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{{Short description|Iranian-French architect, urban planner, designer, sculptor, painter and writer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Architect
{{Infobox Architect
| name = Dariush Borbor
| name = Dariush Borbor
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| alma_mater = [[University of Liverpool]]<br />[[University of Geneva]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Liverpool]]<br />[[University of Geneva]]
| significant_buildings = Urban Renewal of Mashhad City Centre (1968)<br /> Commercial Centre Bazaar Reza (1976)<br /> Museum and Library (1976)
| significant_buildings = Urban Renewal of Mashhad City Centre (1968)<br /> Commercial Centre Bazaar Reza (1976)<br /> Museum and Library (1976)
| awards = Gold Mercury International Award (1976)<br /> Royal Pahlavi Prize (1977)<br /> 50 Outstanding Architects of the World (1988)<br /> Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters / Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2020)<br /> EduRank 100 Notable Alumni of University of Liverpool (2021)<br />
| awards = Gold Mercury International Award (1976)<br /> Royal Pahlavi Prize (1977)<br /> 50 Outstanding Architects of the World (1988)<br /> Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters / Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2020)<br /> EduRank 100 Notable Alumni of University of Liverpool (2021)
}}
}}


'''Dariush Borbor''' ({{lang-fa|داریوش بوربور}}, born April 28, 1934), is an Iranian-French architect, [[urban planner]], designer, sculptor, painter, researcher, and writer.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://persianatesocieties.org/PDFs/Newsletters/ASPS%20Newsletter%2037%20(Fall%202016).pdf | title=ASPS Newsletter, no. 37, Fall 2016, pp. 6–7}}</ref><ref name=CAOI>{{cite web|url=http://caoi.ir/en/component/k2/item/504-dariush-borbor |title=Dariush Borbor |website=Caoi.ir |date=September 23, 2016 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chinastan.org/2016/10/16/20-years-of-iran-and-the-caucasus-a-breakthrough-international-conference-dedicated-to-the-20th-anniversary-of-iran-and-the-caucasus/|title=20 Years of Iran and the Caucasus: A Breakthrough International Conference Dedicated to the 20th Anniversary of IRAN AND THE CAUCASUS|date=October 16, 2016|website="China-Eurasia" Council for Political and Strategic Research|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> In 1963, Borbor established his own firm under the name of Borbor Consulting Architects, Engineers, City Planners. In 1976, he set up Sphere Iran, a consortium of four specialist consulting firms, and proposed a comprehensive National Environmental Master plan for Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashhadenc.ir/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1/ |title=داریوش بوربور – دانشنامه مشهد |website=Mashhadenc.ir |date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> In 1992, he created the Research Institute and Library of Iranian Studies (RILIS) where he is the director.<ref name="architects1">{{cite web|url=http://architects.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=2134&newsview=16377&pro=nobak |title=اخبار > داریوش بوربور ، چهره ماندگار در معماری ایران |website=Architects.ir |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref name="mashhadenc1">{{cite web|author=mashhadenc |url=http://mashhadenc.ir/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1/ |title=داریوش بوربور – دانشنامه مشهد |website=Mashhadenc.ir |date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref>
'''Dariush Borbor''' ({{lang-fa|داریوش بوربور}}, born April 28, 1934), is an Iranian-French architect, [[urban planner]], designer, sculptor, painter, researcher, and writer.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://persianatesocieties.org/PDFs/Newsletters/ASPS%20Newsletter%2037%20(Fall%202016).pdf | title=ASPS Newsletter, no. 37, Fall 2016, pp. 6–7}}</ref><ref name=CAOI>{{cite web|url=http://caoi.ir/en/component/k2/item/504-dariush-borbor |title=Dariush Borbor |website=Caoi.ir |date=September 23, 2016 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chinastan.org/2016/10/16/20-years-of-iran-and-the-caucasus-a-breakthrough-international-conference-dedicated-to-the-20th-anniversary-of-iran-and-the-caucasus/|title=20 Years of Iran and the Caucasus: A Breakthrough International Conference Dedicated to the 20th Anniversary of IRAN AND THE CAUCASUS|date=October 16, 2016|website="China-Eurasia" Council for Political and Strategic Research|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> In 1963, Borbor established his own firm under the name of Borbor Consulting Architects, Engineers, City Planners. In 1976, he set up Sphere Iran, a consortium of four specialist consulting firms, and proposed a comprehensive National Environmental Master plan for Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashhadenc.ir/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1/ |title=داریوش بوربور – دانشنامه مشهد |website=Mashhadenc.ir |date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> In 1992, he created the Research Institute and Library of Iranian Studies (RILIS) where he is the director.<ref name="architects1">{{cite web |url=http://architects.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=2134&newsview=16377&pro=nobak |title=اخبار > داریوش بوربور ، چهره ماندگار در معماری ایران |website=Architects.ir |access-date=2017-06-17 |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806101608/http://architects.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=2134&newsview=16377&pro=nobak |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mashhadenc1">{{cite web|author=mashhadenc |url=http://mashhadenc.ir/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1/ |title=داریوش بوربور – دانشنامه مشهد |website=Mashhadenc.ir |date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref>


