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{{Short description|Fossil genus of marine animal}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Vetulicola''
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Cambrian Stage 3}}
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Cambrian Stage 3}}
| image = Vetulicola_species.jpg
| image = Vetulicola cuneata ウェツリコラ クニエータ 1.jpg
| image_caption = ''Vetulicola rectangulata'' and ''V. cuneata''
| image_caption = Fossil of ''Vetulicola cuneata''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Vetulicola
| superphylum = [[Deuterostomia]]
| authority = [[Hou Xian-guang|Hou]], 1987
⚫
| phylum = [[Vetulicolia]]
| phylum_authority = Shu, et al. 2001
| familia = [[Vetulicolidae]]
| genus = '''''Vetulicola'''''
| type_species = '''''Vetulicola cuneata'''''
| type_species = '''''Vetulicola cuneata'''''
| type_species_authority = (Hou, 1987)
| type_species_authority = Hou, 1987
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
*''[[Vetulicola cuneata|V. cuneata]]'' (Hou, 1987)
*''[[Vetulicola cuneata|V. cuneata]]'' <small>Hou, 1987</small>
*''[[Vetulicola rectangulata|V. rectangulata]]'' (Luo & Hou, 1999)
*''[[Vetulicola rectangulata|V. rectangulata]]'' <small>Luo & Hou, 1999</small>
*''[[Vetulicola gantoucunensis|V. gantoucunensis]]'' (Luo et al., 2005)
*''[[Vetulicola gantoucunensis|V. gantoucunensis]]'' <small>Luo et al., 2005</small>
*''[[Vetulicola monile|V. monile]]'' (Aldridge, et al. 2007)
*''[[Vetulicola monile|V. monile]]'' <small>Aldridge, et al. 2007</small>
*''[[Vetulicola longbaoshanensis|V. longbaoshanensis]]'' <small>Yang et al. 2010</small>
}}
}}

'''''Vetulicola''''' is a [[genus]] of small, Early [[Cambrian]] animals from the [[Maotianshan shales|Chengjiang biota]] of [[China]].
'''''Vetulicola''''' is an extinct genus of marine animal discovered from the [[Cambrian]] of [[China]]. It is the eponymous member of the enigmatic phylum [[Vetulicolia]], which is of uncertain affinities but may belong to the [[deuterostome]]s. The name was derived from ''[[Vetulicola cuneata]],'' the first species described by [[Hou Xian-guang]] in 1987 from the Lower Cambrian [[Maotianshan Shales|Chiungchussu Formation in Chengjiang]], China.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=McMenamin |first=Mark A. S. |date=2019 |title=Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians |journal=Geosciences |language=en |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=354 |bibcode=2019Geosc...9..354M |doi=10.3390/geosciences9080354 |issn=2076-3263 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Briggs |first1=Derek E. G. |last2=Fortey |first2=Richard A. |date=2005 |title=Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0094837300025331/type/journal_article |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2_Suppl |pages=94–112 |doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0094:WSSSGA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=44066226 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
The type species, ''Vetulicola cuneata'' (Hou, 1987) has a body composed of two distinct parts of approximately equal length. The front part is rectangular with a [[carapace]]-like structure of four rigid [[cuticle|cuticular]] plates, with a large mouth at the front end. The posterior section is slender, strongly cuticularised and placed [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]]ly. Paired openings connecting the [[pharynx]] to the outside run down the sides. These features are interpreted as possible primitive [[gill slit]]s. ''Vetulicola cuneata'' could be up to 9&nbsp;cm long. The ''Vetulicola'' are thought to have been swimmers that were either [[filter feeder]]s or [[detritivore]]s.
Vetulicola restoration.jpg|Reconstruction of ''V. cuneata'' and ''V. rectangulata'', infested by ''[[Vermilituus gregarius]]''
</gallery>
The type species, ''Vetulicola cuneata'', as originally described by Hou Xian-guang in 1987, has a body plan similar to those of arthropods and composed of two distinct parts of approximately equal length.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Hou |first=Xian-guang |date=1987 |title=Early Cambrian large bivalved arthropods from Chengjiang, Eastern Yunnan |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GSWX198703005.htm |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Sinica |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=272–285 |url-access=subscription |via=China Knowledge Network}}</ref> The anterior part is rectangular with a [[carapace]]-like structure of four rigid [[cuticle|cuticular]] plates, with a large mouth at the front end.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Shu |first1=D. G. |last2=Conway Morris |first2=S. |last3=Han |first3=J. |last4=Chen |first4=L. |last5=Zhang |first5=X. L. |last6=Zhang |first6=Z. F. |last7=Liu |first7=H. Q. |last8=Li |first8=Y. |last9=Liu |first9=J. N. |date=2001-11-22 |title=Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China) |journal=Nature |volume=414 |issue=6862 |pages=419–424 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..419S |doi=10.1038/35106514 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=11719797 |s2cid=4345484}}</ref> The posterior section is slender, strongly cuticularised and placed [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]]ly. Paired openings connecting the [[pharynx]] to the outside run down the sides. These features are interpreted as possible primitive [[gill slit]]s. ''Vetulicola cuneata'' could be up to 9&nbsp;cm long. The ''Vetulicola'' are thought to have been swimmers that were possible [[filter feeder]]s.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yujing |last2=Williams |first2=Mark |last3=Harvey |first3=Thomas H. P. |last4=Wei |first4=Fan |last5=Zhao |first5=Yang |last6=Guo |first6=Jin |last7=Gabbott |first7=Sarah |last8=Fletcher |first8=Tom |last9=Hou |first9=Xianguang |last10=Cong |first10=Peiyun |date=2020-09-18 |title=Symbiotic fouling of Vetulicola, an early Cambrian nektonic animal |journal=Communications Biology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=517 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01244-1 |pmc=7501249 |pmid=32948820}}</ref>


