in the presence of the patriarch, who wears a red robe. Bishops visiting a diocese outside their jurisdiction also wear black robes in deference to the bishop of the diocese, who alone wears red robes. They carry a [[crosier]] stylised with serpents representing the [[staff of Moses]] during sacraments. [[Corepiscopos]] wear a black or a purple robe with a purple belt. Bishops and corepiscopos have hand-held crosses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/|title=Margoneetho: Syriac Orthodox Resources|website=syriacorthodoxresources.org|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611144744/https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A priest also wears a ''phiro'', or a cap, which he must wear for the public prayers. Monks also wear ''masnapso'', a hood. Priests also have ceremonial shoes which are called ''msone''. Without wearing these shoes, a priest cannot distribute Eucharist to the faithful. Then there is a white robe called ''kutino'' symbolizing purity. ''Hamniko'' or stole is worn over this white robe. Then he wears a [[girdle]] called ''zenoro'', and ''zende'', meaning sleeves. If the celebrant is a bishop, he wears a ''veil-mitre'' over the masnapso, . A cope called ''phayno'' is worn over these vestments. ''Batrashil'', or [[pallium]], is worn over the ''phayno'' by bishops and corepiscopas wear a half cope over the phayno, like ''hamnikho'' worn by priests.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heilbrunn Timeline |first1=Art History |title=Batrashil |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/446667 |website=www.metmuseum.org |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024061424/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/446667 |url-status=live }}</ref> The priest's usual dress is a black [[robe]]. In India, due to the hot weather, priests usually wear white robes except during prayers in the church, when they wear a black robe over the white one. [[Deacons]] wear a phiro, white kutino(robe) and of rank Quroyo and higher wear an uroro 'stole' in various shapes according to their rank. The [[deaconess]] wears a stole (uroro) hanging down from the shoulder in the manner of an archdeacon.{{sfn|Parry|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA262 262]}}

== Global presence ==

=== Demography ===

<gallery heights="200px" mode="packed">
Saint Matthew Monastery (Der Mar Matti), overlooking Bashiqa and Bartella, between the Kurdistan Region and Iraq 22.jpg| [[St. Matthew Monastery, Nineveh]], Iraq
Old Jerusalem St. Mark Church with flag.jpg| [[Monastery of Saint Mark, Jerusalem]]
Kloster Mor Gabriel Qartamin Deyrulumur Manastırı (Syrisch-orthodoxe Kirche von Antiochien) (40443308951).jpg|[[Mor Gabriel Monastery]], [[Midyat]], Turkey
Hauptgebäude des Klosters Mor Augin, nördliche Sicht.jpg|[[St. Awgin Monastery, Nusaybin]], Turkey
Malecruz at Night.jpg|[[St. George's Monastery, Malekurish]]
Manjinikkara Dayra Church.jpg|[[St. Ignatius Monastery, Manjinikkara]]
Mor Hananyo Monastery 12.jpg|[[Mor Hananyo Monastery]]
</gallery>
The Patriarchate was initially established in [[Antioch]] (present-day Syria, Turkey, and Iraq), due to the [[Persecution of Christians|persecutions]] by [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|Romans]] followed by [[Muslim Arabs]], the Patriarchate was seated in [[Mor Hananyo Monastery]], [[Mardin]], in the [[Ottoman Empire]] (1160–1933); following [[Homs]] (1933–1959); and [[Damascus]], Syria, since 1959. Historically, the followers of the church are mainly ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrians/Syriacs]] who comprise the [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] pre-Arab populations of modern Syria, Iraq and southeastern Turkey.<ref>Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 3 – Asia & Oceania. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998); pg. 720–721.</ref>
A [[diaspora]] has also spread from the [[Levant]], Iraq, and Turkey throughout the world, notably in Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria, France, United States, Canada, [[Oriental Orthodoxy in Guatemala|Guatemala]], Argentina, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand.

The church's members are divided into 26 [[Archdiocese]]s, and 13 Patriarchal [[Vicariate]]s.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://sor.cua.edu/ChTod/index.html|title=The Syriac Orthodox Church Today|website=sor.cua.edu|access-date=28 March 2008|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324081830/http://sor.cua.edu/ChTod/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is estimated that the church has 600,000 Syriac adherents, in addition to 2 million members of the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] and [[St Thomas Christians#Demographics|their own ethnic diaspora]] in India.<ref name="CNEWA"/><ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/syriac-orthodox-church-antioch|title=Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch – Dictionary definition of Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch – Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430063747/https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/syriac-orthodox-church-antioch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oikoumene.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east|title=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East — World Council of Churches|website=www.oikoumene.org|date=January 1960|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308122540/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, there is also a large Syriac community among Mayan converts in [[Oriental Orthodoxy in Guatemala|Guatemala]] and South America numbering up to 1.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kungaparet tog emot Syrisk-ortodoxa kyrkans patriark - Sveriges Kungahus|url=https://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/aktuellahandelser/2015/aktuellt2015/kungaparettogemotsyriskortodoxakyrkanspatriark.5.6b3f01514d8a67974b11b.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.kungahuset.se|language=sv|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226192031/https://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/aktuellahandelser/2015/aktuellt2015/kungaparettogemotsyriskortodoxakyrkanspatriark.5.6b3f01514d8a67974b11b.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to scholar James Minahan around 26% of the [[Assyrian people]] belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church.<ref>{{harvnb|Minahan|2002|p=206}}: "The Assyrians, although closely assiociated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%."</ref>

The number of Syriacs in Turkey is rising, due to refugees from Syria and Iraq fleeing ISIS, as well as Syriacs from the Diaspora who fled the region during the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|Turkey-PKK conflict]] (since 1978) returning and rebuilding their homes. The village of [[Kafro]] was populated by Syriacs from Germany and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reclaiming Syriac heritage: A village in Turkey finds its voice |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/24/syriac-village-turkey-finds-voice.html |work=america.aljazeera.com |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525203302/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/24/syriac-village-turkey-finds-voice.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html|title=Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld|access-date=6 June 2015|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190934/https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[Syriac diaspora]], there are approximately 80,000 members in the United States, 80,000 in Sweden, 100,000 in Germany, 15,000 in the Netherlands, 200,000 members in Brazil, Switzerland, and Austria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unitarian/Unitarian Universalist, continued...|website=Adherents.com|access-date=5 March 2015|url=http://adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 September 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030921081436/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html}}</ref>
[[File:Diyarbakır Virgin Mary Church 7760 in 2010.jpg|thumb|right|[[St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır]].]]

=== Jurisdiction of the patriarchate ===
{{Main|Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church}}

The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch originally covered the whole region of the Middle East and India. In recent centuries, its parishioners started to emigrate to other countries over the world. Today, the Syriac Orthodox Church has several archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates (exarchates) in many countries covering six continents.
* Patron: The [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch of Antioch]] and All the East, the Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church [[Ignatius Aphrem II]].
* Patriarchal Seat: [[Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus|Cathedral of Saint George]], Damascus, Syria
* Headquarters and patriarchal office: [[Damascus]]

==== Americas ====
[[File:St. Mark's Syrian Orthodox Cathedral - Paramus, New Jersey 01.jpg|thumb|right|St. Mark's Cathedral, Paramus, [[New Jersey]].]]
The presence of the Syrian Orthodox faithful in America dates back to the late 19th century.{{sfn|Kiraz|2019|p=}}{{sfn|Kiraz|2020|pp=77–94}}

'''North America'''
* [https://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/ Patriarchal Vicariate of Eastern United States]<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Archbishop |url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/mor-dionysius-jean-kawak/ |website=Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch |date=1 November 2016 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407091359/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/mor-dionysius-jean-kawak/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gasgous |first1=S. |title=Appointment of Dionysius Jean Kawak |url=https://stspeterandpaulchurch.net/2016/05/10/appointment-of-his-eminence-mor-dionysius-jean-kawak/ |website=Sts. Peter and Paul Syriac Orthothox Church |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407091359/https://stspeterandpaulchurch.net/2016/05/10/appointment-of-his-eminence-mor-dionysius-jean-kawak/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Western United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Archbishop Clemis Eugene Kaplan, Member of the Suryoyo Hall of the Shame |url=http://www.bethsuryoyo.com/HallofShame/EugeneKaplan/EugenKaplan.htm |website=www.bethsuryoyo.com |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814045629/http://www.bethsuryoyo.com/HallofShame/EugeneKaplan/EugenKaplan.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Malankara Archdiocese of North America (Syriac Orthodox Church)|Malankara Archdiocese of North America]]
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our church worldwide |url=http://www.stbarsaumochurch.com/CONTACTUS/OURCHURCHWORLDWIDE/tabid/153/Default.aspx |website=St. Barsaumo Syriac Orthodox Church |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412154642/http://stbarsaumochurch.com/CONTACTUS/OURCHURCHWORLDWIDE/tabid/153/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Central America'''

