Alfred Eisenstaedt: Difference between revisions

Alfred Eisenstaedt
Alfred Eisenstaedt
	London, 1932
Born	December 6, 1898; Dirschau, West Prussia, German Empire (now Tczew, Poland)
Died	August 23, 1995 (aged 96); Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation	Photojournalism
Spouse	Kathy Kaye (1949-1972; her death)
Military career
Allegiance	German Empire
Service / branch	Imperial German Army
Years of service	1914—1918
Battles / wars	First World War (WIA)

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Alfred Eisenstaedt (December 6, 1898 – August 23, 1995) was a German-born American photographer and photojournalist. He began his career in Germany prior to World War II but achieved prominence as a staff photographer for Life magazine after moving to the U.S. Life featured more than 90 of his pictures on its covers, and more than 2,500 of his photo stories were published.^[1]

Among his most famous cover photographs was V-J Day in Times Square, taken during the V-J Day celebration in New York City, showing an American sailor kissing a nurse in a "dancelike dip" which "summed up the euphoria many Americans felt as the war came to a close", in the words of his obituary.^[2] He was "renowned for his ability to capture memorable images of important people in the news" and for his candid photographs taken with a small 35mm Leica camera, typically with natural lighting.^[2]

Early life

Eisenstaedt was born in Dirschau (Tczew) in West Prussia, Imperial Germany in 1898.^[3] His family was Jewish and moved to Berlin in 1906. Eisenstaedt was fascinated by photography from his youth and began taking pictures at age 11 when he was given his first camera, an Eastman Kodak Folding Camera^[4] with roll film. He later served in the German Army's artillery during World War I and was wounded in 1918. While working as a belt and button salesman in the 1920s in Weimar Germany, Eisenstaedt began taking photographs as a freelancer for the Pacific and Atlantic Photos' Berlin office in 1928. The office was taken over by the Associated Press in 1931.

Professional photographer

Eisenstaedt became a full-time photographer in 1929 when he was hired by the Associated Press office in Germany, and within a year he was described as a "photographer extraordinaire."^[5] He also worked for Illustrierte Zeitung, published by Ullstein Verlag, then the world's largest publishing house.^[5] Four years later he photographed the famous first meeting between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Italy. Other notable early pictures by Eisenstaedt include his depiction of a waiter at the ice rink of the Grand Hotel in St. Moritz in 1932 and Joseph Goebbels at the League of Nations in Geneva in 1933. Although initially friendly, Goebbels scowled at Eisenstaedt when he took the photograph, after learning that Eisenstaedt was Jewish.^[6]

In 1935, Fascist Italy's impending invasion of Ethiopia led to a burst of international interest in Ethiopia. While working for Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung, Alfred took over 3,500 photographs in Ethiopia, before emigrating to the United States, where he joined Life magazine, but returned in the following year to Ethiopia to continue his photography.^[7]

Eisenstaedt's family was Jewish. Oppression in Hitler's Nazi Germany caused them to emigrate to the U.S.^[8] They arrived in 1935 and settled in New York, where he subsequently became a naturalized citizen,^[9] and joined fellow Associated Press émigrés Leon Daniel and Celia Kutschuk in their PIX Publishing photo agency founded that year. The following year, 1936, Time founder Henry Luce bought Life magazine, and Eisenstaedt, already noted for his photography in Europe,^[5] was asked to join the new magazine as one of its original staff of four photographers, including Margaret Bourke-White and Robert Capa.^[8] He remained a staff photographer from 1936 to 1972, achieving notability for his photojournalism of news events and celebrities.^[2]

Along with entertainers and celebrities, he photographed politicians, philosophers, artists, industrialists, and authors during his career with Life. By 1972, he had photographed nearly 2,500 stories and had more than 90 of his photos on the cover.^[10] With Life's circulation of two million readers, Eisenstaedt's reputation increased substantially.^[5] According to one historian, "his photographs have a power and a symbolic resonance that made him one of the best Life photographers."^[11] In subsequent years, he also worked for Harper's Bazaar, Vogue, Town & Country and others.^[11]

Style and technique

From his early years as professional photographer he became an enthusiast for small 35 mm film cameras, especially the Leica camera. Unlike most news photographers at the time who relied on much larger and less portable 4"×5" press cameras with flash attachments, Eisenstaedt preferred the smaller hand-held Leica, which gave him greater speed and more flexibility when shooting news events or capturing candids of people in action.^[9] His photos were also notable as a result of his typical use of natural light as opposed to relying on flash lighting.^[9] In 1944, Life described him as the "dean of today's miniature-camera experts."^[5]

At the time, this style of photojournalism, with a smaller camera with its ability to use available light, was then in its infancy.^[10] It also helped Eisenstaedt create a more relaxed atmosphere when photographing famous people where he was able to capture more natural poses and expressions: "They don't take me too seriously with my little camera," he stated. "I don't come as a photographer. I come as a friend."^[10] It was a style he learned from his 35 years in Europe, where he preferred making informal, unposed portraits, along with extended picture stories. As a result, Life began using more such photo stories, with the magazine becoming a recognized source of such photojournalism of the world's luminaries.^[10] Of Life's photographers, Eisenstaedt was most noted for his "human interest" photos and less the hard news images used by most news publications.^[10]

His success at establishing a relaxed setting for his subjects was not without difficulties, however, when he needed to capture the feeling he wanted. Anthony Eden, resistant to being photographed, called Eisenstaedt "the gentle executioner."^[10] Similarly, Winston Churchill told him where to place the camera to get a good picture,^[10] and during a photo shoot of Ernest Hemingway in his boat, Hemingway, in a rage, tore his own shirt to shreds and threatened to throw Eisenstaedt overboard.^[10]

Martha's Vineyard

Eisenstaedt, known as "Eisie" to his close friends, enjoyed his annual August vacations on the island of Martha's Vineyard for 50 years. During these summers, he would conduct photographic experiments, working with different lenses, filters, and prisms in natural light. Eisenstaedt was fond of Martha's Vineyard's photogenic lighthouses and was the focus of lighthouse fundraisers organized by Vineyard Environmental Research Institute (VERI).

