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updated phonology
 
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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
The orthography, if different from the IPA, is represented in angled brackets.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
|+
Consonants<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon |access-date=2018-08-14 |website=linguistics.berkeley.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/japreria.htm Japreria language] at Omniglot</ref>
Consonants<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Japreria |url=https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/saphon/en/inv/Japreria.html |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories |language=en |version=v. 2.1.0}}, citing {{harvnb|Oquendo|2004a|p=67}}</ref>
!
!
![[Bilabial consonant|Labial]]
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]
![[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
⚫
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
⚫
|m
|{{IPAlink|n}}
⚫
|n
⚫
|
⚫
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]/
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]/[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|{{IPAlink|p}}
⚫
[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|{{IPAlink|t}}
⚫
|p
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
⚫
|t
⚫
|
|t͡ʃ {{Angbr|ch/č}}
|k {{Angbr|k/c/qu}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|ʔ
|
{{Angbr|unknown}}
|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
|-
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
⚫
|s
|ʃ {{Angbr|sh/š}}
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|
|
⚫
|
|h {{Angbr|h/j}}
⚫
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
|-
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|ʋ {{Angbr|v}}
|{{IPAlink|ʋ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|
|
|j {{Angbr|y/j}}
|
|
|-
|-
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
|ɾ {{Angbr|r}}
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|ʀ {{Angbr|ŕ}}
|
|
|
⚫
|}/ʋ/ is labiodental, while /m, p/ are bilabial.
|{{IPAlink|ʀ}}
|
|}
⚫
* {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is labiodental, while {{IPA|/m, p/}} are bilabial.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels<ref name=":0" />
|+Vowels<ref name=":0" />
Line 77: Line 88:
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}} {{Angbr|ü/y/ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e̞|e}}
|{{IPA link|e̞|e}}
|
⚫
|{{IPA link|ä|a}}
|{{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|{{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
⚫
|{{IPA link|ä|a}}
|
|}
|}


* {{IPAslink|ɨ}} and {{IPAslink|u}} are allophones of {{IPAblink|u}}.{{sfn|Oquendo|2004a|p=67}}
⚫
==References==
* Central {{IPAslink|ä}} has a front allophone {{IPAblink|a}}.{{sfn|Oquendo|2004a|p=67}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

⚫
==References==
* {{Cite journal |last=Oquendo |first=Luis |year=2004a |title=La vibrante uvular y la aproximante labiodental en la lengua japreria como cultura fonológica |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/310/31004505.pdf |journal=Opción |volume=20 |issue=45 |pages=60–74 |lang=es}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
<!--newer items on top; alphabetical by last name-->
<!--newer items on top; alphabetical by last name-->
* {{cite journal |last=de Armellada |first=P. Cesáreo |year=1957 |title=Los indios Japrería. Algunas noticias antiguas y modernas y comentarios sobre las mismas |journal=Venezuela Misionera |volume=225}}
* {{Cite journal |last=de Armellada |first=P. Cesáreo |year=1957 |title=Los indios Japrería. Algunas noticias antiguas y modernas y comentarios sobre las mismas |journal=Venezuela Misionera |volume=225}}
* {{cite journal |last= de Armellada |first=Cesáreo |year=1956 |title=Los indios Japréria, una nueva tribu redescubierta |journal=Boletín Indigenista |volume=16 |issue=210 |pages=356–365}}
* {{Cite journal |last=de Armellada |first=Cesáreo |year=1956 |title=Los indios Japréria, una nueva tribu redescubierta |journal=Boletín Indigenista |volume=16 |issue=210 |pages=356–365}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dupouy |first=Walter |year=1958 |title=Noticias de los indios Japrería |journal=Antropológica |volume=4 |pages=1–16}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dupouy |first=Walter |year=1958 |title=Noticias de los indios Japrería |journal=Antropológica |volume=4 |pages=1–16}}
* {{cite conference |last1=Durbin |first1=Marshall |first2=Haydée |last2=Seijas |year=1972 |title=The phonological structure of the Western Carib languages of the Sierra de Perija, Venezuela |book-title=Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti |volume=3 |pages=69–77}}
* {{Cite conference |last=Durbin |first=Marshall |last2=Seijas |first2=Haydée |year=1972 |title=The phonological structure of the Western Carib languages of the Sierra de Perija, Venezuela |volume=3 |pages=69–77 |book-title=Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Flores |first=Elexander |year=2002 |title=Morfosintaxis del Japreria |location=Maracaibo |publisher=Universidad del Zulia |degree=MA}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Flores |first=Elexander |title=Morfosintaxis del Japreria |degree=MA |publisher=Universidad del Zulia |year=2002 |location=Maracaibo}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaramillo Gómez |first=O. |year=1992 |chapter=Los Yuko-Yukpa |title=Geografía humana de Colombia |volume=II: Nordeste indígena |pages=294–339 |location=Bogotá |publisher=ICCH}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jaramillo Gómez |first=O. |title=Geografía humana de Colombia |publisher=ICCH |year=1992 |volume=II: Nordeste indígena |location=Bogotá |pages=294–339 |chapter=Los Yuko-Yukpa}}
* {{cite journal |last=Oquendo |first=Luis |year=2004 |title=La vibrante uvular y la aproximante labiodental en la lengua japreria como cultura fonológica. Opción |journal=Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales |volume=20 |issue=45 |pages=60–74}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Oquendo |first=Luis |year=2004b |title=Is Japreria a Yukpa Dialect? |journal=Lingua Americana |volume=8 |issue=14}}
* {{cite journal |title=Is Japreria a Yukpa Dialect? |last=Oquendo |first=Luis |journal=Lingua Americana |volume=8 |issue=14 |year=2004}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ruddle |first=K. |title=Los aborígenes de Venezuela |last2=Wilbert |first2=J. |year=1983 |editor-last=Coppens |editor-first=W. |volume=II |pages=33–124 |chapter=Los Yukpa}}
⚫
* {{Cite book |last=Straka |first=H. |title=Ocho años entre yukpas y japrerías |publisher=Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República |year=1980 |location=Caracas}}
* {{cite book |first1=K. |last1=Ruddle |first2=J. |last2=Wilbert |year=1983 |chapter=Los Yukpa |editor-first=W. |editor-last=Coppens |title=Los aborígenes de Venezuela |volume=II |pages=33–124}}
⚫
* {{cite book |last=Straka |first=H. |year=1980 |title=Ocho años entre yukpas y japrerías |location=Caracas |publisher=Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República}}