In the [[Guatemala]] region, a [[Charismatic movement]] emerged in 2003 was excommunicated in 2006 by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] later joined the church in 2013. Members of this archdiocese are [[Maya peoples|Mayan]] in origin and live in rural areas, and display charismatic-type practices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hager |first1=Anna |title=The emergence of a Syriac Orthodox Mayan Church in Guatemala |journal=International Journal of Latin American Religions |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=370–389 |date=3 July 2019 |doi=10.1007/s41603-019-00083-1 |s2cid=198838809 |issn=2509-9965}}</ref>
* Archdiocese of [[Central America]], the [[Caribbean Islands]] and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NOTICIAS DE MARZO 2012 |url=http://www.icergua.org/latam/noticias/13/03.html#9 |website=www.icergua.org |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417043600/http://www.icergua.org/latam/noticias/13/03.html#9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Orthodoxy in Guatemala |url=https://orthodox-institute.org/guatemala.html |website=orthodox-institute.org |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407090147/https://orthodox-institute.org/guatemala.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yacoub Eduardo Aguirre Oestmann – Names – Orthodoxia |url=http://www.orthodoxia.ch/en/name/1317/show |website=www.orthodoxia.ch |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407090152/http://www.orthodoxia.ch/en/name/1317/show |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''South America'''
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Argentina<ref>{{cite web |title=New Archbishop for Syriac Orthodox Church Enthroned in Argentina |url=http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/new-archbishop-for-syriac-orthodox-church-enthroned-in-argentina/ |website=News Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407085027/http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/new-archbishop-for-syriac-orthodox-church-enthroned-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Brazil<ref>{{cite web |title=Igreja Sirian Ortodoxa de Antioquia no Brasil |url=https://igrejasirianortodoxa.com/ |website=Igreja Sirian Ortodoxa de Antioquia no Brasil |language=pt-BR |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011134203/https://igrejasirianortodoxa.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Eurasia ====
'''Middle East regions'''
* [[Syria]]
* [[Lebanon]]
* [[Syriac Orthodox Bishop of Jerusalem|Holy Land]]
* Iraq
* Turkey
* [[UAE]]
Syriac Orthodox Church in the [[Middle East]] and the diaspora, numbering between 150,000 and 200,000 people in their indigenous area of habitation in Syria, Iraq, and Turkey according to estimations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiliseler – Manastırlar |url=https://mardin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-56510/kiliseler---manastirlar.html |website=mardin.ktb.gov.tr |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023095514/https://mardin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-56510/kiliseler---manastirlar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The community formed and developed in the Middle Ages. The Syriac Orthodox Christians of the Middle East speak Aramaic.
Archbishoprics in the Middle East include regions of [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazirah]], Euphrates, [[Aleppo]], [[Homs]], [[Hama]], [[Baghdad]], [[Basrah]], [[Diyarbakır]], [[Mosul]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Kurdistan]], [[Mount Lebanon]], [[Beirut]], [[Istanbul]], [[Ankara]] and [[Adiyaman]],<ref>{{cite web |title=İstanbul – Ankara Süryani Ortodoks Metropolitliği |url=http://www.suryanikadim.org/kiliseler.aspx |website=www.suryanikadim.org |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904092638/http://www.suryanikadim.org/kiliseler.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel, [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Jordan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=King receives Patriarch of Antioch and head of Syriac Orthodox Church |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/king-receives-patriarch-antioch-and-head-syriac-orthodox-church |work=Jordan Times |date=10 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412150444/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/king-receives-patriarch-antioch-and-head-syriac-orthodox-church |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Murre-van den Berg|2013|pp=61–83}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Consecration of Archbishop Patriarchal Vicar for Jerusalem | publisher=Malankara Archdiocese of the Syriac Church in North America | date=10 April 2019 | url=https://malankara.com/node/3607 | access-date=22 June 2019 | archive-date=12 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412150446/https://malankara.com/node/3607 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
<gallery heights="150px" mode="packed">
Zoonoroinhoms.jpg|[[Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt]]
MidyatChurch.jpg|St. Sharbel Church [[Midyat]]
A church in the city of Bethlehem-Palestine.jpg|St. Mary's Church, [[Bethlehem]]
St. Mary's Cathedral, Manarcad 2016.jpg|[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Manarcad]]
Tomb of St.Baselios Yeldo.jpg|[[St. Thomas Church, Kothamangalam|Tomb]] of [[St. Baselios Yeldo]]
</gallery>
Patriarchal Vicariates in the Middle East includes [[Damascus]], [[Mardin]], [[Turabdin]], [[Zahle]], [[UAE]] and the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf]].

==== India ====
'''Jacobite Syrian Christian Church'''
{{Main|Jacobite Syrian Christian Church}}

The [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], one of the various [[Saint Thomas Christian]] churches in India, is an integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, with the [[Patriarch of Antioch]] as its supreme head. The local head of the church in Malankara ([[Kerala]]) is [[Baselios Thomas I]], ordained by Patriarch [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] in 2002 and accountable to the [[Patriarch of Antioch]]. The headquarters of the church in India is at [[Puthencruz]] near Ernakulam in the state of [[Kerala]] in [[South India]]. Simhasana Churches and Honavar Mission is under the direct control of Patriarch. Historically, the [[St. Thomas Christians]] were part of the [[Church of the East]], based in [[Persia]] which was under the [[Patriarch of Antioch]] until [[Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]](410 AD.) and reunited with [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch]] since {{ca.}} 1652.{{sfn | Curta | Holt | 2016 | p=336}} Syriac monks [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]] arrived at Malankara between the eighth and ninth centuries from Persia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |date=2010 |publisher=University of Kerala. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzvI1bCIbwIC&q=Mar+Sabor+and+Mar+Proth |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164658/https://books.google.com/books?id=PzvI1bCIbwIC&q=Mar+Sabor+and+Mar+Proth |url-status=live }}</ref> They established churches in [[Quilon]], [[Kadamattom]], [[Kayamkulam]], [[Udayamperoor]], and [[Akaparambu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Congress |first1=Indian History |title=Proceedings |date=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XVCAAAAYAAJ&q=Mar+Sabor+and+Mar+Proth |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164659/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XVCAAAAYAAJ&q=Mar+Sabor+and+Mar+Proth |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church]] is an independent reformed church under the jurisdiction of [[Marthoma Metropolitan]] and its first Reforming Metropolitan [[Mathews Athanasius]] was ordained by Ignatius Elias II in 1842.{{sfn | Neill | 2002 | pp=251–252 }} [[Maphrian]]ate was re-established in Malankara in 1912 by [[Ignatius Abded Mshiho II]] by the consecration of [[Baselios Paulose I|Paulose I]] as first [[Catholicos of India|Catholicos]]. [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] accepts the Patriarch of Antioch only as its spiritual Father as stated by the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church#Church Constitution of 1934|constitution of 1934]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Church|url=https://mosc.in/administration/administration|website=mosc.in|access-date=24 October 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411155945/http://mosc.in/administration/administration|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kottayam Valiapally.jpg|thumb|Altar of St.Mary's Knanaya Syriac Church Kottayam.]]
'''Knanaya Archdiocese'''

The [[Knanaya]] Syriac Orthodox Church is an archdiocese under the guidance and direction of Archbishop [[Severious Kuriakose]] with the patriarch as its spiritual head. They are the followers of the Syrian merchant Knāy Thoma ([[Thomas of Cana]]) in the fourth or eighth century, while another legend traces their origin to [[Jews]] in the [[Middle East]].{{sfn| Swiderski | 1988a | p=83}}{{sfn | Whitehouse | 1873 | p=125}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Valiapally, St. Mary's Knanaya Church, Pilgrim Centre, Kottayam, Kerala, India Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kumarakom/valiapally-kottayam.php |website=www.keralatourism.org |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407154723/https://www.keralatourism.org/kumarakom/valiapally-kottayam.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:EAE HeadOffice.jpg|thumb|left|Head Office of [[The Evangelistic Association Of The East]].]]
'''Evangelistic Association of the East'''

{{Main|Evangelistic Association Of The East}}
[[E.A.E Arch Diocese]] is the missionary association of the Syriac Orthodox Church founded in 1924 by Geevarghese Athunkal Cor-Episcopa at [[Perumbavoor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Anthony Korah |title=The Christians of Kerala: A Brief Profile of All Major Churches |date=1993 |publisher=A.K. Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ&q=Perumbavoor+suvishesha+samajam |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018165033/https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ&q=Perumbavoor+suvishesha+samajam |url-status=live }}</ref> This archdiocese is under the direct control of the patriarch under the guidance of [[Chrysostomos Markose]], It is an organization with churches, educational institutions, orphanages, old age homes, convents, publications, mission centers, gospel teams, care missions, and a missionary training institute. It is registered in 1949 under the [[Indian Societies Registration Act]]. XXI of 1860 (Reg. No. S.8/1949ESTD 1924).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/societiesregistrationact.html|title=Ministry Of Corporate Affairs – societiesregistrationact|website=www.mca.gov.in|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406113737/http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/societiesregistrationact.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=പൗരസ്ത്യ സുവിശേഷ സമാജം ജനറൽ കൺവൻഷൻ തുടങ്ങി |url=https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/ernakulam/local-news/2017/11/16/em-convention.html |work=ManoramaOnline |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407152129/https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/ernakulam/local-news/2017/11/16/em-convention.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}
'''Europe'''