Two years before his death, Eisenstaedt photographed President Bill Clinton with wife Hillary and daughter Chelsea. The session took place at the Granary Gallery in West Tisbury on Martha's Vineyard and was documented by a photograph published in People magazine on September 13, 1993.^[12]

Personal life

After first settling in New York City in 1935, Eisenstaedt lived in Jackson Heights, Queens (NYC) for the rest of his life. He met Kathy Kaye, a South African woman, and married her in 1949. The couple had no children and remained together until her death in 1972. Until shortly before Eisenstaedt's death, he would walk daily from his home to his Life office on the Avenue of the Americas and 51st Street.^[13]

He died in August 1995 at age 96 at his Martha's Vineyard vacation cottage^[2] named "Pilot House", in the company of his sister-in-law, Lucille Kaye, and a photographer friend, William E. Marks.^[14]

He was buried at Mount Hebron Cemetery in Flushing, Queens.^[15]

Notable Eisenstaedt photographs

V-J day in Times Square

Eisenstaedt's most famous photograph is of an American sailor grabbing and kissing a stranger—a young woman—on August 14, 1945, in Times Square. He took this photograph using a Leica IIIa. (The photograph is known under various names: V-J Day in Times Square, V-Day, and others.^[16]^[17]) Because Eisenstaedt was photographing rapidly changing events during the V-J Day celebrations, he stated that he did not get a chance to obtain names and details, which has encouraged a number of mutually incompatible claims to the identities of the subjects.^[18] Their identities turned out to be George Mendonsa (1923–2019) and Greta Zimmer Friedman (1924–2016).^[19]

Portraits of Sophia Loren

The portraits of Sophia Loren have been described by Marianne Fulton of The Digital Journalist as conveying mischievousness, dignity, and love on the part of both Eisenstaedt and Loren.^[20]

Ice Skating Waiter, St. Moritz

This 1932 photograph depicts a waiter at the ice rink of the Grand Hotel. "I did one smashing picture", Eisenstaedt wrote, "of the skating headwaiter. To be sure the picture was sharp, I put a chair on the ice and asked the waiter to skate by it. I had a Miroflex camera and focused on the chair."^[21]

Children at a Puppet Theatre, Paris

Eisenstaedt took this photo in 1963 at the Tuileries Garden. He later recalled in his self-portrait, "It took a long time to get the angle I liked. There are some close-ups of the children that are good. But the best picture is the one I took at the climax of the action. It carries all the excitement of the children screaming, 'The dragon is slain!' ".^[22] The photo sold in Lot #91 at Sotheby's in 2006 for an artist-record price of $55,200.^[23]^[24]

Awards and recognition

1989: National Medal of Arts. Awarded by President George H. W. Bush in a ceremony on the White House lawn.^[25]
1999: The Digital Journalist chose Alfred Eisenstaedt as its 'Photojournalist of the Century'. Dirck Halstead wrote, "When it came to choosing the one photojournalist who had the most profound impact, and who leaves the greatest legacy, there was no question whom that person is – Alfred Eisenstaedt."^[26]
2020: Eisenstaedt was posthumously inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.^[27]

Exhibitions

Alfred Eisenstaedt: 'Eisie' at 88, International Center of Photography, New York City, 1986. A retrospective.^[10]

Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards for Magazine Photography

Since 1998, the Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards for Magazine Photography have been administered by Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.^[28]