Other ''Vetulicola'' species described are ''Vetulicola rectangulata'' (Luo & Hou, 1999), ''V. gantoucunensis'' (Luo et al., 2005) and ''V. monile'' (Aldridge, Hou, Siveter, Siberet and Gabbott, 2007). The mouth openings of all the other species are smaller, and do not protrude as in ''V. cuneata''. All other species, with the stark exception of ''V. gantoucunensis'', are much smaller than the type species.
Other ''Vetulicola'' species described are ''Vetulicola rectangulata'' (Luo and Hu, 1999), ''V. gantoucunensis'' (Luo ''et al''., 2005), ''V. monile'' (Aldridge ''et al.'', 2007), and ''V. longbaoshanensis'' (Yang ''et al.'', 2010). The mouth openings of all the other species are smaller, and do not protrude as in ''V. cuneata''. All other species, with the stark exception of ''V. gantoucunensis'', are smaller than the type species.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
''Vetulicola'''s [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] position is controversial. ''Vetulicola cuneata'' was originally assigned to the [[crustacean]]s on the assumption that it was a bivalved arthropod like ''[[Canadaspis]]'' and ''[[Waptia]]'', but the lack of legs, the presence of gill slits, and the four plates in the "carapace" were unlike any known [[arthropod]]. Shu ''et al.'' placed ''Vetulicola'' in the new [[family (biology)|family]] Vetulicolidae, [[order (biology)|order]] Vetulicolida and [[phylum]] [[Vetulicolia]], among the [[deuterostome]]s. Shu (2003) later argued that the vetulicolians were an early, specialized side-branch of deuterostomes. Dominguez and Jefferies classify ''Vetulicola'' as an [[urochordate]], and probably a stem-group [[larvacea|appendicularia]]n. In contrast, Butterfield places ''Vetulicola'' among the arthropods.
''Vetulicola'''s [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] position is controversial. ''V. cuneata'' was originally assigned to the phylum Arthropoda on the assumption that it was a bivalved arthropod like ''[[Canadaspis]]'' and ''[[Waptia]]'',<ref name=":4" /> but the lack of legs, the presence of gill slits, and the four plates in the "carapace" were unlike any known [[arthropod]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Shu |first=Degan |date=2005 |title=On the Phylum Vetulicolia |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03183746 |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |language=en |volume=50 |issue=20 |pages=2342–2354 |doi=10.1007/BF03183746 |bibcode=2005ChSBu..50.2342S |s2cid=86827605 |issn=1001-6538}}</ref> In 2001, Degan Shu and his team reinterpreted the animals as [[deuterostome]]s placing ''Vetulicola'' in the new [[family (biology)|family]] Vetulicolidae, [[order (biology)|order]] Vetulicolida, and created a new [[phylum]] [[Vetulicolia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Shu |first1=D. G. |last2=Conway Morris |first2=S. |last3=Han |first3=J. |last4=Chen |first4=L. |last5=Zhang |first5=X. L. |last6=Zhang |first6=Z. F. |last7=Liu |first7=H. Q. |last8=Li |first8=Y. |last9=Liu |first9=J. N. |date=2001-11-22 |title=Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China) |journal=Nature |volume=414 |issue=6862 |pages=419–424 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..419S |doi=10.1038/35106514 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=11719797 |s2cid=4345484}}</ref>