Borbor is widely regarded as one of the avant-garde architects of the modern movement in Iran;<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> a pioneer of modern urban planning,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXhWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Dariush+Borbor%22 |title=The Diplomat |date=January 23, 2008 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shams |first=Alex |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/roads/2016/09/iranians_are_heading_to_the_beach_in_record_numbers.html |title=Iranians are heading to the beach in record numbers |website=Slate.com |date=September 12, 2016 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> named by some as "father of modern urban planning",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibna.ir/en/doc/naghli/207885/international-congress-of-iranologists-in-montreal-reviewed|title=IBNA – International Congress of Iranologists in Montreal reviewed|last=Behnegarsoft.com|date=September 24, 2014|work=Iran's Book News Agency (IBNA)|access-date=2017-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref name=StAndrews>{{cite web|url=http://forumfortheculturalstudiesofiran.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/conferences/abstracts-and-bios/|title=Abstracts and Bios – Forum for the Cultural Studies of Iran|website=forumfortheculturalstudiesofiran.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>"Biography, Dr. Dariush Borbor", ''From Persepolis to Isfahan: Safeguarding Cultural Heritage, Programme'', Iran Heritage Foundation (IHF), London, January 16-18m 2015, p. 14.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ammi.ir/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1/|title=داریوش بوربور|website=Ammi.ir|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref> and a key figure in the promotion and creation of the High Urban Planning Council (1966, {{lang-fa|شورای عالی شهرسازی}}).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eng.majalla.com/2010/08/article55110909/modeling-tehran|title=Modeling Tehran – Majalla Magazine|date=August 24, 2010|work=Majalla Magazine|access-date=2017-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto2">"Dariush Borbor", ''Encyclopedia of Urban Planning'', ed. Arnold Whittick, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, p. viii.</ref> He was described by Swiss architectural critic [[:de:Anthony Krafft|Anthony Krafft]] as "one of the most innovative architects who is perhaps on the way of creating a Persian architectural style of the 20th century";<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_X0UAQAAMAAJ&q=borbor |title=Architecture: formes + fonctions |date=November 10, 2010 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> and French architectural critic [[:fr:Michel Ragon|Michel Ragon]] defined him as "the architect in search of a modern Iranian architectural style".<ref name="auto1">Michel Ragon, ''Histoire Mondiale de l'Architecture et de l'Urbanisme Modernes'', vol. 2, Casterman, Paris, 1972, p. 356.</ref> He has won many competitions and received several international prizes and awards, including the [[Gold Mercury International Award|Gold Mercury International]] from Italy,<ref>"Borbor Consulting Architects Presented with, ''Tehran Journal'', Tehran, December 22, 1976, p. 2.</ref> 50 Outstanding Architects of the World from the Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture,<ref>Karolina Udovički; Aca Arsenijević; Milan Bosnić; Milan Kopanja; Ivica Mladenović, ''Drugi beogradski trijenale svetske arhitekture: [50 istaknutih arhitekata sveta] = The Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture: [50 outstanding architects of the world]: Beogradski sajam, hala 2, 4–12 juni/June 1988'', Savez arhitekata, Beogard, 1988.</ref> and the Pahlavi Royal Award.<ref>"Design Prize", ''Tehran Journal'', Tehran, September 7, 1976, p. 3.</ref>