Earlier in the 20th century many Syrian Orthodox immigrated to Western Europe, located in the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and other countries for economic and political reasons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Dr Jean-François |last2=Hämmerli |first2=Ms Maria |title=Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation |date=2014 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4724-3931-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9oRBAAAQBAJ&q=Syrian+immigrated+to+Western+Europe |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018165115/https://books.google.com/books?id=y9oRBAAAQBAJ&q=Syrian+immigrated+to+Western+Europe#v=onepage&q=Syrian%20immigrated%20to%20Western%20Europe&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Atto|2011|p=}} Dayro d-Mor Ephrem in the Netherlands is the first Syriac Orthodox monastery in Europe established in 1981.{{sfn | Brock | Kiraz | Gorgias Press | Butts | 2011 | p=}} Dayro d-Mor Awgen, [[Arth]], Switzerland and Dayro d-Mor Ya`qub d-Sarug, [[Warburg]], Germany are the other [[monasteries]] located in Europe.
<gallery heights="150px" mode="packed">
Favoriten (Wien) - Syrisch-Orthodoxe Kirche.JPG|St. Ephrem Church [[Vienna]], Austria
St Saviour, Old Oak Road. London W3 - geograph.org.uk - 1716657.jpg|[[St. Thomas Cathedral, Acton]], [[London]], England
Syrisch-orthodoxes Kloster, ehemaliges Dominikanerkloster.JPG|St. Jacob of Sarug Monastery [[Warburg]], Germany
Moeder Godskerk-buitenkant.JPG|[[Church of Our Lady, Amsterdam]], Netherlands
Arth Klosterstr 10.JPG|St. Avgin Monastery, [[Arth]], Switzerland
Sankt Afrems katedral i Södertälje.jpg|[[St. Aphrem Cathedral, Södertälje]], Sweden
</gallery>
Patriarchal Vicariates:
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* Belgium, France and [[Luxembourg]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reception in the honor of His Holiness in Brussels|url=http://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/09/reception-in-the-honor-of-his-holiness-in-brussels/|website=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch|date=7 September 2017|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502140533/http://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/09/reception-in-the-honor-of-his-holiness-in-brussels/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Holy Virgin Mary Church, Montfermeil, France |url=http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/France/MontfermeilSMary.html |date=November 23, 2005 |website=sor.cua.edu |archive-date=2012-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507084204/http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/France/MontfermeilSMary.html}}</ref>
* Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Warburg, Syrisch-orthodoxes Kloster – Klosterorte – Klöster – Kulturland Kreis Höxter |url=https://www.kulturland.org/Klosterregion/Klosterorte/Warburg-Syrisch-orthodoxes-Kloster/ |website=www.kulturland.org |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023090455/https://www.kulturland.org/Klosterregion/Klosterorte/Warburg-Syrisch-orthodoxes-Kloster/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Netherlands<ref>{{cite news |title=Duizenden Syrisch-Orthodoxen vieren Pasen in Glane |url=https://www.rtvoost.nl/nieuws/311738/Duizenden-Syrisch-Orthodoxen-vieren-Pasen-in-Glane |work=RTV Oost |language=NL |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430055807/https://www.rtvoost.nl/nieuws/311738/Duizenden-Syrisch-Orthodoxen-vieren-Pasen-in-Glane |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland and Austria
* United Kingdom
{{div col end}}

==== Oceania ====
{{multiple image|total_width=540
| image1 = St George Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church Melbourne.jpg
| caption1 = St. George Church, [[Melbourne]]
| image2 = Saint Aphrem Syrian Orthodox Church - Victoria - Australia.jpg
| caption2 = St. Aphrem Church, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
}}
::'''Australia''' and '''New Zealand'''
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Australia and New Zealand under Archbishop Malatius Malki Malki.<ref>{{cite journal |title=LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL NOTICE PAPER NSW |website=www.parliament.nsw.gov.au |url=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lc/papers/Documents/2012/22-february-2012-notice-paper/Notice%20Paper%2063%20-%2022%20February%202012%20s.pdf |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407085616/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lc/papers/Documents/2012/22-february-2012-notice-paper/Notice%2520Paper%252063%2520-%252022%2520February%25202012%2520s.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HE Archbishop Mor Malatius Malki thank you letter to ACM Australian Coptic Movement (ACM) |url=http://www.auscma.com/2014/12/he-archbishop-mor-malatius-malki-thank-you-letter-to-acm/ |website=www.auscma.com |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407085620/http://www.auscma.com/2014/12/he-archbishop-mor-malatius-malki-thank-you-letter-to-acm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Home St Peter's |url=https://www.stpeterschurch.org.nz/ |website=stpeters |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407094933/https://www.stpeterschurch.org.nz/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mor Militius Malki Malki|url=http://soc-wus.org/ourchurch/Pat_V_Australia.htm|access-date=2021-10-26|website=soc-wus.org|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028120135/http://soc-wus.org/ourchurch/Pat_V_Australia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Institutions ===
The church has various seminaries, colleges, and other institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orthodox Christian Educational Institutions (OCEI) – Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE – Society |url=http://theorthodoxchurch.info/society/institutes-and-projects/ocei/ |website=Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE – Society |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407085054/http://theorthodoxchurch.info/society/institutes-and-projects/ocei/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patriarch [[Ignatius Afram I Barsoum|Aphrem I Barsoum]] established St. Aphrem's Clerical School in 1934 in [[Zahlé]]. In 1946, the school was moved to [[Mosul]], where it provided the church with a selection of graduates, the first among them being Patriarch [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] and many other church leaders. In 1990, the Order of St. Jacob Baradaeus was established for nuns. Seminaries have been instituted in Sweden and in [[Salzburg]] for the study of Syriac theology, history, language, and culture. Happy Child House project started in 2019 provides [[childcare]] services in [[Damascus]], Syria.
The church has an international Christian education center for religious education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Education |url=https://syriacpatriarchate.org/christian-education/ |website=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch |date=22 February 2015 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407092756/https://syriacpatriarchate.org/christian-education/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Antioch Syrian University was established on 8 September 2018 in [[Maarat Saidnaya]], near Damascus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antioch Syrian University |url=http://asu.edu.sy/en/ |website=asu.edu.sy |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916173622/http://asu.edu.sy/en |url-status=live }}</ref>
The university is offering engineering, management and economics courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/news/despite-adversities-antioch-syrian-university-opens-doors-of-hope|title=Despite adversities, Antioch Syrian University opens doors of hope|website=World Council of Churches|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212171000/https://www.oikoumene.org/news/despite-adversities-antioch-syrian-university-opens-doors-of-hope|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ecumenical relations ==

The Syriac Orthodox Church is active in [[ecumenical]] dialogues with various churches,{{sfn|Brock|1999|pp=189–197}}{{sfn|Brock|2004|pp=44–65}} including the [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Anglican Communion]], [[Syriac Church of the East]], and other [[Christian denominations]]. The Church is an active member of the [[World Council of Churches]] since 1960 and Patriarch [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] was one of the former presidents of [[World Council of Churches|WCC]]. It has also been involved in the [[Middle East Council of Churches]] since 1974. There are common Christological and pastoral agreements with the Catholic Church by the 20th century as the Chalcedonian schism was not seen with the same relevance, and from several meetings between the authorities of the [[Catholic Church]] and the Oriental Orthodoxy, reconciling declarations emerged in the common statements of the Patriarch [[Ignatius Jacob III]] and Pope [[Paul VI]] in 1971, Patriarch [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] in 1984:

{{cquote|The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realise today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life, we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon.<ref>From the common declaration of [[Pope John Paul II]] and Patriarch [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]], 23 June 1984</ref>}}

The precise differences in theology that caused the Chalcedonian controversy is said to have arisen "''only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter''", according to a common declaration statement between Patriarch [[Ignatius Jacob III]] and Pope [[Paul VI]] on Wednesday 27 October 1971. In 2015, [[Pope Francis]] addressed the Syriac Orthodox Church as "''a Church of Martyrs'' " welcoming the visit of [[Ignatius Aphrem II]] to [[Holy See]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope, Orthodox patriarch express commitment for unity |url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/francis-chronicles/pope-orthodox-patriarch-express-commitment-unity |work=National Catholic Reporter |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412154942/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/francis-chronicles/pope-orthodox-patriarch-express-commitment-unity |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, [[Ignatius Aphrem II]] visited [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and discussed prospects of bilateral and theological dialogue existing since the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mospat.ru/en/news/50008/|title=His Holiness Patriarch Kirill meets with Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church|website=The Russian Orthodox Church. Department for External Church Relations.|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212171000/https://mospat.ru/en/news/50008/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since 1998, representatives of SOC, together with representatives of other [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], participate in the [[Ecumenical dialogue]], and also in various forms of the [[Interfaith dialogue]].{{sfn|Chaillot|1998|p=}}{{sfn|Brock|1999|pp=189–197}}{{sfn|Brock|2004|pp=44–65}}

== Communities ==
* [[Terms for Syriac Christians#Syriac identity|Syrians/Syriacs]] originating from [[Middle East]]
** [[Turabdin]] in Turkey, former [[Assyrian culture|Syriac cultural heartland]]
*** [[Saffron Monastery]], important site in Turabdin
* [[Saint Thomas Christians|St. Thomas Christians]] in India
** [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
*** [[Catholicos of India]] ([[Maphrian]])
* [[Södertälje]], Swedish town with many Syriac people and churches
* [[Religion in Guatemala#Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christianity|Guatemalans]] (recent convert activity)