Shu later in 2003 argued that the vetulicolians were an early, specialized side-branch of deuterostomes.<ref name="Shu2003">{{cite journal |last=Shu |first=Degan |year=2003 |title=A paleontological perspective of vertebrate origin |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=725–735 |bibcode=2003ChSBu..48..725S |doi=10.1007/BF03187041 |s2cid=85163902}}</ref> Patricio Dominguez and Richard Jefferies classify ''Vetulicola'' as an [[urochordate]], and probably a stem-group [[larvacea|appendicularia]]n.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dominguez |first1=P. |last2=Jefferies |first2=R. |date=2006-08-13 |title=Fossil evidence on the origin of appendicularians. In: International Urochordate Meeting 2003, Carry le Rouet, France, October 11-15th |url=http://nsm.fullerton.edu/~lamberts/ascidian/UromeetingAbstracts.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060813074439/http://nsm.fullerton.edu/~lamberts/ascidian/UromeetingAbstracts.html|access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2006-08-13 }}</ref> In contrast, Nicholas J. Butterfield places ''Vetulicola'' among the arthropods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butterfield |first=Nicholas J. |date=2003 |title=Exceptional fossil preservation and the Cambrian explosion |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=166–177 |doi=10.1093/icb/43.1.166 |issn=1540-7063 |pmid=21680421|doi-access=free }}</ref> The discovery of the related Australian vetulicolian ''[[Nesonektris]]'', from the Lower Cambrian [[Emu Bay Shale]] of Kangaroo Island, and the reidentification of the "coiled gut" of vetulicolians as being a notochord affirms the identification as an urochordate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García-Bellido |first1=Diego C. |last2=Lee |first2=Michael S. Y. |last3=Edgecombe |first3=Gregory D. |last4=Jago |first4=James B. |last5=Gehling |first5=James G. |last6=Paterson |first6=John R. |date=2014-10-21 |title=A new vetulicolian from Australia and its bearing on the chordate affinities of an enigmatic Cambrian group |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |pages=214 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0214-z |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4203957 |pmid=25273382 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
'''''Vetulicola''''' is a compound Latin word composed of ''vetuli'', meaning "old," or "ancient," and ''cola'', meaning "inhabitant."<ref>[http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/bies.10064 "Vetulicolians - are they deuterostomes? chordates?"]</ref>
''Vetulicola'' is a compound Latin word composed of ''vetuli'', meaning "old," or "ancient," and ''cola'', meaning "inhabitant."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lacalli |first=Thurston C. |date=2002 |title=Vetulicolians—are they deuterostomes? chordates? |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11891757 |journal=BioEssays |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=208–211 |doi=10.1002/bies.10064 |pmid=11891757}}</ref>


==References ==
==Paleobiology==


''Vetulicola'' was the [[Host (biology)|host]] of the [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] organism ''[[Vermilituus gregarius]]'', which appears to have lived inside ''Vetulicola'''s anterior body. Only around 2% of ''Vetulicola'' individuals had ''Vermilituus'' infestations, but ''Vermilituus'' could be very numerous: one ''Vetulicola'' specimen had 88 individuals of ''Vermilituus'' infesting it. Such large numbers of symbiotic organisms were probably harmful to the host ''Vetulicola''.<ref name=":5" />
{{reflist}}
*Butterfield, Nicholas J. 2003. Exceptional Fossil Preservation and the Cambrian Explosion. ''Integrative and Comparative Biology''. 43(1):166-177. [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/43/1/166] - URL retrieved June 22, 2006
*Dominguez, Patricio and Jefferies, Richard. 2003. Fossil evidence on the origin of appendicularians. International Urochordate Meeting 2003. Abstract at [http://nsm.fullerton.edu/~lamberts/ascidian/UromeetingAbstracts.html] - URL retrieved June 22, 2006
*LUO, Huilin, FU, Xiaoping, HU, Shixue, LI, Yong, CHEN, Liangzhong, YOU, Ting and LIU, Qi. 2005. New Vetulicoliids from the Lower Cambrian Guanshan Fauna, [[Kunming]]. Abstract at [http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=dzxb-e200501001] - URL retrieved June 30, 2008
*Shu, D.-G., Conway Morris, S., Han, J., Chen, L., Zhang, X.-L., Zhang, Z.-F., Liu, H.-Q., Li, Y., and Liu, J.-N. 2001. Primitive Deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China), ''Nature'', 414:419-424. (November 11, 2001). Abstract at [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6862/abs/414419a0.html]. - URL retrieved June 30, 2008
*Shu, Degan. 2003. A paleontological perspective of vertebrate origin. ''Chinese Science Bulletin'', Vol. 48 No. 8 725-735. April, 2003. Abstract at [http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-kxtb-e200308003.html] - URL retrieved June 30, 2008