Borbor is widely regarded as one of the avant-garde architects of the modern movement in Iran;<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> a pioneer of modern urban planning,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXhWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Dariush+Borbor%22 |title=The Diplomat |date=January 23, 2008 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shams |first=Alex |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/roads/2016/09/iranians_are_heading_to_the_beach_in_record_numbers.html |title=Iranians are heading to the beach in record numbers |website=Slate.com |date=September 12, 2016 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> named by some as "father of modern urban planning",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibna.ir/en/doc/naghli/207885/international-congress-of-iranologists-in-montreal-reviewed|title=IBNA – International Congress of Iranologists in Montreal reviewed|last=Behnegarsoft.com|date=September 24, 2014|work=Iran's Book News Agency (IBNA)|access-date=2017-06-09|language=en|archive-date=August 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806140350/http://www.ibna.ir/en/doc/naghli/207885/international-congress-of-iranologists-in-montreal-reviewed|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=StAndrews>{{cite web|url=http://forumfortheculturalstudiesofiran.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/conferences/abstracts-and-bios/|title=Abstracts and Bios – Forum for the Cultural Studies of Iran|website=forumfortheculturalstudiesofiran.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>"Biography, Dr. Dariush Borbor", ''From Persepolis to Isfahan: Safeguarding Cultural Heritage, Programme'', Iran Heritage Foundation (IHF), London, January 16-18m 2015, p. 14.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ammi.ir/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1/|title=داریوش بوربور|website=Ammi.ir|access-date=May 19, 2017|archive-date=August 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806101534/http://www.ammi.ir/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a key figure in the promotion and creation of the High Urban Planning Council (1966, {{lang-fa|شورای عالی شهرسازی}}).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eng.majalla.com/2010/08/article55110909/modeling-tehran|title=Modeling Tehran – Majalla Magazine|date=August 24, 2010|work=Majalla Magazine|access-date=2017-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto2">"Dariush Borbor", ''Encyclopedia of Urban Planning'', ed. Arnold Whittick, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, p. viii.</ref> He was described by Swiss architectural critic [[:de:Anthony Krafft|Anthony Krafft]] as "one of the most innovative architects who is perhaps on the way of creating a Persian architectural style of the 20th century";<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_X0UAQAAMAAJ&q=borbor |title=Architecture: formes + fonctions |date=November 10, 2010 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> and French architectural critic [[:fr:Michel Ragon|Michel Ragon]] defined him as "the architect in search of a modern Iranian architectural style".<ref name="auto1">Michel Ragon, ''Histoire Mondiale de l'Architecture et de l'Urbanisme Modernes'', vol. 2, Casterman, Paris, 1972, p. 356.</ref> He has won many competitions and received several international prizes and awards, including the [[Gold Mercury International Award|Gold Mercury International]] from Italy,<ref>"Borbor Consulting Architects Presented with, ''Tehran Journal'', Tehran, December 22, 1976, p. 2.</ref> 50 Outstanding Architects of the World from the Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture,<ref>Karolina Udovički; Aca Arsenijević; Milan Bosnić; Milan Kopanja; Ivica Mladenović, ''Drugi beogradski trijenale svetske arhitekture: [50 istaknutih arhitekata sveta] = The Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture: [50 outstanding architects of the world]: Beogradski sajam, hala 2, 4–12 juni/June 1988'', Savez arhitekata, Beogard, 1988.</ref> and the Pahlavi Royal Award.<ref>"Design Prize", ''Tehran Journal'', Tehran, September 7, 1976, p. 3.</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
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==Career==
==Career==
[[File:Dariush Borbor Presentation of the Urban Renewal of Mashhad City centre, Mashhad, Iran,1968.jpg|thumb|Mashhad 1968, Presentation of the Urban Renewal of Mashhad City Centre to the Shah by Dariush Borbor, Architect-Planner]]
[[File:Dariush Borbor Presentation of the Urban Renewal of Mashhad City centre, Mashhad, Iran,1968.jpg|thumb|Mashhad 1974, Presentation of the Urban Renewal of Mashhad City Centre to the Shah by Dariush Borbor, Architect-Planner]]