References

^ Hudson, Berkley (2009). Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Journalism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. pp. 1060–1067. ISBN 978-0-7619-2957-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Alfred Eisenstaedt, Photographer of the Defining Moment, Is Dead at 96". The New York Times. August 25, 1995. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
^ Zone, Ray (2007). "Alfred Eisenstaedt".
^ Loengard, John (1998). Life photographers : what they saw. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown. p. 13. ISBN 0-8212-2518-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Speaking of Pictures: Eisenstaedt has a 15th Anniversary". Life. September 4, 1944. p. 13.
^ Behind the Picture: Joseph Goebbels Glares at the Camera, Geneva.
^ Pankhurst, Richard; Gérard, Denis (1996). Ethiopia Photographed: Historic Photographs of the Country and its People Taken Between 1867 and 1935. London: Kegan Paul International. p. 34. ISBN 9780710305046.
^ ^a ^b Cement, James, ed. (2007). The Home Front Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 585.
^ ^a ^b ^c Morgan, Ann Lee, ed. (2007). The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-19-512878-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. September 15, 1986. pp. 80–81–82–85.
^ ^a ^b Marter, Joan M., ed. (2011). The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. p. 156.
^ "Star Tracks". People. September 13, 1993. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015.
^ Grundberg, Andy (November 12, 1988). "Alfred Eisenstaedt, 90: The Image of Activity". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
^ Marks, William E. "Vineyard Time with Eisie", The Digital Journalist.
^ Hagen, Charles (August 25, 1995). "Alfred Eisenstaedt, Photographer of the Defining Moment, Is Dead at 96". New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
^ "V-J Day in Times Square". The Photo Book. London: Phaeton. 2000. p. 134. ISBN 0-7148-3937-X.
^ "V–Day". Twentieth Century Photography: Museum Ludwig Cologne. Cologne: Taschen. 2005. pp. 148–149. ISBN 3-8228-4083-1.
^ Franklin, Kelly, Project Delta Dawn: time to wake up to the facts of Life, Project Delta Dawn, accessed January 26, 2022
^ "The Woman in the Iconic V-J Day Kiss Photo Died at 92, Here's Her Story".
^ "For Love of Eisie by Marianne Fulton". digitaljournalist.org. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ Alfred Eisentaedt – BBC Masters Photographers (1983).
^ Eisenstaedt, Alfred (January 1, 1985). Eisenstaedt on Eisenstaedt: a self-portrait. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 105. ISBN 0563202637.
^ "(#91) Alfred Eisenstaedt 1989-1995". sothebys.com. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ "Alfred Eisenstaedt". mutualart.com. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Why We Chose Alfred Eisenstaedt as "Photojournalist of the Century"". digitaljournalist.org. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ "Alfred Eisenstaedt". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
^ Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards Established at Columbia, 11 November 1997

External links

Eisenstaedt biography

[1] Hudson, Berkley (2009). Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Journalism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. pp. 1060–1067. ISBN 978-0-7619-2957-4.

[obit-2] "Alfred Eisenstaedt, Photographer of the Defining Moment, Is Dead at 96". The New York Times. August 25, 1995. Retrieved July 13, 2024.

[3] Zone, Ray (2007). "Alfred Eisenstaedt".

[4] Loengard, John (1998). Life photographers : what they saw. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown. p. 13. ISBN 0-8212-2518-9.

[Life-5] "Speaking of Pictures: Eisenstaedt has a 15th Anniversary". Life. September 4, 1944. p. 13.

[6] Behind the Picture: Joseph Goebbels Glares at the Camera, Geneva.

[7] Pankhurst, Richard; Gérard, Denis (1996). Ethiopia Photographed: Historic Photographs of the Country and its People Taken Between 1867 and 1935. London: Kegan Paul International. p. 34. ISBN 9780710305046.

[Ciment-8] Cement, James, ed. (2007). The Home Front Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 585.

[Oxford-9] Morgan, Ann Lee, ed. (2007). The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-19-512878-9.

[NYMagazine-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. September 15, 1986. pp. 80–81–82–85.

[Marter-11] Marter, Joan M., ed. (2011). The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. p. 156.

[12] "Star Tracks". People. September 13, 1993. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015.

[13] Grundberg, Andy (November 12, 1988). "Alfred Eisenstaedt, 90: The Image of Activity". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2007.

[14] Marks, William E. "Vineyard Time with Eisie", The Digital Journalist.

[15] Hagen, Charles (August 25, 1995). "Alfred Eisenstaedt, Photographer of the Defining Moment, Is Dead at 96". New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2016.

[16] "V-J Day in Times Square". The Photo Book. London: Phaeton. 2000. p. 134. ISBN 0-7148-3937-X.

[17] "V–Day". Twentieth Century Photography: Museum Ludwig Cologne. Cologne: Taschen. 2005. pp. 148–149. ISBN 3-8228-4083-1.

[18] Franklin, Kelly, Project Delta Dawn: time to wake up to the facts of Life, Project Delta Dawn, accessed January 26, 2022

[19] "The Woman in the Iconic V-J Day Kiss Photo Died at 92, Here's Her Story".

[20] "For Love of Eisie by Marianne Fulton". digitaljournalist.org. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

[21] Alfred Eisentaedt – BBC Masters Photographers (1983).

[22] Eisenstaedt, Alfred (January 1, 1985). Eisenstaedt on Eisenstaedt: a self-portrait. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 105. ISBN 0563202637.

[23] "(#91) Alfred Eisenstaedt 1989-1995". sothebys.com. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

[24] "Alfred Eisenstaedt". mutualart.com. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

[25] Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

[26] "Why We Chose Alfred Eisenstaedt as "Photojournalist of the Century"". digitaljournalist.org. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

[27] "Alfred Eisenstaedt". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 28, 2022.

[28] Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards Established at Columbia, 11 November 1997