==References ==

{{Reflist}}
==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Chengjiang/Chengjiang-Biota.htm Biota of the Maotianshan Shale, Chengjiang China] - URL retrieved June 22, 2006
*[http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Chengjiang/Chengjiang-Biota.htm Biota of the Maotianshan Shale, Chengjiang China] - URL retrieved June 22, 2006
*[[Palaeos]]' Page on [[Vetulicolia]] [http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Deuterostomia/Vetulicolia.html]
*[[Palaeos]]' Page on [[Vetulicolia]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060522101033/http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Deuterostomia/Vetulicolia.html]
*[http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Chengjiang/Vetulicola-cuneata/Vetulicola.htm Photos of ''Vetulicola cuneata'' fossils] - URL retrieved June 22, 2006
*[http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Chengjiang/Vetulicola-cuneata/Vetulicola.htm Photos of ''Vetulicola cuneata'' fossils] - URL retrieved June 22, 2006
*[http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Chengjiang/Vetulicola-rectangulata/Vetulicola.htm Photos of ''Vetulicola rectangulata'' fossils] - Accessed January 3, 2008
*[http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Chengjiang/Vetulicola-rectangulata/Vetulicola.htm Photos of ''Vetulicola rectangulata'' fossils] - Accessed January 3, 2008
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{{portal|Paleontology}}
{{portal|Paleontology}}
⚫
{{Vetulicolia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7923847}}


[[Category:Vetulicolia]]
[[Category:Vetulicolia]]
[[Category:Maotianshan shales fossils]]
[[Category:Maotianshan shales fossils]]
[[Category:Cambrian genus extinctions]]

[[ja:ウェツリコラ]]

Latest revision as of 08:41, 2 July 2024

Vetulicola
Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3
Fossil of Vetulicola cuneata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade?: †Vetulicolia
Class: †Vetulicolida
Order: †Vetulicolata
Family: †Vetulicolidae
Genus: †Vetulicola
Hou, 1987
Type species
Vetulicola cuneata
Hou, 1987
Species

Vetulicola is an extinct genus of marine animal discovered from the Cambrian of China. It is the eponymous member of the enigmatic phylum Vetulicolia, which is of uncertain affinities but may belong to the deuterostomes. The name was derived from Vetulicola cuneata, the first species described by Hou Xian-guang in 1987 from the Lower Cambrian Chiungchussu Formation in Chengjiang, China.[1][2]

Description

[edit]

The type species, Vetulicola cuneata, as originally described by Hou Xian-guang in 1987, has a body plan similar to those of arthropods and composed of two distinct parts of approximately equal length.[3] The anterior part is rectangular with a carapace-like structure of four rigid cuticular plates, with a large mouth at the front end.[4] The posterior section is slender, strongly cuticularised and placed dorsally. Paired openings connecting the pharynx to the outside run down the sides. These features are interpreted as possible primitive gill slits. Vetulicola cuneata could be up to 9 cm long. The Vetulicola are thought to have been swimmers that were possible filter feeders.[5]

Other Vetulicola species described are Vetulicola rectangulata (Luo and Hu, 1999), V. gantoucunensis (Luo et al., 2005), V. monile (Aldridge et al., 2007), and V. longbaoshanensis (Yang et al., 2010). The mouth openings of all the other species are smaller, and do not protrude as in V. cuneata. All other species, with the stark exception of V. gantoucunensis, are smaller than the type species.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Vetulicola's taxonomic position is controversial. V. cuneata was originally assigned to the phylum Arthropoda on the assumption that it was a bivalved arthropod like Canadaspis and Waptia,[3] but the lack of legs, the presence of gill slits, and the four plates in the "carapace" were unlike any known arthropod.[6] In 2001, Degan Shu and his team reinterpreted the animals as deuterostomes placing Vetulicola in the new family Vetulicolidae, order Vetulicolida, and created a new phylum Vetulicolia.[7]