While working for his PhD, he collaborated concurrently with the Swiss urban planner Professor [[:de:Arnold Hoechel|Arnold Hoechel]] and the architects [[Robert Frei and Christian Hunziker]] on several projects, including the first automatic bowling alleys in [[Meyrin]] Commune, [[Geneva]], and [[Beirut]], Lebanon.<ref name="architects1"/>
While working for his PhD, he collaborated concurrently with the Swiss urban planner Professor [[:de:Arnold Hoechel|Arnold Hoechel]] and the architects [[Robert Frei and Christian Hunziker]] on several projects, including the first automatic bowling alleys in [[Meyrin]] Commune, [[Geneva]], and [[Beirut]], Lebanon.<ref name="architects1"/>


In 1961, he returned to Tehran as Deputy Technical Director of Iran-Rah, the largest Construction Co. of its time in Iran. In 1963, he created his own firm under the name of Borbor Consulting Architects, Engineers, City Planners.<ref name=Etoood>{{cite web|url=http://www.etoood.com/Profile.aspx?MyKey=78554 |title=پروفایل اتووود شرکت بوربور مهندسین مشاور |website=Etoood.com |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> As President and managing director, he developed and expanded the business to a large multidisciplinary organization with several in-house departments which included: architecture, urban planning, environment, structure, mechanics, electricity and interior design.<ref name=CAOI/> The firm employed a large number of highly qualified multi-national staff and included branch offices in several major cities in Iran.<ref name="architects1"/><ref>[http://maskangp.com/persian/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/839-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%8C-%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.html] {{dead link|date=June 2017}}</ref>
In 1961, he returned to Tehran as Deputy Technical Director of Iran-Rah, the largest Construction Co. of its time in Iran. In 1963, he created his own firm under the name of Borbor Consulting Architects, Engineers, City Planners.<ref name=Etoood>{{cite web|url=http://www.etoood.com/Profile.aspx?MyKey=78554 |title=پروفایل اتووود شرکت بوربور مهندسین مشاور |website=Etoood.com |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> As President and managing director, he developed and expanded the business to a large multidisciplinary organization with several in-house departments which included: architecture, urban planning, environment, structure, mechanics, electricity and interior design.<ref name=CAOI/> The firm employed a large number of highly qualified multi-national staff and included branch offices in several major cities in Iran.<ref name="architects1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://maskangp.com/persian/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/839-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%8C-%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.html |title=Archived copy |website=maskangp.com |access-date=May 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120174947/http://maskangp.com/persian/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/839-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%8C-%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.html |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


A few months prior to the 1978 [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]], Borbor moved to Paris, France where he founded the Borbor International Management Consultants (BIMC) to Architects, Engineers, Planners. BIMC offered consultancy services in design, management and documentation to architectural and planning firms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://architects.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=2134&newsview=16377&pro=noba|title=Architects|website=architects.ir}}</ref> In 1984, he moved to Los Angeles where he was involved in some architectural consultancy and research on Iranian and [[Persianate society|Persianate]] subjects.<ref name="mashhadenc1"/>
A few months prior to the 1978 [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]], Borbor moved to Paris, France where he founded the Borbor International Management Consultants (BIMC) to Architects, Engineers, Planners. BIMC offered consultancy services in design, management and documentation to architectural and planning firms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://architects.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=2134&newsview=16377&pro=noba|title=Architects|website=architects.ir|access-date=April 25, 2017|archive-date=August 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818091925/http://architects.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=2134&newsview=16377&pro=noba|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1984, he moved to Los Angeles where he was involved in some architectural consultancy and research on Iranian and [[Persianate society|Persianate]] subjects.<ref name="mashhadenc1"/>