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church]]
* [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch]]
* [[Naheere]]
* ''[[The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian]]''
* [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]
** [[Miaphysitism]], Cyril of Alexandria's Christology
** [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]]
* [[Syriac Christianity]]
** [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
** [[Church of the East]]
** [[Syriac Catholic Church]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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* {{Citation |last1=Elwell |first1=Walter |last2=Comfort |first2=Philip Wesley |year=2001 |title=Tyndale Bible Dictionary |publisher=Tyndale House Publishers |isbn=0-8423-7089-7}}
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* {{cite book |author=Gabriyel Akyüz |title=Osmanlı Devleti'nde Süryani Kilisesi: Osmanlı padişahları tarafından Süryani Kilisesi'nin ruhani liderlerine gönderilen fermanlar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhnZAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Mardin Kırklar Kilisesi |isbn=978-975-8233-09-0 |language=tr |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170128/https://books.google.com/books?id=YhnZAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Haar Romeny |first=Bas ter |title=The Identity Formation of Syrian Orthodox Christians as Reflected in Two Exegetical Collections: First Soundings |journal=Parole de l'Orient |year=2004 |volume=29 |pages=103–121 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2261327 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150044/https://www.academia.edu/2261327 |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite journal |last=Janin |first=Raymond |title=Le rite syrien et les Églises syriennes |journal=Revue des études byzantines |volume=18 |issue=115 |doi=10.3406/rebyz.1919.4214 |pages=321–341 |language=fr |year=1919}}
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* {{cite book |last=Loetscher |first=L.A. |title=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Embracing Biblical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology and Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Biography from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Based on the 3d Ed. of the Realencyklopädie Founded by J. J. Herzog, and Edited by Albert Hauck, Prepared by More Than Six Hundred Scholars and Specialists Under the Supervision of Samuel Macauley Jackson (editor-in-chief) with the Assistance of Charles Colebrook Sherman and George William Gilmore (associate Editors) ... &#91;et. Al.&#93;. |publisher=Baker |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8010-7947-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a38YAAAAIAAJ |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170544/https://books.google.com/books?id=a38YAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book |last=Markessini |first=J. |title=Around the World of Orthodox Christianity – Five Hundred Million Strong: The Unifying Aesthetic Beauty |publisher=Dorrance Publishing Company |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4349-1486-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVkphDtrW3AC |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170550/https://books.google.com/books?id=eVkphDtrW3AC |url-status=live }}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
'''Ecumenical relations with the Catholic Church'''
* [https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedictus-xiv/it/documents/enciclica--i-allatae-sunt--i---26-luglio-1755--in-questa-encicli.html Pope Benedict XIV, ''Allatae Sunt'' (''On the observance of Oriental Rites''), Encyclical, 1755]
* [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19711025_syrian-church_en.html Addresses of Pope Paul VI and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Jacob III, 1971]
* [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19840623_jp-ii-zakka-i_en.html Common Declaration of Pope John Paul II and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, 1984]
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1986/february/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19860207_catholicos-cochin.html Address of John Paul II on Occasion of the Visit to the Catholicos of the Malankarese Syrian Orthodox Church, 1986]
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/june/documents/papa-francesco_20150619_patriarca-siro-ortodosso.html Address of His Holiness Pope Francis to His Holiness Mor Ignatius Aphrem II Syriac orthodox patriarch of Antioch and all the East, 19 June 2015]

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.syriacpatriarchate.org/ Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate] (Official website)
* [https://www.unionbetweenchristians.com/2020/09/2020_18.html Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate] (Union between Christians)
* [http://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/ Department of Syriac Studies]

'''Media'''
* [http://suborotv.net/ Syriac religious TV channel of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]
* [http://www.epilgrim.org/syrian_liturgy.htm Syriac Liturgy] description and photos
* [http://www.syriacmusic.com/ Syriac Music Online]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnB--TAPpaI&list=PLKlmMfVrKucvvFPkN0KXY7nnRkUkIYIjh&index=62 YouTube video of a Palm Sunday Mass]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfwoGQS_ieE YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history and origin of the term "Syriac" (Suryoyo/Suroyo)]

'''Relating to Syriac Orthodox Church'''
* [http://sor.cua.edu/ Margonitho: Syriac Orthodox Resources]

'''Relating to Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church'''
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007101308/http://www.jscnews.org/ News Site Of Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]}}
* [http://www.malankaravision.com/ Malankara Vision: TV Of Jacobite Syrian Church]
* [http://www.radiomalankara.com/ Radio Malankara: Radio of Jacobite Syrian Church]

Revision as of 12:11, 25 June 2024

Temp

This is a list of cathedrals, churches and chapels, which holds the the Holy Girdle, also known as the Girdle of Thomas, Holy Girdle of Mary, Holy Zoonoro, (or) Zunoro, and Holy Belt of Saint Mary the mother of Jesus, is a relic of the Blessed Virgin Mary which is one of the important relics of Syriac Orthodox Church and venerated by Oriental Orthodox communion. The word Zunoro is also translated as "belt", "sash" or "girdle". The list focuses on the locations of the Holy Soonoro relic around the world.



Caption text
Name of Church Soonoro Installation Date Installed By Diocese
St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Manarcad[1] 26 February 1982 Ignatius Zakka I Iwas Patriach of Antioch Kottayam Diocese
St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Kottayam (Kottayam Cheriapally) [2] 16 January 1966 Baselios Augen I Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
St. Mary's Cathedral, Kundara [3] 1972 Athanasius Yeshu` Samuel Kollam Diocese
St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Kothamangalam[4] 15 August 1980 Baselios Thomas I Angamaly Diocese
St. Gregorios Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Cathedral 11 November 1982 Baselios Paulose II Catholicos Mylapore Diocese
St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Valiyapally, Thamarachal 11 November 1988
Example Example Example Example
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St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church Vettithara under Kandanad Diocese, Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Enshrined on 01-02-1987 by Baselios Paulose II St Mary's Jacobite Syrian Valiyapally, Thamarachal,Angamaly Diocese Kottayam Diocese (Angamaly Region),Enshrined on 1988. St. Mary's Church Meenangadi – E.A.E Archdiocese of Syrian Orthodox Church, Enshrined on 1991 by H.B Baselios Paulose II Catholicose. St.Mary's JSO Soonoro Church, Sulthan's Bathery, Malabar Diocese. St.Mary's JSO Soonoro Church, Velankode, Calicut Diocese. St.Mary's JSO Soonoro Church, Pattanikkoop,Pulpally,Malabar Diocese St Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Kannara Kallumedu Pally,Thrissur Diocese. St Mary's Knanaya Syrian Valiyapally, Kalliserry,Knanaya Archdiocese (Kalliserry Region). St Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Kallumedu, Idukki Diocese. St Mary's Jacobite Syrian Valiyapally, Thuruthiply,Angamaly Diocese (Perumbavoor Region).

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "St.Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Manarcad".
  2. ^ "Newly discovered 300-yr-old inscription sheds light on Kerala's forgotten Persian Bishop". The News Minute. 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Kundara St. Mary's Church (Kollam diocese)". www.syriacchristianity.info.
  4. ^ "Kothamangalam Valiya Pally (St.Mary's Church)". syriacchristianity.info.

Category:Soonoro churches in Kerala

External links/sources

Temp2

Annai Vailankanni Shrine, Besant Nagar

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List of major cities in Kerala
No. City District Population Images No. City District Population Images
1 Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 752,490 Thiruvananthapuram 5 Thrissur Thrissur 315,596 Thrissur city
2 Kochi Ernakulam 601,574 Kochi, India 6 Alappuzha Alappuzha 174,164 Alappuzha Town Square
3 Kozhikode Kozhikode 432,097 Calicut 7 Palakkad Palakkad 131,019 Palakkad Fort
4 Kollam Kollam 349,033 Kollam 8 Malappuram Malappuram 106,798 Malappuram
Source: 2011 Census of India[1][2]


temp

List of major cities in Kerala
No. City District Population Images
1 Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 752,490 Thiruvananthapuram
2 Kochi Ernakulam 601,574 Kochi, India
3 Kozhikode Kozhikode 432,097 Calicut
4 Kollam Kollam 349,033 Kollam
5 Thrissur Thrissur 315,596 Thrissur city
6 Alappuzha Alappuzha 174,164 Alappuzha Town Square
7 Palakkad Palakkad 131,019 Palakkad Fort
Source: 2011 Census of India[1]


City

List of Cities in Kerala

No. City District Population Images
1 Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 752,490 Thiruvananthapuram
2 Kochi Ernakulam 601,574 Kochi, India
3 Kozhikode Kozhikode 432,097 Calicut mini bypass
4 Kollam Kollam 349,033 Kollam
5 Thrissur Thrissur 315,596 Thrissur city
6 Alappuzha Alappuzha 174,164 Boating centre
7 Palakkad Palakkad 131,019 Malampuzha Dam
Source: 2011 Census of India[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (PDF). Cities with population greater than or equal to one lakh by size class in the state, 2011. Government of India. Retrieved 29 October 2016. Cite error: The named reference "Census2011cities" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ "2011 census_PART_B_MALAPPURAM" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in.