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|German-born American photojournalist (1898–1995)}}
 {{Redirect|Eisenstaedt|other uses|Eisenstadt (disambiguation)}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
-{{short description|American photojournalist}}
 {{Infobox person
 | name        = Alfred Eisenstaedt
 | image       = Eisenstaedt-posed-sm.jpg
-| caption     = In London, 1932
+| caption     = London, 1932
 | birthname   =
-| birth_date  = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|12|06}}
+| birth_date  = {{Birth date|1898|12|06}}
 | birth_place = Dirschau, [[West Prussia]], [[German Empire]] (now [[Tczew]], Poland)
-| death_date  = {{death date and age|df=yes|1995|08|23|1898|12|06}}
+| death_date  = {{death date and age|1995|08|23|1898|12|06}}
-| death_place = [[Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts]], US
+| death_place = [[Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts]], U.S.
 | occupation  = Photojournalism
+| spouse  = Kathy Kaye (1949-1972; her death)
 |module            = {{Infobox military person
    |embed           = yes
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 Among his most famous cover photographs was ''[[V-J Day in Times Square]]'', taken during the [[V-J Day]] celebration in New York City, showing an American sailor kissing a nurse in a "dancelike dip" which "summed up the euphoria many Americans felt as the war came to a close", in the words of his obituary.<ref name=obit/> He was "renowned for his ability to capture memorable images of important people in the news" and for his candid photographs taken with a small 35mm [[Leica camera]], typically with natural lighting.<ref name=obit/>
-==Early life==
+== Early life ==
 Eisenstaedt was born in [[Tczew|Dirschau (Tczew)]] in [[West Prussia]], [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] in 1898.<ref>{{Cite web |last1 = Zone |first1 = Ray |title = Alfred Eisenstaedt |year = 2007 |url = http://artscenecal.com/ArticlesFile/Archive/Articles1997/Articles0397/AEisenstaedt.html }}</ref> His family was [[Jews|Jewish]] and moved to [[Berlin]] in 1906. Eisenstaedt was fascinated by photography from his youth and began taking pictures at age 11 when he was given his first camera, an [[Kodak|Eastman Kodak]] [[Folding camera|Folding Camera]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loengard |first1=John |title=Life photographers : what they saw |date=1998 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston, Mass. |isbn=0-8212-2518-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifephotographer0000loen/page/13 13] |url=https://archive.org/details/lifephotographer0000loen/page/13 }}</ref> with [[roll film]]. He later served in the [[German Army]]'s [[artillery]] during [[World War I]] and was wounded in 1918. While working as a belt and button [[sales]]man in the 1920s in [[Weimar Republic|Weimar Germany]], Eisenstaedt began taking photographs as a [[freelancer]] for the Pacific and Atlantic Photos' Berlin office in 1928. The office was taken over by the [[Associated Press]] in 1931.
-==Professional photographer==
+== Professional photographer ==
-[[File:Eisenstaedt signing "VJ day" print on August 23, 1995 at his Menemsha cabin on Martha's Vineyard.jpg|thumb|Eisenstaedt signing a "[[V-J Day in Times Square]]" print on August 23, 1995 at his Menemsha cabin on Martha's Vineyard]]
+[[File:Eisenstaedt signing "VJ day" print on August 23, 1995 at his Menemsha cabin on Martha's Vineyard.jpg|thumb|Eisenstaedt signing a "[[V-J Day in Times Square]]" print on August 23, 1995, at his [[Menemsha]] cabin on [[Martha's Vineyard]]]]
-Eisenstaedt became a full-time photographer in 1929 when he was hired by the [[Associated Press]] office in Germany, and within a year he was described as a "photographer extraordinaire."<ref name=Life/> He also worked for ''Illustrierte Zeitung'', published by [[Ullstein Verlag]], then the world's largest [[Publishing|publishing house]].<ref name=Life/> Four years later he photographed the famous first meeting between [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] in [[Italy]]. Other notable early pictures by Eisenstaedt include his depiction of a [[Waiting staff|waiter]] at the ice rink of the Grand Hotel in [[St. Moritz]] in 1932 and [[Joseph Goebbels]] at the [[League of Nations]] in [[Geneva]] in 1933. Although initially friendly, Goebbels scowled at Eisenstaedt when he took the photograph, after learning that Eisenstaedt was Jewish.<ref>[http://life.time.com/history/goebbels-in-geneva-1933-behind-a-classic-alfred-eisenstaedt-photo Behind the Picture: Joseph Goebbels Glares at the Camera, Geneva].</ref>
+Eisenstaedt became a full-time photographer in 1929 when he was hired by the [[Associated Press]] office in Germany, and within a year he was described as a "photographer extraordinaire."<ref name=Life/> He also worked for ''Illustrierte Zeitung'', published by [[Ullstein Verlag]], then the world's largest [[Publishing|publishing house]].<ref name=Life/> Four years later he photographed the famous first meeting between [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] in [[Italy]]. Other notable early pictures by Eisenstaedt include his depiction of a [[Waiting staff|waiter]] at the ice rink of the Grand Hotel in [[St. Moritz]] in 1932 and [[Joseph Goebbels]] at the [[League of Nations]] in [[Geneva]] in 1933. Although initially friendly, Goebbels scowled at Eisenstaedt when he took the photograph, after learning that Eisenstaedt was Jewish.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503031652/http://life.time.com/history/goebbels-in-geneva-1933-behind-a-classic-alfred-eisenstaedt-photo/ Behind the Picture: Joseph Goebbels Glares at the Camera, Geneva].</ref>
-In 1935, [[Fascism|Fascist]] Italy's impending [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|invasion of Ethiopia]] led to a burst of international interest in [[Ethiopia]]. While working for ''[[Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung|Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung]]'', Alfred took over 3,500 photographs in Ethiopia, before emigrating to the [[United States]], where he joined [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]], but returned in the following year to Ethiopia to continue his photography.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Ethiopia Photographed: Historic Photographs of the Country and its People Taken Between 1867 and 1935 |last = Pankhurst |first = Richard |last2 = Gérard |first2 = Denis |publisher = Kegan Paul International |year = 1996 |isbn = 9780710305046 |location = London |pages = 34 }}</ref>
+In 1935, [[Fascism|Fascist]] Italy's impending [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|invasion of Ethiopia]] led to a burst of international interest in [[Ethiopia]]. While working for ''[[Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung|Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung]]'', Alfred took over 3,500 photographs in Ethiopia, before emigrating to the [[United States]], where he joined [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]], but returned in the following year to Ethiopia to continue his photography.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Ethiopia Photographed: Historic Photographs of the Country and its People Taken Between 1867 and 1935 |last1 = Pankhurst |first1 = Richard |last2 = Gérard |first2 = Denis |publisher = Kegan Paul International |year = 1996 |isbn = 9780710305046 |location = London |pages = 34 }}</ref>