Borbor returned to Iran in 1991 and established the Research Institute and Library of Iranian Studies (RILIS), a non-profit, non-political, private and independent institution dedicated to the promotion of research in the field of Iranian and Persianate studies with special emphasis on novel and creative research<ref name="architects1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jadidonline.com/story/07072014/frnk/dariush_borbor_profile |title=معمار خطوط آزاد &#124; جدید آنلاین |language=fa |website=Jadidonline.com |date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://persianatesocieties.org/PDFs/Newsletters/ASPS%20Newsletter%2037%20(Fall%202016).pdf |title=Fall 2016 Newsletter |website=Persianatesocieties.org |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref>
Borbor returned to Iran in 1991 and established the Research Institute and Library of Iranian Studies (RILIS), a non-profit, non-political, private and independent institution dedicated to the promotion of research in the field of Iranian and Persianate studies with special emphasis on novel and creative research.<ref name="architects1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jadidonline.com/story/07072014/frnk/dariush_borbor_profile |title=معمار خطوط آزاد &#124; جدید آنلاین |language=fa |website=Jadidonline.com |date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://persianatesocieties.org/PDFs/Newsletters/ASPS%20Newsletter%2037%20(Fall%202016).pdf |title=Fall 2016 Newsletter |website=Persianatesocieties.org |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> He is a Consultant and active contributor to the Encyclopædia Iranica.


==Prizes and awards==
==Prizes and awards==
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* 1978, Pahlavi Royal Award, for design, construction and management, 2200-unit shopping mall (Bazaar Reza) in record eleven months<ref>"Design Prize", Tehran Journal, Tehran, September 7, 1976, p. 3.</ref>
* 1978, Pahlavi Royal Award, for design, construction and management, 2200-unit shopping mall (Bazaar Reza) in record eleven months<ref>"Design Prize", Tehran Journal, Tehran, September 7, 1976, p. 3.</ref>
* 1988, 50 Outstanding Architects of the World, the Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture<ref>Karolina Udovički; Aca Arsenijević; Milan Bosnić; Milan Kopanja; Ivica Mladenović, Drugi beogradski trijenale svetske arhitekture: [50 istaknutih arhitekata sveta] = The Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture: [50 outstanding architects of the world]: Beogradski sajam, hala 2, 4–12 juni/June 1988, Savez arhitekata, Beogard, 1988.</ref>
* 1988, 50 Outstanding Architects of the World, the Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture<ref>Karolina Udovički; Aca Arsenijević; Milan Bosnić; Milan Kopanja; Ivica Mladenović, Drugi beogradski trijenale svetske arhitekture: [50 istaknutih arhitekata sveta] = The Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture: [50 outstanding architects of the world]: Beogradski sajam, hala 2, 4–12 juni/June 1988, Savez arhitekata, Beogard, 1988.</ref>
* 2020, Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres)<ref>''https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Organisation/Conseil-de-l-Ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres/Arretes-de-Nominations-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres/Nomination-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres-ete-2020.''</ref>
* 2020, Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres)<ref>''https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Organisation/Conseil-de-l-Ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres/Arretes-de-Nominations-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres/Nomination-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres-ete-2020.''{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 2021, Dariush Borbor in the EduRank 100 Notable alumni of University of Liverpool.<ref>''https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-liverpool/alumni/''</ref>
* 2021, Dariush Borbor in the EduRank 100 Notable alumni of University of Liverpool.<ref>''https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-liverpool/alumn{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}i/''</ref>
* 2022, Dariush Borbor ranked as one of the most influential academic alumni of the University of Liverpool.<ref>''https://academicinfluence.com/schools/university-liverpoo{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}l/''</ref>
* 2023, University of Liverpool 2023 Alumni Award.


== Selected projects and writings ==
== Selected projects and writings ==
=== Architecture ===
=== Architecture ===
* 1967, The Ice Palace recreation centre, Pahlavi Avenue, Tehran<ref>''Kayhan International'', May 15, 1967, p. 2.</ref>
* 1967, The Ice Palace recreation centre, Pahlavi Avenue, Tehran<ref>''Kayhan International'', May 15, 1967, p. 2.</ref>
* 1971, Monument Mashhad (demolished in 2010)<ref>{{cite web|author=Leila Aminian|title="Meydan-e panzdah khordad Mashhad takhrib shod"|publisher=Iran Architecture & Urbanism News Agency|date=March 3, 2007|url=http://news.aruna.ir/archives/2007/Mar/%202/994.php|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref>
* 1971, Monument Mashhad (demolished in 2010)<ref>{{cite web|author=Leila Aminian|title="Meydan-e panzdah khordad Mashhad takhrib shod"|publisher=Iran Architecture & Urbanism News Agency|date=March 3, 2007|url=http://news.aruna.ir/archives/2007/Mar/%202/994.php|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-date=July 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716043930/http://news.aruna.ir/archives/2007/Mar/%202/994.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1976, Museum and library, Mashhad, Iran<ref>"Museum and Library for Islamic Art and Books – Mashhad, Iran", ''Architecture Contemporaine'', vol. 5, Editions Anthony Krafft, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1983, pp. 225–228.</ref>
* 1976, Museum and library, Mashhad, Iran<ref>"Museum and Library for Islamic Art and Books – Mashhad, Iran", ''Architecture Contemporaine'', vol. 5, Editions Anthony Krafft, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1983, pp. 225–228.</ref>