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Fr. Jacob Manjaly
ChurchSyro-Malabar Catholic Church
DioceseErnakulam-Angamaly
SeeHoly See
Orders
Ordination07.02.1996
by Cardinal Antony Padiyara
Personal details
Born(1969-12-11)11 December 1969
NationalityIndia
EducationMinor Seminary - Thrikkakara, Philosophy - Carmelgiri , Theology - Mangalapuzha

Fr. Jacob Manjaly is a Syrian Catholic priest from Meloor St. Joseph's Church, Ernakulam,Kerala.[1][2][3] [4]He is famous for his evangelistic activity.[5]



Neelimala Scenic Viewpoint

Cities and towns

Header text Total area of the village (in hectares) Total population ( 2011 census )
Kalpetta, Capital of the district
Sultan Bathery 1963 23333
Mananthavady 5434 34663
Meenangadi 3198 21022
Vythiri
Pulpally 7672 28322
Kambalakkad
Chundale 2207 7996
Panamaram 2668 12683
Padinjarathara 3944 16146
Ambalavayal 2823 16988
Meppadi
Vaduvanchal 3485 17984
Nadavayal 4001 15795
Nenmeni 4306 31225
Cheeral, Bathery 2632 15725
Irulam 4943 21052
[6]

hih



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J Stalin S


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സ്വാഗതം
ആർക്കും തിരുത്താവുന്ന സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശമാണ് വിക്കിപീഡിയ.
മലയാളം വിക്കിപീഡിയയിൽ നിലവിൽ 6,903,318 ലേഖനങ്ങളുണ്ട്

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Syriac Orthodox Church
Classical Syriac: ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘ̣ܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܗܰܝܡܳܢܽܘܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ ܫܽܘ̣ܒ̣ܚܳܐ
Cathedral of Saint George
TypeAntiochian
ClassificationEastern Christian
OrientationOriental Orthodox
ScripturePeshitta
TheologyMiaphysitism
PolityEpiscopal
StructureCommunion
PatriarchIgnatius Aphrem II Patriarch
Catholicate of IndiaJacobite Syrian Christian Church
AssociationsWorld Council of Churches
RegionMiddle East, India, and diaspora
LanguageClassical Syriac
LiturgyWest Syriac: Liturgy of Saint James
HeadquartersCathedral of Saint George, Damascus, Syria (since 1959)
Origin1st century *[7][8][9]
Antioch, Roman Empire[10][11]
Independence512 A.D.[12][13][14]
Branched fromChurch of Antioch[15]
MembersApproximately 1.4—1.7 million (2015, including India)[16][17]
Aid organizationEPDC St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee[18]
Other name(s)Arabic: الكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية
Malayalam: സുറിയാനി ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭ, romanizedSuriyāni ōrtḥdōx Sabḥa[19]
Official websiteSyriac Orthodox Patriarchate
Digital LibraryDepartment of Syriac Studies
*Origin is according to Sacred tradition.
West Syriac Cross Unicode (U+2670) :

The Syriac Orthodox Church (Classical Syriac: ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ݂ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ, romanized: ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo);[20] also known as West Syriac Church or West Syrian Church,[21] officially known as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East,[22] and informally as the Jacobite Church,[23] is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch. The bishop of Antioch, known as the patriarch, heads the church and possesses apostolic succession through Saint Peter (Classical Syriac: ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ, romanized: Šemʿōn Kēp̄ā), according to sacred tradition.[24][25] The church upholds Miaphysite doctrine in Christology, and employs the Liturgy of Saint James, associated with James the Just (also called James the Less and James, son of Alphaeus).[26] Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical language of the church.

The church gained its hierarchical distinctiveness in 512, when pro-Chalcedonian patriarch Flavian II of Antioch was deposed by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I Dicorus,[27] and a synod was held at Laodicea in Syria in order to choose his successor,[28] a prominent Miaphysite theologian Severus the Great (d. 538).[29] His later deposition (in 518) was not recognized by the Miaphisite party, and thus a distinctive (autocephalous) Miaphysite patriarchate was established, headed by Severus and his successors. During the sixth century, Miaphysite hierarchical structure in the region was further straightened by Jacob Baradaeus (d. 578),[30][31][32] while the pro-Chalcedonian faction would form to become the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch (part of the wider Eastern Orthodox Church) and the Maronite church (an Eastern Catholic church).

In 1662, the vacant Syriac Patriarchate of Antioch was filled by individuals who aligned themselves with the Catholic Church. Andrew Akijan was elected in that year, and was succeeded by another Catholic in Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin. The non-Catholic Syriac party elected the rival Abdulmasih I, Shahbaddin's uncle, as a competing patriarch. Upon Shahbaddin's death in 1702, the Catholic line died out for several decades until the Holy Synod in 1782 elected Michael III Jarweh, who again aligned the Syriacs with the pope. Following a period of violence and intrigue, the non-Catholic party was again recognized with their own patriarch and the Catholic line continued independently as the Syriac Catholic Church).

Mor Hananyo Monastery was the headquarters of the church from c. 1160 until 1932.[33] The patriarchate was transferred to Homs due to the Sayfo genocide and the effects of World War I. The current see of the church is the Cathedral of Saint George, Bab Tuma, Damascus, Syria, since 1959.[34][35][36] Since 2014, Ignatius Aphrem II is the current Patriarch of Antioch. The church has archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates in countries covering six continents. Being an active member of the World Council of Churches, the church participates in various ecumenical dialogues with other churches.[37][38]

Name and identity

Syriac-speaking Christians have referred to themselves as "Ārāmāyē/Āṯūrāyē/Sūryāyē" in native Aramaic terms based on their ethnic identity.[39] In most languages besides English, a unique name has long been used to distinguish the church from the polity of Syria. In Arabic (the official language of Syria), the church is known as the "Kenissa Suryaniya" as the term "Suryani" identifies the Syriac language and people. Chalcedonians referred to the church as "Jacobite" (after Jacob Baradaeus) since the schism that followed the 451 Council of Chalcedon.[40] English-speaking historians identified the church as the "Syrian Church". The English term "Syrian" was used to describe the community of Syriacs in ancient Syria. In the 15th century, the term "Orthodox" (from Greek: "orthodoxía"; "correct opinion") was used to identify churches that practiced the set of doctrines believed by the early Christians. Since 1922, the term "Syrian" started being used for things named after the Syrian Federation. Hence, in 2000, the Holy Synod ruled that the church be named as "Syriac Orthodox Church" after the Syriac language, the official liturgical language of the church.[41]

The church is not ethnically exclusive, but two main ethnic groups in the community contest their ethnic identification as "Assyrians" and "Arameans".[42] "Suryoye" is the term used to identify the Syriacs in the diaspora.[43] The Syriac Orthodox identity included auxiliary cultural traditions of the Assyrian Empire and Aramean kingdoms.[44] Church traditions crystallized into ethnogenesis through the preservation of their stories and customs by the 12th century. Since the 1910s, the identity of Syriac Orthodoxy in the Ottoman Empire was principally religious and linguistic.[45][46][47]

In recent works, Assyrian-American historian Sargon Donabed has pointed out that parishes in the US were originally using Assyrian designations in their official English names, also noting that in some cases those designations were later changed to Syrian, and then to Syriac, while several other parishes still continue to use Assyrian designations.[48][49][50][51]

History

Syriac Orthodox Chapel of Saints Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

Early history

The church claims apostolic succession through the pre-Chalcedonian Patriarchate of Antioch to the Early Christian communities from Jerusalem led by Saint Barnabas and Saint Paul in Antioch, during the Apostolic era, as described in the Acts of the Apostles; "The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch" (New Testament, Acts 11:26). Saint Peter was selected by Jesus Christ (New Testament, Matthew 16:18) and is venerated as the first bishop of Antioch in c. 37 A.D. after the Incident at Antioch.[52][53][54]

Saint Evodius was Bishop of Antioch until 66 AD and was succeeded by Saint Ignatius of Antioch.[55] The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek: Χριστιανισμός) was by Ignatius of Antioch, in around 100 AD.[56] In A.D 169, Theophilus of Antioch wrote three apologetic tracts to Autolycus.[57] Patriarch Babylas of Antioch was considered the first saint recorded as having had his remains moved or "translated" for religious purposes—a practice that was to become extremely common in later centuries.[58] Eustathius of Antioch supported Athanasius of Alexandria who opposed the followers of the condemned doctrine of Arius (Arian controversy) at the First Council of Nicaea.[59] During the time of Meletius of Antioch the church split due to his being deposed for Homoiousian leanings—which became known as the Meletian Schism and saw several groups and several claimants to the See of Antioch.[60][61][62][63]

Patriarchate of Antioch

Given the antiquity of the Bishopric of Antioch and the importance of the Christian community in the city of Antioch, a commercially significant city in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire, the First Council of Nicaea (325) recognized the Bishopric as one of main regional primacies in Christendom, with jurisdiction over the administrative Diocese of the Orient, thus laying the foundation for the creation of the "Patriarchate of Antioch and All of the East".[64] Because of the significance attributed to Ignatius of Antioch in the church, most of the Syriac Orthodox patriarchs since 1293 have used the name of Ignatius in the title of the Patriarch preceding their own Patriarchal name.[65]