-Eisenstaedt's family was Jewish. [[Oppression]] in Hitler's [[Nazi Germany]] caused them to [[Emigration|emigrate]] to the U.S.<ref name=Ciment/> They arrived in 1935 and settled in [[New York (state)|New York]], where he subsequently became a [[naturalized citizen]],<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |editor-last = Morgan |editor-first = Ann Lee |title = The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists |url = https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000morg |url-access = limited |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2007 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000morg/page/144 144]–145 }}</ref> and joined fellow [[Associated Press]] émigrés Leon Daniel and Celia Kutschuk in their [[PIX Publishing]] photo agency founded that year. The following year, 1936, ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' founder [[Henry Luce]] bought [[Life (magazine)|''Life'']] magazine, and Eisenstaedt, already noted for his photography in Europe,<ref name="Life" /> was asked to join the new magazine as one of its original staff of four photographers, including [[Margaret Bourke-White]] and [[Robert Capa]].<ref name=Ciment>{{cite book |editor-last = Cement |editor-first = James |title = The Home Front Encyclopedia |location = Santa Barbara, CA |publisher = ABC-CLIO |year = 2007 |page = 585 }}</ref> He remained a staff photographer from 1936 to 1972, achieving notability for his [[photojournalism]] of news events and celebrities.<ref name=obit/>
+Eisenstaedt's family was Jewish. [[Oppression]] in Hitler's [[Nazi Germany]] caused them to [[Emigration|emigrate]] to the U.S.<ref name=Ciment/> They arrived in 1935 and settled in [[New York (state)|New York]], where he subsequently became a [[naturalized citizen]],<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |editor-last = Morgan |editor-first = Ann Lee |title = The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists |url = https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000morg |url-access = limited |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2007 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000morg/page/144 144]–145 |isbn = 978-0-19-512878-9 }}</ref> and joined fellow [[Associated Press]] émigrés Leon Daniel and Celia Kutschuk in their [[PIX Publishing]] photo agency founded that year. The following year, 1936, ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' founder [[Henry Luce]] bought [[Life (magazine)|''Life'']] magazine, and Eisenstaedt, already noted for his photography in Europe,<ref name="Life" /> was asked to join the new magazine as one of its original staff of four photographers, including [[Margaret Bourke-White]] and [[Robert Capa]].<ref name=Ciment>{{cite book |editor-last = Cement |editor-first = James |title = The Home Front Encyclopedia |location = Santa Barbara, CA |publisher = ABC-CLIO |year = 2007 |page = 585 }}</ref> He remained a staff photographer from 1936 to 1972, achieving notability for his [[photojournalism]] of news events and celebrities.<ref name=obit/>
-Along with entertainers and celebrities, he photographed politicians, philosophers, artists, industrialists, and authors during his career with ''Life''. By 1972 he had photographed nearly 2,500 stories and had more than 90 of his photos on the cover.<ref name=NYMagazine/> With ''Life'''s circulation of two million readers, Eisenstaedt's reputation increased substantially.<ref name=Life/> According to one historian, "his photographs have a power and a symbolic resonance that made him one of the best ''Life'' photographers."<ref name=Marter/> In subsequent years, he also worked for ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]'' and others.<ref name=Marter>{{cite book |editor-last = Marter |editor-first = Joan M. |title = The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art |volume = Vol. I |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2011 |page = 156 }}</ref>
+Along with entertainers and celebrities, he photographed politicians, philosophers, artists, industrialists, and authors during his career with ''Life''. By 1972, he had photographed nearly 2,500 stories and had more than 90 of his photos on the cover.<ref name=NYMagazine/> With ''Life'''s circulation of two million readers, Eisenstaedt's reputation increased substantially.<ref name=Life/> According to one historian, "his photographs have a power and a symbolic resonance that made him one of the best ''Life'' photographers."<ref name=Marter/> In subsequent years, he also worked for ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]'' and others.<ref name=Marter>{{cite book |editor-last = Marter |editor-first = Joan M. |title = The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art |volume = I |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2011 |page = 156 }}</ref>
-===Style and technique===
+=== Style and technique ===
 From his early years as professional photographer he became an enthusiast for small [[35mm format|35 mm film]] cameras, especially the [[Leica camera]]. Unlike most news photographers at the time who relied on much larger and less portable 4"×5" [[press camera]]s with flash attachments, Eisenstaedt preferred the smaller hand-held Leica, which gave him greater speed and more flexibility when shooting news events or capturing [[Candid photography|candids]] of people in action.<ref name=Oxford/> His photos were also notable as a result of his typical use of [[Available light|natural light]] as opposed to relying on [[Flash (photography)|flash lighting]].<ref name=Oxford/> In 1944, ''Life'' described him as the "dean of today's miniature-camera experts."<ref name=Life>{{cite magazine |title = Speaking of Pictures: Eisenstaedt has a 15th Anniversary |magazine = Life |date = September 4, 1944 |page = 13 }}</ref>
-At the time, this style of [[photojournalism]], with a smaller camera with its ability to use available light, was then in its infancy.<ref name=NYMagazine/> It also helped Eisenstaedt create a more relaxed atmosphere when shooting famous people where he was able to capture more natural poses and expressions: "They don't take me too seriously with my little camera," he stated. "I don't come as a photographer. I come as a friend."<ref name=NYMagazine/> It was a style he learned from his 35 years in Europe, where he preferred shooting informal, unposed portraits, along with extended picture stories. As a result, ''Life'' began using more such photo stories, with the magazine becoming a recognized source of such photojournalism of the world's luminaries.<ref name=NYMagazine/> Of ''Life's'' photographers, Eisenstaedt was most noted for his "[[Human interest story|human interest]]" photos and less the hard news images used by most news publications.<ref name=NYMagazine/>
+At the time, this style of [[photojournalism]], with a smaller camera with its ability to use available light, was then in its infancy.<ref name=NYMagazine/> It also helped Eisenstaedt create a more relaxed atmosphere when photographing famous people where he was able to capture more natural poses and expressions: "They don't take me too seriously with my little camera," he stated. "I don't come as a photographer. I come as a friend."<ref name=NYMagazine/> It was a style he learned from his 35 years in Europe, where he preferred making informal, unposed portraits, along with extended picture stories. As a result, ''Life'' began using more such photo stories, with the magazine becoming a recognized source of such photojournalism of the world's luminaries.<ref name=NYMagazine/> Of ''Life's'' photographers, Eisenstaedt was most noted for his "[[Human interest story|human interest]]" photos and less the hard news images used by most news publications.<ref name=NYMagazine/>