Latest revision as of 19:18, 6 July 2024

Japrería
Native toVenezuela
Ethnicity160 (2011)[1]
Native speakers
170 (2002 census)[1]
Cariban
  • (unclassified)
    • Yupka
      • Japrería
Language codes
ISO 639-3jru
Glottologjapr1238
ELPJapréria

Japrería (Yapreria) is a Cariban language of Venezuela.

Phonology

[edit]
Consonants[2]
Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop/Affricate p t t͡ʃ k ʔ
Fricative s ʃ h
Approximant ʋ j
Rhotic ɾ ʀ
  • /ʋ/ is labiodental, while /m, p/ are bilabial.
Vowels[2]
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Mid e o
Open a
  • /ɨ/ and /u/ are allophones of [u].[3]
  • Central /ä/ has a front allophone [a].[3]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Japrería at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ a b "Japreria". SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories. v. 2.1.0. Retrieved 6 July 2024., citing Oquendo 2004a, p. 67
  3. ^ a b Oquendo 2004a, p. 67.

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • de Armellada, P. Cesáreo (1957). "Los indios Japrería. Algunas noticias antiguas y modernas y comentarios sobre las mismas". Venezuela Misionera. 225.
  • de Armellada, Cesáreo (1956). "Los indios Japréria, una nueva tribu redescubierta". Boletín Indigenista. 16 (210): 356–365.
  • Dupouy, Walter (1958). "Noticias de los indios Japrería". Antropológica. 4: 1–16.
  • Durbin, Marshall; Seijas, Haydée (1972). "The phonological structure of the Western Carib languages of the Sierra de Perija, Venezuela". Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti. Vol. 3. pp. 69–77.
  • Flores, Elexander (2002). Morfosintaxis del Japreria (MA thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad del Zulia.
  • Jaramillo Gómez, O. (1992). "Los Yuko-Yukpa". Geografía humana de Colombia. Vol. II: Nordeste indígena. Bogotá: ICCH. pp. 294–339.
  • Oquendo, Luis (2004b). "Is Japreria a Yukpa Dialect?". Lingua Americana. 8 (14).
  • Ruddle, K.; Wilbert, J. (1983). "Los Yukpa". In Coppens, W. (ed.). Los aborígenes de Venezuela. Vol. II. pp. 33–124.
  • Straka, H. (1980). Ocho años entre yukpas y japrerías. Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República.



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