Christological controversies that followed the Council of Chalcedon (451) resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the council. In 512, pro-Chalcedonian patriarch Flavian II of Antioch was deposed by Emperor Anastasius I (d. 518), and new patriarch Severus of Antioch (d. 538) was chosen to succeed him. On 6 November 512, at the synod of Laodicea in Syria, a prominent miapyhsite theologian Severus the Great was elected, and consecrated on 16 November at the Great Church of Antioch.[27] In 518, he was exiled from Antioch,[66] by new emperor Justin I (d. 527), who tried to enforce a uniform Chalcedonian orthodoxy throughout the empire.[67][68][69] Those who belonged to the pro-Chalcedonian party accepted newly appointed patriarch Paul, who took over the see of Antioch. The miaphisite patriarchate was thus forced to move from Antioch with Severus the Great who took refuge in Alexandria. The non-Chalcedonian community was divided between "Severians" (followers of Severus), and aphthartodocetae, and that division remained unresolved until 527.[70] Severians continued to recognize Severus as the legitimate miaphysite Patriarch of Antioch until his death in 538, and then proceeded to follow his successors.[71][72]

Bishop Jacob Baradaeus (died 578) is credited for ordaining most of the miaphysite hierarchy while facing heavy persecution in the sixth century. In 544, Jacob Baradeus ordained Sergius of Tella continuing the non-Chalcedonian succession of patriarchs of the Church of Antioch.[73] That was done in opposition to the government-backed Patriarchate of Antioch held by the pro-Chalcedonian believers leading to the Syriac Orthodox Church being known popularly as the "Jacobite" Church, while the Chalcedonian believers were known popularly as Melkites—coming from the Syriac word for king (malka), an implication of the Chalcedonian Church's relationship to the Roman Emperor (later emphasised by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church).[74] Because of many historical upheavals and consequent hardships that the Syriac Orthodox Church had to undergo, the patriarchate was transferred to different monasteries in Mesopotamia for centuries. John III of the Sedre was elected and consecrated Patriarch after the death of Athanasius I Gammolo in 631 A.D., followed by the fall of Roman Syria and the Muslim conquest of the Levant. John and several bishops were summoned before Emir Umayr ibn Sad al-Ansari of Hims to engage in open debate regarding Christianity and represent the entire Christian community, including non-Syriac Orthodox communities, such as Greek Orthodox Syrians.[75] The Emir demanded translations of the Gospels into Arabic to confirm John's beliefs, which according to the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian was the first translation of the Gospels into Arabic.

Transfer to new locations

In 1166, the patriarchal seat was transferred to the Mor Bar Sauma Monastery where it remained for most of the twelfth and thirteenth century until the abandonment of the monastery in 1293.[76] Thereafter, the patriarchate resided in the Mor Hananyo Monastery (Deir al. Zaʿfarān) in southeastern Anatolia near Mardin, where it remained until 1933 and re-established in Homs, Syria, due to the adverse political situation in Turkey. In 1959, the patriarchate was transferred to Damascus. The mother church and official seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church are now situated in Bab Tuma, Damascus, capital of Syria.

Middle Ages

Syriac Orthodox dioceses in the medieval period.
  Palestine
  Syria
  Lebanon and Cyprus
  Cilicia
  Cappadocia
  Amid and Arzun
  Commagene
  Osrhoene
  Mardin and Tur Abdin
  Iraq

The 8th century hagiography Life of Jacob Baradaeus is evidence of a definite denominational and social differentiation between the Chalcedonians and Miaphysites (Syriac Orthodox).[77] The longer hagiography shows that the Syriac Orthodox (called "Syriac Jacobites" in the work: suryoye yaquboye) self-identified with Jacob's story more than those of other saints.[78] Coptic historian and miaphysite bishop Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (ca. 897) speaks of Jacobite origins, and on the veneration of Jacob Baradaeus. He claimed that unlike the Chalcedonian Christians (who were labeled as "Melkites"), Miaphysite Jacobites never traded their Orthodoxy to win the favor of the Byzantine emperors, as the Melkites had done (malko is derived from "ruler, king, emperor").[79][80][81]

In Antioch, after the 11th-century persecutions, the Syriac Orthodox population was almost extinguished. Only one Jacobite church is attested in Antioch in the first half of the 12th century, while a second and third are attested in the second half of the century, perhaps due to refugee influx. Dorothea Weltecke concluded that the Syriac Orthodox population was very low in this period in Antioch and its surroundings.[82]

In the 12th century, several Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs visited Antioch and some established temporary residences.[83] In the 13th century, the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy in Antioch was prepared to accept Latin supervision.[84] In Adana, an anonymous 1137 report speaks of the entire population consisting of Syriac Orthodox.[82] Before the advent of the Crusades, the Syriacs occupied most of the hill country of Jazirah (Upper Mesopotamia).[85]

Early modern period

16th century

Among the preeminent churchmen of the period, Moses of Mardin (fl. 1549–d. 1592), was a diplomat of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Rome in the 16th century.[86]

17th century

Interior of St. Stephen Church, Gütersloh.

By the early 1660s, 75% of the 5,000 Syriac Orthodox of Aleppo had converted to Catholicism following the arrival of mendicant missionaries.[87] The Catholic missionaries had sought to place a Catholic Patriarch among the Jacobites and consecrated Andrew Akhijan as the Patriarch of the newly founded Syriac Catholic Church.[87] The Propaganda Fide and foreign diplomats pushed for Akhijan to be recognized as the Jacobite Patriarch, and the Porte then consented and warned the Syriac Orthodox that they would be considered an enemy if they did not recognize him.[88] Despite the warning and gifts to priests, frequent conflicts and violent arguments continued between the Catholic and Orthodox Syriacs.[88] Around 1665, many Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India, committed themselves in allegiance to the Syriac Orthodox Church, which established the Malankara Syrian Church. The Malankara Church consolidated under Mar Thoma I welcomed Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, who regularised the canonical ordination of Mar Thoma I as a native democratically elected Bishop of the Malabar Syrian Christians.[89]

Late modern period

In the 19th century, the various Syriac Christian denominations did not view themselves as part of one ethnic group.[90] During the Tanzimat reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox was granted independent status by gaining recognition as their own millet in 1873, apart from Armenians and Greeks.[91]

In the late 19th century, the Syriac Orthodox community of the Middle East, primarily from the cities of Adana and Harput, began the process of creating the Syriac diaspora, with the United States being one of their first destinations in the 1890s.[92] Later, in Worcester, Massachusetts, the first Syriac Orthodox Church in the United States was built.[48]

Also in the late 1800s, the reformation faction of the Saint Thomas Christians in India left to form the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.

The 1895–96 massacres in Turkey affected the Armenian and Syriac Orthodox communities when an estimated 105,000 Christians were killed.[93] By the end of the 19th century, 200,000 Syriac Orthodox Christians remained in the Middle East, most concentrated around Saffron Monastery, the Patriarchal Seat.[94]

In 1870, there were 22 Syriac Orthodox settlements in the vicinity of Diyarbakır.[95] In the 1870–71 Diyarbakır salnames, there were 1,434 Orthodox Syriacs in that city.[96][97] On 10 December 1876, Ignatius Peter IV consecrated Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala as metropolitan.[98] Rivalry within the Syriac Orthodox Church in Tur Abdin resulted in many conversions to the Syriac Catholic Church (the Uniate branch).[99]

Genocide (1914–1918)

Sayfo Monument at St. Peters & St. Pauls Church, Hallunda.

The Ottoman authorities killed and deported Orthodox Syriacs, then looted and appropriated their properties.[100] During 1915–16, the number of Orthodox Syriacs in the Diyarbakır province was reduced by 72%, and in the Mardin province by 58%.[101]

Interwar period

In 1924, the patriarchate of the Church was transferred to Homs after Kemal Atatürk expelled the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, who took the library of Deir el-Zaferan and settled in Damascus.[102][103] The Syriac Orthodox villages in Tur Abdin suffered from the 1925–26 Kurdish rebellions and massive flight to Lebanon, northern Iraq and especially Syria ensued.[104]

In the early 1920s, the city of Qamishli was built mainly by Syriac Orthodox refugees, escaping the Syriac genocide.

1945–2000

In 1959, the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church was transferred to Damascus in Syria.[102] In the mid-1970s, the estimate of Syriac Orthodox lived in Syria is 82,000.[105] In 1977, the number of Syriac Orthodox followers in diaspora dioceses was: 9,700 in the Diocese of Middle Europe; 10,750 in the Diocese of Sweden and surrounding countries.[106]

On 20 October 1987, Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala was declared a saint by Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Patriarch permitting additions to the diptychs.[107][108]

Damage to exterior of St. Mary Church of the Holy Belt during the Syrian Civil War.

Leadership

Ignatius Aphrem II, current Patriarch of Antioch.