 His success at establishing a relaxed setting for his subjects was not without difficulties, however, when he needed to capture the feeling he wanted. [[Anthony Eden]], resistant to being photographed, called Eisenstaedt "the gentle executioner."<ref name=NYMagazine/> Similarly, [[Winston Churchill]] told him where to place the camera to get a good picture,<ref name=NYMagazine/> and during a [[photo shoot]] of [[Ernest Hemingway]] in his boat, Hemingway, in a rage, tore his own shirt to shreds and threatened to throw Eisenstaedt overboard.<ref name=NYMagazine/>
-===Martha's Vineyard===
+=== Martha's Vineyard ===
-[[File:ClintonsEise copy.JPG|thumb|Eisenstaedt photographing the Clinton family on Martha's Vineyard.]]
+[[File:ClintonsEise copy.JPG|thumb|Eisenstaedt photographing the Clinton family on [[Martha's Vineyard]]]]
 Eisenstaedt, known as "Eisie" to his close friends, enjoyed his annual August vacations on the island of [[Martha's Vineyard]] for 50 years. During these summers, he would conduct photographic experiments, working with different lenses, filters, and prisms in natural light. Eisenstaedt was fond of Martha's Vineyard's photogenic [[lighthouse]]s and was the focus of lighthouse fundraisers organized by Vineyard Environmental Research Institute (VERI).
 Two years before his death, Eisenstaedt photographed President [[Bill Clinton]] with wife [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]] and daughter [[Chelsea Clinton|Chelsea]]. The session took place at the Granary Gallery in [[West Tisbury, Massachusetts|West Tisbury]] on Martha's Vineyard and was documented by a photograph published in [[People (magazine)|''People'']] magazine on September 13, 1993.<ref>{{cite magazine |url = http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20106211,00.html |title = Star Tracks |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150908164616/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20106211%2C00.html |archive-date = September 8, 2015 |magazine = People |date = September 13, 1993 }}</ref>
-==Personal life and death==
+== Personal life ==
-After first settling in New York City in 1935, Eisenstaedt lived in [[Jackson Heights, Queens]], New York, for the rest of his life. Until shortly before his death, he would walk daily from his home to his ''Life'' office on the [[Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)|Avenue of the Americas]] and [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st Street]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Grundberg |first = Andy |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/12/arts/alfred-eisenstaedt-90-the-image-of-activity.html |title = Alfred Eisenstaedt, 90: The Image of Activity |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = November 12, 1988 |access-date = September 25, 2007 }}</ref>
+After first settling in New York City in 1935, Eisenstaedt lived in [[Jackson Heights, Queens]] (NYC) for the rest of his life. He met Kathy Kaye, a South African woman, and married her in 1949. The couple had no children and remained together until her death in 1972. Until shortly before Eisenstaedt's death, he would walk daily from his home to his ''Life'' office on the [[Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)|Avenue of the Americas]] and [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st Street]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Grundberg |first = Andy |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/12/arts/alfred-eisenstaedt-90-the-image-of-activity.html |title = Alfred Eisenstaedt, 90: The Image of Activity |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = November 12, 1988 |access-date = September 25, 2007 }}</ref>
-He died in his bed at midnight at his beloved Menemsha Inn cottage known as the "Pilot House" at age 96<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title = Alfred Eisenstaedt, Photographer of the Defining Moment, Is Dead at 96 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1206.html |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = August 25, 1995 |access-date = July 21, 2007 }}</ref> in the company of his sister-in-law, Lucille Kaye (LuLu),<ref name=Lulu>{{cite news |last = Meras |first = Phyllis |url = http://www.mvgazette.com/article.php?46627 |title = Lulu Kaye Was Keeper of Eisie Flame |work = Vineyard Gazette |date = August 20, 2012 }}</ref> and friend, William E. Marks.<ref>[http://digitaljournalist.org/issue9911/marks.htm "Vineyard Time with Eisie"], ''The Digital Journalist''</ref>
+He died in August 1995 at age 96 at his Martha's Vineyard vacation cottage<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title = Alfred Eisenstaedt, Photographer of the Defining Moment, Is Dead at 96 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/25/obituaries/alfred-eisenstaedt-photographer-of-the-defining-moment-is-dead-at-96.html |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = August 25, 1995 |access-date = July 13, 2024 }}</ref> named "Pilot House", in the company of his sister-in-law, Lucille Kaye, and a photographer friend, William E. Marks.<ref>Marks, William E. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120806005617/http://digitaljournalist.org/issue9911/marks.htm "Vineyard Time with Eisie"], ''The Digital Journalist''.</ref>
+He was buried at [[Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)|Mount Hebron Cemetery]] in [[Flushing, Queens]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hagen|first1=Charles|title=Alfred Eisenstaedt, Photographer of the Defining Moment, Is Dead at 96|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/25/obituaries/alfred-eisenstaedt-photographer-of-the-defining-moment-is-dead-at-96.html|accessdate=17 April 2016|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=August 25, 1995}}</ref>
-==Notable Eisenstaedt photos==
+== Notable Eisenstaedt photographs ==
 * ''V-J day in Times Square''
-{{main|V-J Day in Times Square}} Eisenstaedt's most famous photograph is of an American sailor grabbing and kissing a stranger—a young woman—on August 14, 1945, in [[Times Square]]. He took this photograph using a Leica IIIa. (The photograph is known under various names: ''[[V-J Day in Times Square]], V-Day,'' and others.<ref>{{cite book |chapter = ''V-J Day in Times Square'' |title = The Photo Book |location = London |publisher = Phaeton |year = 2000 |isbn = 0-7148-3937-X |page = 134 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter = V–Day |title = Twentieth Century Photography: Museum Ludwig Cologne |location = Cologne |publisher = Taschen |year = 2005 |isbn = 3-8228-4083-1 |pages = 148–149 }}</ref>) Because Eisenstaedt was photographing rapidly changing events during the [[V-J Day]] celebrations, he stated that he did not get a chance to obtain names and details, which has encouraged a number of mutually [[V-J Day in Times Square#Identity of the kissers|incompatible claims]] to the identities of the subjects. Their identities turned out to be George Mendonsa (1923–2019) and [[Greta Zimmer Friedman]] (1924–2016).<ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/woman-iconic-v-j-photo-died-age-92-heres-her-story-180960435/</ref>