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* D.Bourbour [Borbor], ''Projet de Rénovation de Haram Hazrat-e-Reza à Meched'', A.A. Honar va Me'mari, Tehran, 1972.
* D.Bourbour [Borbor], ''Projet de Rénovation de Haram Hazrat-e-Reza à Meched'', A.A. Honar va Me'mari, Tehran, 1972.
* "Iran", ''The Encyclopedia of Urban Planning'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, pp.&nbsp;553–567.<ref name=StAndrews />
* "Iran", ''The Encyclopedia of Urban Planning'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, pp.&nbsp;553–567.<ref name=StAndrews />
* "The Influence of Wine Culture in Iranian Architecture and the Region", ''Wine Culture in Iran and Beyond'', Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenchaften (ÖAW) / Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 2014, pp.&nbsp;259–275.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblioiranica.info/wine-culture-in-iran-and-neighbouring-countries/|title=Wine culture in Iran and neighbouring countries|date=May 16, 2015|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref>
* "The Influence of Wine Culture in Iranian Architecture and the Region", ''Wine Culture in Iran and Beyond'', Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenchaften (ÖAW) / Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 2014, pp. &nbsp;259–275.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblioiranica.info/wine-culture-in-iran-and-neighbouring-countries/|title=Wine culture in Iran and neighbouring countries|date=May 16, 2015|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref>
* Dariush Borbor, ''Dariush Borbor Compendium of Articles, Presentations and Interviews 1954-2018'', Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Tehran, 2018.
* Dariush Borbor, ''Dariush Borbor Compendium of Articles, Presentations and Interviews 1954-2018'', Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Tehran, 2018.
* Dariush Borbor, ''Analytical Comparative Etymological Dictionary of Reduplication in the Major Languages of the Middle East and Iran'', Oxford, 2023.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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Image:Dariush Borbor, Lovers, Black and White in Unity, Oil on Canvas, 1957.jpg|1957, "Lovers, Black and White in Unity" oil on canvas (60&nbsp;cm. x 46&nbsp;cm.) by Dariush Borbor, presented to Nelson Mandela in 2007 by the artist on the 50th anniversary of the painting
Image:Dariush Borbor, Lovers, Black and White in Unity, Oil on Canvas, 1957.jpg|1957, "Lovers, Black and White in Unity" oil on canvas (60&nbsp;cm. x 46&nbsp;cm.) by Dariush Borbor, presented to Nelson Mandela in 2007 by the artist on the 50th anniversary of the painting


|1976, Bazaar Reza Shopping Mall, South Entrance, Mashhad, Iran<ref name="wikipedia.org">{{cite web|url=https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7&oldid=19815796|title=بازار رضا|date=June 3, 2017|access-date=June 17, 2017|via=Wikipedia}}</ref>
|1976, Bazaar Reza Shopping Mall, South Entrance, Mashhad, Iran
</gallery>
</gallery>


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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Iranian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century French architects]]
[[Category:21st-century French architects]]
[[Category:21st-century Iranian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Iranian painters]]

Latest revision as of 22:33, 17 July 2024

Dariush Borbor
Dariush Borbor
Born
(1934-04-28) April 28, 1934 (age 90)

Tehran, Iran
Alma materUniversity of Liverpool
University of Geneva
OccupationArchitect
AwardsGold Mercury International Award (1976)
Royal Pahlavi Prize (1977)
50 Outstanding Architects of the World (1988)
Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters / Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2020)
EduRank 100 Notable Alumni of University of Liverpool (2021)
BuildingsUrban Renewal of Mashhad City Centre (1968)
Commercial Centre Bazaar Reza (1976)
Museum and Library (1976)