Patriarch

The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is named Patriarch of Antioch, in reference to his titular pretense to one of the five patriarchates of the Pentarchy of Byzantine Christianity. Considered the "father of fathers", he must be an ordained bishop. He is the general administrator to Holy Synod and supervises the spiritual, administrative, and financial matters of the church. He governs external relations with other churches and signs agreements, treaties, contracts, pastoral encyclicals (bulls), pastoral letters related to the affairs of the church.[109]

Maphrian or Catholicos of India

After the Patriarch, the second highest Rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church is that of the Maphrian or the Catholicos of India. He is important functionary in guiding the church when the patriarchate falls vacant after the death of a Patriarch, overseeing the election of the next Patriarch and leading the ceremony for the ordination of the Patriarch. The Maphrian's see is India and is the head of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church and is subject to the authority of the Patriarch. In joint councils the Maphrian is seated on the right side of the Patriarch and heads the church's regional synod in India with the Patriarch's sanction.

Archbishops and Bishops

The title bishop comes from the Greek word episkopos, meaning "the one who oversees".[110] A bishop is a spiritual ruler of the church who has different ranks. Then there are metropolitan bishops or archbishops, and under them, there are auxiliary bishops.

Priests

The priest (Kasheesho) is the seventh rank and is the one duly appointed to administer the sacraments. Unlike in the Catholic Church, Syriac deacons may marry before ordained as priests; they cannot marry after ordained as priests. There is an honorary rank among the priests that are Corepiscopos who has the privileges of "first among the priests" and is given a chain with a cross and specific vestment decorations. Corepiscopos is the highest rank a married man can be elevated to in the Syriac Orthodox Church. The ranks above the Corepiscopos are unmarried.

Deacons

In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, different ranks among the deacons are specifically assigned with particular duties. The six ranks of the diaconate are:

  1. 'Ulmoyo (Faithful)
  2. Mawdyono (Confessor of faith)
  3. Mzamrono (Singer)
  4. Quroyo or Korooyo (Reader)
  5. Afudyaqno (Sub-deacon)
  6. Evangeloyo (High deacon)
  7. Masamsono (Full deacon)

Only a full deacon can take the censer during the Divine Liturgy to assist the priest. In Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, because of the lack of deacons, altar assistants who do not have a rank of deaconhood may assist the priest.

Historically, in the Malankara Church, the local chief was called as Archdeacon, who was the ecclesiastical authority of the Saint Thomas Christians in the Malabar region of India.[111]

Deaconess

An ordained deaconess is entitled to enter the sanctuary only for cleaning, lighting the lamps and is limited to give Holy Communion to women and the children who are under the age of five.[112] She can read scriptures, Holy Gospel in a public gathering. The name of deaconess can also be given to a choirgirl. Deaconess is not ordained as chanter before reaching fifteen years of age. The ministry of the deaconess assists the priest and deacon outside the altar including in the service of baptizing women and anointing them with holy chrism.[113]

While this rank exists, it is rarely awarded.

Worship

Bible

Peshitto Bible at Mor Hananyo Monastery.

Syriac Orthodox churches use the Peshitta (Syriac: simple, common) as its Bible. The New Testament books of this Bible are estimated to have been translated from Greek to Syriac between the late first century to the early third century AD.[114] The Old Testament of the Peshitta was translated from Hebrew, probably in the second century. The New Testament of the Peshitta, which originally excluded certain disputed books, had become the standard by the early fifth century, replacing two early Syriac versions of the gospels.

Doctrine

Ascension miniature from the Rabbula Gospels, 6th Century.[115]

The Syriac Orthodox Church theology is based on the Nicene Creed. The Syriac Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, that its metropolitans are the successors of Christ's Apostles, and that the Patriarch is the successor to Saint Peter on whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ.[116][117] The church accepted first three synods held at Nicaea (325), Constantinople (381), and Ephesus (431), shaping the formulation and early interpretation of Christian doctrines.[118] The Syriac Orthodox Church is part of Oriental Orthodoxy, a distinct communion of churches claiming to continue the patristic and apostolic Christology before the schism following the Council of Chalcedon in 451.[119] In terms of Christology, the Oriental Orthodox (Non-Chalcedonian) understanding is that Christ is "One Nature—the Logos Incarnate, of the full humanity and full divinity". Just as humans are of their mothers and fathers and not in their mothers and fathers, so too is the nature of Christ according to Oriental Orthodoxy. The Chalcedonian understanding is that Christ is "in two natures, full humanity and full divinity". This is the doctrinal difference that separated the Oriental Orthodox from the rest of Christendom. The church believes in the mystery of Incarnation and venerate Virgin Mary as Theotokos or Yoldath Aloho (Meaning: 'Bearer of God').[120][121]

The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church gave a theological interpretation to the primacy of Saint Peter.[122] They were fully convinced of the unique office of Peter in the early Christian community. Ephrem, Aphrahat, and Maruthas unequivocally acknowledged the office of Peter. The different orders of liturgies used for sanctification of church buildings, marriages, ordinations etc., reveal that the primacy of Peter is a part of faith of the church. The church does not believe in Papal Primacy as understood by the Roman See, rather, Petrine Primacy according to the ancient Syriac tradition.[123] The church uses both Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar based on their regions and traditions they adapted.

Language

  • Syriac language, as the most prominent variant of Aramaic language in the Christian era, is used by the Syriac Orthodox Church in two basic forms: Classical Syriac is traditionally employed as the main liturgical and literary language, while Neo-Aramaic (Neo-Syriac) dialect known as Turoyo is spoken as the most common vernacular language.[124][125]
  • Arabic had become the dominant language of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt by the 11th century.[126] Syriac Orthodox clergy wrote in Arabic using Garshūni, a Syriac script in the 15th century and later adopted the Arabic script.[126] An English missionary in the 1840s noted that the Arabic speech of the Syriacs was intermixed with Syriac vocabulary.[126] They chose Arabic and Muslim-sounding names, while women had Biblical names.[126]
  • Greek language was historically used (along with Syriac) in the earliest periods, during and after the separation (5th–6th centuries), but its use gradually declined.[127]
  • English: Used Globally along with Syriac.
  • Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada are presently used in India. Suriyani Malayalam, also known as Karshoni or Syriac Malayalam, is a dialect of Malayalam written in a variant form of the Syriac alphabet which was popular among the Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasranis) of Kerala in India.[128][129][130][131] It uses Malayalam grammar, the Maḏnḥāyā or "Eastern" Syriac script with special orthographic features, and vocabulary from Malayalam and East Syriac. This originated in the South Indian region of the Malabar Coast (modern-day Kerala). Until the 19th century, the script was widely used by Syrian Christians in Kerala.
  • Swedish, German, Dutch, Turkish, Spanish, Portuguese are used in diasporas along with Syriac.

Liturgy

Celebration of Mass at St. John's Church, Stuttgart, Germany.

The liturgical service is called Holy Qurobo in the Syriac language meaning "Eucharist". Liturgy of Saint James is celebrated on Sundays and special occasions. The Holy Eucharist consists of Gospel reading, Bible readings, prayers, and songs. The recitation of the Liturgy is performed according to with specific parts chanted by the presider, the lectors, the choir, and the congregated faithful, at certain times in unison. Apart from certain readings, prayers are sung in the form of chants and melodies. Hundreds of melodies remain preserved in the book known as Beth Gazo, the key reference to Syriac Orthodox church music.[132]

In 1983, the French ethnomusicologist Christian Poché produced audio recordings of the liturgical music of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In his liner notes for the UNESCO Anthology of Traditional Music, he described the liturgical music of communities in Antioch, Tur ‘Abdin, Urfa, Mardin in modern Turkey, as well as in Aleppo and Qamishli in modern Syria.[133]

Prayer

Syriac Orthodox clergy and laity follow a regimen of seven prayers a day that are said at fixed prayer times, in accordance with Psalm 119 (cf. Shehimo).[134][135] According to the Syriac tradition, an ecclesiastical day starts at sunset and the Canonical hours are based on West Syriac Rite:

  • Evening or Ramsho prayer (Vespers)[136]
  • Night prayer or Sootoro prayer (Compline)[137]
  • Midnight or Lilyo prayer (Matins)
  • Morning or Saphro prayer (Prime or Lauds, 6 a.m.)
  • Third Hour or tloth sho`in prayer (Terce, 9 a.m.)
  • Sixth Hour or sheth sho`in prayer (Sext, noon)
  • Ninth Hour or tsha` sho'in prayer (None, 3 p.m.)

Sacraments

The seven Holy Sacraments of the church are:

Vestments

Liturgical vestments of clergy.