+{{main|V-J Day in Times Square}} Eisenstaedt's most famous photograph is of an American sailor grabbing and kissing a stranger—a young woman—on August 14, 1945, in [[Times Square]]. He took this photograph using a Leica IIIa. (The photograph is known under various names: ''[[V-J Day in Times Square]], V-Day,'' and others.<ref>{{cite book |chapter = ''V-J Day in Times Square'' |title = The Photo Book |location = London |publisher = Phaeton |year = 2000 |isbn = 0-7148-3937-X |page = 134 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter = V–Day |title = Twentieth Century Photography: Museum Ludwig Cologne |location = Cologne |publisher = Taschen |year = 2005 |isbn = 3-8228-4083-1 |pages = 148–149 }}</ref>) Because Eisenstaedt was photographing rapidly changing events during the [[V-J Day]] celebrations, he stated that he did not get a chance to obtain names and details, which has encouraged a number of mutually [[V-J Day in Times Square#Identity of the kissers|incompatible claims]] to the identities of the subjects.<ref>Franklin, Kelly, ''[https://www.projectdeltadawn.com/ Project Delta Dawn: time to wake up to the facts of Life]'', Project Delta Dawn, accessed January 26, 2022</ref> Their identities turned out to be George Mendonsa (1923–2019) and [[Greta Zimmer Friedman]] (1924–2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/woman-iconic-v-j-photo-died-age-92-heres-her-story-180960435/|title = The Woman in the Iconic V-J Day Kiss Photo Died at 92, Here's Her Story}}</ref>
 <!-- And if you have something worthwhile to say about one or more of these claims, please say it within the article on "V-J day in Times Square"; not here.-->
 * ''Portraits of Sophia Loren''
-The portraits of [[Sophia Loren]] have been described{{by whom|date=September 2015}} as conveying mischievousness, dignity, and love on the part of both Eisenstaedt and Loren.
+The portraits of [[Sophia Loren]] have been described by Marianne Fulton of [[The Digital Journalist]] as conveying mischievousness, dignity, and love on the part of both Eisenstaedt and Loren.<ref>{{Cite web|title=For Love of Eisie by Marianne Fulton|url=http://digitaljournalist.org/issue9911/fulton.htm|access-date=2022-03-23|website=digitaljournalist.org|language=en-US}}</ref>
 * ''Ice Skating Waiter, St. Moritz''
 This 1932 photograph depicts a waiter at the ice rink of the Grand Hotel. "I did one smashing picture", Eisenstaedt wrote, "of the skating headwaiter. To be sure the picture was sharp, I put a chair on the ice and asked the waiter to skate by it. I had a Miroflex camera and focused on the chair."<ref>Alfred Eisentaedt – BBC Masters Photographers (1983).</ref>
+* ''Children at a Puppet Theatre, Paris''
+Eisenstaedt took this photo in 1963 at the [[Tuileries Garden]]. He later recalled in his self-portrait, "It took a long time to get the angle I liked. There are some close-ups of the children that are good.  But the best picture is the one I took at the climax of the action. It carries all the excitement of the children screaming, 'The dragon is slain!' ".<ref>{{cite book|last=Eisenstaedt|first=Alfred |date=January 1, 1985|title=Eisenstaedt on Eisenstaedt: a self-portrait|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|page=105 |isbn=0563202637}}</ref> The photo sold in Lot #91 at Sotheby's in 2006 for an artist-record price of $55,200.<ref>{{Cite web|title=(#91) Alfred Eisenstaedt 1989-1995|url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2006/photographs-n08227/lot.91.html|access-date=2022-03-23|website=sothebys.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alfred Eisenstaedt|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Alfred-Eisenstaedt/83707BF3375D388C|access-date=2022-03-23|website=mutualart.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
-==Awards==
+== Awards and recognition ==
 * 1989: [[National Medal of Arts]]. Awarded by President [[George H. W. Bush]] in a ceremony on the [[White House]] lawn.<ref>[http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#89 Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054307/http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html |date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref>
+* 1999: [[The Digital Journalist]] chose Alfred Eisenstaedt as its 'Photojournalist of the Century'. [[Dirck Halstead]] wrote, "When it came to choosing the one photojournalist who had the most profound impact, and who leaves the greatest legacy, there was no question whom that person is – Alfred Eisenstaedt."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why We Chose Alfred Eisenstaedt as "Photojournalist of the Century"|url=http://digitaljournalist.org/issue9911/editorial.htm|access-date=2022-03-23|website=digitaljournalist.org|language=en-US}}</ref>
+* 2020: Eisenstaedt was posthumously inducted into the [[International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alfred Eisenstaedt |url=https://iphf.org/inductees/alfred-eisenstaedt/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=International Photography Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref>
-==Exhibitions==
+== Exhibitions ==
-* ''Alfred Eisenstaedt: 'Eisie' at 88,'' [[International Center of Photography]], New York City, 1986. A retrospective.<ref name=NYMagazine>{{cite magazine |magazine = New York Magazine |date = September 15, 1986 }}{{full citation needed|date=April 2019}}</ref>
+* ''Alfred Eisenstaedt: 'Eisie' at 88,'' [[International Center of Photography]], New York City, 1986. A retrospective.<ref name=NYMagazine>{{cite book |title=New York Magazine |date=15 September 1986 |publisher=New York Media, LLC |pages=80–81–82–85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOcCAAAAMBAJ&q=Alfred+Eisenstaedt |language=en}}</ref>
-==Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards for Magazine Photography==
+== Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards for Magazine Photography ==
 Since 1998, the Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards for Magazine Photography have been administered by [[Columbia University]] Graduate School of Journalism.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/97/19213.html Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards Established at Columbia, 11 November 1997]</ref>
-==See also==
+== See also ==
 * [[Life (magazine)#Contributors|Notable contributors to ''Life'']]
+* [[List of German photojournalists]]
 * [[Erich Salomon]] (influence)
-==References==
+== References ==
 {{reflist}}
 ==External links==
 {{commons category|Alfred Eisenstaedt}}
-* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?jfk-new-frontier-eisenstaedt JFK Original Note to Eisenstaedt, from Guest Book] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
 * [http://www.gallerym.com/pages/alfred-eisenstaedt-biography Eisenstaedt biography]
-* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Eisenstaedt Encyclopædia Britannica]
 {{National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s|state=autocollapse}}
@@ Line 93: / Line 99: @@
 [[Category:20th-century American photographers]]
 [[Category:20th-century German photographers]]
+[[Category:American people of German descent]]
 [[Category:American portrait photographers]]
 [[Category:American photojournalists]]
@@ Line 102: / Line 109: @@
 [[Category:Photographers from Berlin]]
 [[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]
-[[Category:Jewish American artists]]
 [[Category:Life (magazine) photojournalists]]
 [[Category:Photographers from New York (state)]]
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 [[Category:1898 births]]
 [[Category:1995 deaths]]
+[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]