Shu later in 2003 argued that the vetulicolians were an early, specialized side-branch of deuterostomes.[8] Patricio Dominguez and Richard Jefferies classify Vetulicola as an urochordate, and probably a stem-group appendicularian.[9] In contrast, Nicholas J. Butterfield places Vetulicola among the arthropods.[10] The discovery of the related Australian vetulicolian Nesonektris, from the Lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale of Kangaroo Island, and the reidentification of the "coiled gut" of vetulicolians as being a notochord affirms the identification as an urochordate.[11]

Etymology

[edit]

Vetulicola is a compound Latin word composed of vetuli, meaning "old," or "ancient," and cola, meaning "inhabitant."[7][12]

Paleobiology

[edit]

Vetulicola was the host of the symbiotic organism Vermilituus gregarius, which appears to have lived inside Vetulicola's anterior body. Only around 2% of Vetulicola individuals had Vermilituus infestations, but Vermilituus could be very numerous: one Vetulicola specimen had 88 individuals of Vermilituus infesting it. Such large numbers of symbiotic organisms were probably harmful to the host Vetulicola.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2019). "Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians". Geosciences. 9 (8): 354. Bibcode:2019Geosc...9..354M. doi:10.3390/geosciences9080354. ISSN 2076-3263.
  2. ^ Briggs, Derek E. G.; Fortey, Richard A. (2005). "Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation". Paleobiology. 31 (2_Suppl): 94–112. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0094:WSSSGA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 44066226.
  3. ^ a b Hou, Xian-guang (1987). "Early Cambrian large bivalved arthropods from Chengjiang, Eastern Yunnan". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 26 (3): 272–285 – via China Knowledge Network.
  4. ^ Shu, D. G.; Conway Morris, S.; Han, J.; Chen, L.; Zhang, X. L.; Zhang, Z. F.; Liu, H. Q.; Li, Y.; Liu, J. N. (2001-11-22). "Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China)". Nature. 414 (6862): 419–424. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..419S. doi:10.1038/35106514. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11719797. S2CID 4345484.
  5. ^ a b Li, Yujing; Williams, Mark; Harvey, Thomas H. P.; Wei, Fan; Zhao, Yang; Guo, Jin; Gabbott, Sarah; Fletcher, Tom; Hou, Xianguang; Cong, Peiyun (2020-09-18). "Symbiotic fouling of Vetulicola, an early Cambrian nektonic animal". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 517. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01244-1. PMC 7501249. PMID 32948820.
  6. ^ Shu, Degan (2005). "On the Phylum Vetulicolia". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (20): 2342–2354. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.2342S. doi:10.1007/BF03183746. ISSN 1001-6538. S2CID 86827605.
  7. ^ a b Shu, D. G.; Conway Morris, S.; Han, J.; Chen, L.; Zhang, X. L.; Zhang, Z. F.; Liu, H. Q.; Li, Y.; Liu, J. N. (2001-11-22). "Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China)". Nature. 414 (6862): 419–424. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..419S. doi:10.1038/35106514. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11719797. S2CID 4345484.
  8. ^ Shu, Degan (2003). "A paleontological perspective of vertebrate origin". Chinese Science Bulletin. 48 (8): 725–735. Bibcode:2003ChSBu..48..725S. doi:10.1007/BF03187041. S2CID 85163902.
  9. ^ Dominguez, P.; Jefferies, R. (2006-08-13). "Fossil evidence on the origin of appendicularians. In: International Urochordate Meeting 2003, Carry le Rouet, France, October 11-15th". Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  10. ^ Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2003). "Exceptional fossil preservation and the Cambrian explosion". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43 (1): 166–177. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.166. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 21680421.
  11. ^ García-Bellido, Diego C.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Jago, James B.; Gehling, James G.; Paterson, John R. (2014-10-21). "A new vetulicolian from Australia and its bearing on the chordate affinities of an enigmatic Cambrian group". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 214. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0214-z. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4203957. PMID 25273382.
  12. ^ Lacalli, Thurston C. (2002). "Vetulicolians—are they deuterostomes? chordates?". BioEssays. 24 (3): 208–211. doi:10.1002/bies.10064. PMID 11891757.
[edit]
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