The clergy of the Syriac Orthodox Church has unique liturgical vestments with their order in the priesthood: the deacons, the priests, the chorbishops, the bishops, and the patriarch each have different vestments.[140]

Bishops usually wear a black or a red robe with a red belt. They should not wear a red robe in the presence of the patriarch, who wears a red robe. Bishops visiting a diocese outside their jurisdiction also wear black robes in deference to the bishop of the diocese, who alone wears red robes. They carry a crosier stylised with serpents representing the staff of Moses during sacraments. Corepiscopos wear a black or a purple robe with a purple belt. Bishops and corepiscopos have hand-held crosses.[141]

A priest also wears a phiro, or a cap, which he must wear for the public prayers. Monks also wear masnapso, a hood. Priests also have ceremonial shoes which are called msone. Without wearing these shoes, a priest cannot distribute Eucharist to the faithful. Then there is a white robe called kutino symbolizing purity. Hamniko or stole is worn over this white robe. Then he wears a girdle called zenoro, and zende, meaning sleeves. If the celebrant is a bishop, he wears a veil-mitre over the masnapso, . A cope called phayno is worn over these vestments. Batrashil, or pallium, is worn over the phayno by bishops and corepiscopas wear a half cope over the phayno, like hamnikho worn by priests.[142] The priest's usual dress is a black robe. In India, due to the hot weather, priests usually wear white robes except during prayers in the church, when they wear a black robe over the white one. Deacons wear a phiro, white kutino(robe) and of rank Quroyo and higher wear an uroro 'stole' in various shapes according to their rank. The deaconess wears a stole (uroro) hanging down from the shoulder in the manner of an archdeacon.[143]

Global presence

Demography

The Patriarchate was initially established in Antioch (present-day Syria, Turkey, and Iraq), due to the persecutions by Romans followed by Muslim Arabs, the Patriarchate was seated in Mor Hananyo Monastery, Mardin, in the Ottoman Empire (1160–1933); following Homs (1933–1959); and Damascus, Syria, since 1959. Historically, the followers of the church are mainly ethnic Assyrians/Syriacs who comprise the indigenous pre-Arab populations of modern Syria, Iraq and southeastern Turkey.[144] A diaspora has also spread from the Levant, Iraq, and Turkey throughout the world, notably in Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria, France, United States, Canada, Guatemala, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand.

The church's members are divided into 26 Archdioceses, and 13 Patriarchal Vicariates.[145]

It is estimated that the church has 600,000 Syriac adherents, in addition to 2 million members of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church and their own ethnic diaspora in India.[119][146][147] Additionally, there is also a large Syriac community among Mayan converts in Guatemala and South America numbering up to 1.5 million.[148] According to scholar James Minahan around 26% of the Assyrian people belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church.[149]

The number of Syriacs in Turkey is rising, due to refugees from Syria and Iraq fleeing ISIS, as well as Syriacs from the Diaspora who fled the region during the Turkey-PKK conflict (since 1978) returning and rebuilding their homes. The village of Kafro was populated by Syriacs from Germany and Switzerland.[150][151]

In the Syriac diaspora, there are approximately 80,000 members in the United States, 80,000 in Sweden, 100,000 in Germany, 15,000 in the Netherlands, 200,000 members in Brazil, Switzerland, and Austria.[152]

St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır.

Jurisdiction of the patriarchate

The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch originally covered the whole region of the Middle East and India. In recent centuries, its parishioners started to emigrate to other countries over the world. Today, the Syriac Orthodox Church has several archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates (exarchates) in many countries covering six continents.

Americas

St. Mark's Cathedral, Paramus, New Jersey.

The presence of the Syrian Orthodox faithful in America dates back to the late 19th century.[153][154]

North America

Central America

In the Guatemala region, a Charismatic movement emerged in 2003 was excommunicated in 2006 by the Roman Catholic Church later joined the church in 2013. Members of this archdiocese are Mayan in origin and live in rural areas, and display charismatic-type practices.[159]

South America

  • Patriarchal Vicariate of Argentina[163]
  • Patriarchal Vicariate of Brazil[164]

Eurasia

Middle East regions

Syriac Orthodox Church in the Middle East and the diaspora, numbering between 150,000 and 200,000 people in their indigenous area of habitation in Syria, Iraq, and Turkey according to estimations.[165] The community formed and developed in the Middle Ages. The Syriac Orthodox Christians of the Middle East speak Aramaic. Archbishoprics in the Middle East include regions of Jazirah, Euphrates, Aleppo, Homs, Hama, Baghdad, Basrah, Diyarbakır, Mosul, Kirkuk, Kurdistan, Mount Lebanon, Beirut, Istanbul, Ankara and Adiyaman,[166] Israel, Palestine, Jordan.[167][168][169]

Patriarchal Vicariates in the Middle East includes Damascus, Mardin, Turabdin, Zahle, UAE and the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.

India

Jacobite Syrian Christian Church

The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, one of the various Saint Thomas Christian churches in India, is an integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, with the Patriarch of Antioch as its supreme head. The local head of the church in Malankara (Kerala) is Baselios Thomas I, ordained by Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas in 2002 and accountable to the Patriarch of Antioch. The headquarters of the church in India is at Puthencruz near Ernakulam in the state of Kerala in South India. Simhasana Churches and Honavar Mission is under the direct control of Patriarch. Historically, the St. Thomas Christians were part of the Church of the East, based in Persia which was under the Patriarch of Antioch until Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon(410 AD.) and reunited with Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch since c. 1652.[170] Syriac monks Mar Sabor and Mar Proth arrived at Malankara between the eighth and ninth centuries from Persia.[171] They established churches in Quilon, Kadamattom, Kayamkulam, Udayamperoor, and Akaparambu.[172]

The Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church is an independent reformed church under the jurisdiction of Marthoma Metropolitan and its first Reforming Metropolitan Mathews Athanasius was ordained by Ignatius Elias II in 1842.[173] Maphrianate was re-established in Malankara in 1912 by Ignatius Abded Mshiho II by the consecration of Paulose I as first Catholicos. Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church accepts the Patriarch of Antioch only as its spiritual Father as stated by the constitution of 1934.[174]

Altar of St.Mary's Knanaya Syriac Church Kottayam.

Knanaya Archdiocese

The Knanaya Syriac Orthodox Church is an archdiocese under the guidance and direction of Archbishop Severious Kuriakose with the patriarch as its spiritual head. They are the followers of the Syrian merchant Knāy Thoma (Thomas of Cana) in the fourth or eighth century, while another legend traces their origin to Jews in the Middle East.[175][176][177]

Head Office of The Evangelistic Association Of The East.

Evangelistic Association of the East

E.A.E Arch Diocese is the missionary association of the Syriac Orthodox Church founded in 1924 by Geevarghese Athunkal Cor-Episcopa at Perumbavoor.[178] This archdiocese is under the direct control of the patriarch under the guidance of Chrysostomos Markose, It is an organization with churches, educational institutions, orphanages, old age homes, convents, publications, mission centers, gospel teams, care missions, and a missionary training institute. It is registered in 1949 under the Indian Societies Registration Act. XXI of 1860 (Reg. No. S.8/1949ESTD 1924).[179][180]

Europe

Earlier in the 20th century many Syrian Orthodox immigrated to Western Europe, located in the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and other countries for economic and political reasons.[181][182] Dayro d-Mor Ephrem in the Netherlands is the first Syriac Orthodox monastery in Europe established in 1981.[183] Dayro d-Mor Awgen, Arth, Switzerland and Dayro d-Mor Ya`qub d-Sarug, Warburg, Germany are the other monasteries located in Europe.

Patriarchal Vicariates:

Oceania

St. George Church, Melbourne
St. Aphrem Church, Victoria
Australia and New Zealand
  • Patriarchal Vicariate of Australia and New Zealand under Archbishop Malatius Malki Malki.[188][189][190][191]

Institutions

The church has various seminaries, colleges, and other institutions.[192] Patriarch Aphrem I Barsoum established St. Aphrem's Clerical School in 1934 in Zahlé. In 1946, the school was moved to Mosul, where it provided the church with a selection of graduates, the first among them being Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas and many other church leaders. In 1990, the Order of St. Jacob Baradaeus was established for nuns. Seminaries have been instituted in Sweden and in Salzburg for the study of Syriac theology, history, language, and culture. Happy Child House project started in 2019 provides childcare services in Damascus, Syria. The church has an international Christian education center for religious education.[193] The Antioch Syrian University was established on 8 September 2018 in Maarat Saidnaya, near Damascus.[194] The university is offering engineering, management and economics courses.[195]

Ecumenical relations

The Syriac Orthodox Church is active in ecumenical dialogues with various churches,[37][38] including the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Anglican Communion, Syriac Church of the East, and other Christian denominations. The Church is an active member of the World Council of Churches since 1960 and Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas was one of the former presidents of WCC. It has also been involved in the Middle East Council of Churches since 1974. There are common Christological and pastoral agreements with the Catholic Church by the 20th century as the Chalcedonian schism was not seen with the same relevance, and from several meetings between the authorities of the Catholic Church and the Oriental Orthodoxy, reconciling declarations emerged in the common statements of the Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III and Pope Paul VI in 1971, Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas and Pope John Paul II in 1984:


The precise differences in theology that caused the Chalcedonian controversy is said to have arisen "only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter", according to a common declaration statement between Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III and Pope Paul VI on Wednesday 27 October 1971. In 2015, Pope Francis addressed the Syriac Orthodox Church as "a Church of Martyrs " welcoming the visit of Ignatius Aphrem II to Holy See.[197] In 2015, Ignatius Aphrem II visited Patriarch Kirill of Moscow of the Russian Orthodox Church and discussed prospects of bilateral and theological dialogue existing since the late 1980s.[198] Since 1998, representatives of SOC, together with representatives of other Oriental Orthodox Churches, participate in the Ecumenical dialogue, and also in various forms of the Interfaith dialogue.[65][37][38]

Communities

See also

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Bibliography

Further reading

Ecumenical relations with the Catholic Church

Media

Relating to Syriac Orthodox Church

Relating to Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church