v t e National Medal of Arts recipients (1980s)
1985	Elliott Carter Jr. Ralph Ellison José Ferrer Martha Graham Louise Nevelson Georgia O'Keeffe Leontyne Price Dorothy Buffum Chandler Lincoln Kirstein Paul Mellon Alice Tully Hallmark Cards, Inc.
1986	Marian Anderson Frank Capra Aaron Copland Willem de Kooning Agnes de Mille Eva Le Gallienne Alan Lomax Lewis Mumford Eudora Welty Dominique de Menil Exxon Corporation Seymour H. Knox II
1987	Romare Bearden Ella Fitzgerald Howard Nemerov Alwin Nikolais Isamu Noguchi William Schuman Robert Penn Warren J. W. Fisher Frances Fisher Armand Hammer Sydney Lewis
1988	Saul Bellow Helen Hayes Gordon Parks I. M. Pei Jerome Robbins Rudolf Serkin Virgil Thomson Sydney J. Freedberg Roger L. Stevens Brooke Astor Francis Goelet Obert Clark Tanner
1989	Leopold Adler Katherine Dunham Alfred Eisenstaedt Martin Friedman Leigh Gerdine John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie Walker Hancock Vladimir Horowitz Czesław Miłosz Robert Motherwell John Updike Dayton Hudson Corporation
Complete list 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

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