Dariush Borbor (Persian: داریوش بوربور, born April 28, 1934), is an Iranian-French architect, urban planner, designer, sculptor, painter, researcher, and writer.[1][2][3] In 1963, Borbor established his own firm under the name of Borbor Consulting Architects, Engineers, City Planners. In 1976, he set up Sphere Iran, a consortium of four specialist consulting firms, and proposed a comprehensive National Environmental Master plan for Iran.[4] In 1992, he created the Research Institute and Library of Iranian Studies (RILIS) where he is the director.[5][6]

Borbor is widely regarded as one of the avant-garde architects of the modern movement in Iran;[7][8] a pioneer of modern urban planning,[9][10] named by some as "father of modern urban planning",[11][12][13][14] and a key figure in the promotion and creation of the High Urban Planning Council (1966, Persian: شورای عالی شهرسازی).[15][16] He was described by Swiss architectural critic Anthony Krafft as "one of the most innovative architects who is perhaps on the way of creating a Persian architectural style of the 20th century";[8] and French architectural critic Michel Ragon defined him as "the architect in search of a modern Iranian architectural style".[7] He has won many competitions and received several international prizes and awards, including the Gold Mercury International from Italy,[17] 50 Outstanding Architects of the World from the Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture,[18] and the Pahlavi Royal Award.[19]

Early life

[edit]
Tehran 1966, Shah of Iran and Queen Farah visit the High Urban Planning Council; present are Hoveyda (Prime Minister), Badi (HUPC Director), Ziya'i (Senator), Iranpour, Borbor (Urban Planning Consultant)

Dariush Borbor was born in April 1934. His father was Gholam Hossein khan Borbor (Persian: غلامحسین خان بوربور), one of the directors of the Iranian branch of the former Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), congressman, ambassador-at-large, and one of the founding members of the Grand Lodge of Iran.[20] Borbor had his primary schooling in Iran. At the age of thirteen, he moved to the United Kingdom for his secondary education, after which he obtained his General Certificate of Education from University of Cambridge (1952), a Bachelor of Architecture (1958) and a Master of Civic Design (1959) both from the University of Liverpool.[21] He then went to specialize in the architecture of hot dry regions at the University of Geneva (1961) under the direction of the French architect and urban planner Eugène Beaudouin.[22]

Career

[edit]
Mashhad 1974, Presentation of the Urban Renewal of Mashhad City Centre to the Shah by Dariush Borbor, Architect-Planner

While working for his PhD, he collaborated concurrently with the Swiss urban planner Professor Arnold Hoechel and the architects Robert Frei and Christian Hunziker on several projects, including the first automatic bowling alleys in Meyrin Commune, Geneva, and Beirut, Lebanon.[5]

In 1961, he returned to Tehran as Deputy Technical Director of Iran-Rah, the largest Construction Co. of its time in Iran. In 1963, he created his own firm under the name of Borbor Consulting Architects, Engineers, City Planners.[23] As President and managing director, he developed and expanded the business to a large multidisciplinary organization with several in-house departments which included: architecture, urban planning, environment, structure, mechanics, electricity and interior design.[2] The firm employed a large number of highly qualified multi-national staff and included branch offices in several major cities in Iran.[5][24]

A few months prior to the 1978 Iranian Islamic Revolution, Borbor moved to Paris, France where he founded the Borbor International Management Consultants (BIMC) to Architects, Engineers, Planners. BIMC offered consultancy services in design, management and documentation to architectural and planning firms.[25] In 1984, he moved to Los Angeles where he was involved in some architectural consultancy and research on Iranian and Persianate subjects.[6]

Borbor returned to Iran in 1991 and established the Research Institute and Library of Iranian Studies (RILIS), a non-profit, non-political, private and independent institution dedicated to the promotion of research in the field of Iranian and Persianate studies with special emphasis on novel and creative research.[5][26][27] He is a Consultant and active contributor to the Encyclopædia Iranica.

Prizes and awards

[edit]
  • 1958, Working Drawing Award, Architects' Journal, London, UK[28]
  • 1959, First Prize, ideas competition for a Liverpool neighbourhood, Department of Civic Design, University of Liverpool, UK[29]
  • 1965, First Prize, design of Persian Pavilion, Los Angeles
  • 1975, Gold Mercury International Award for project management, Rome, Italy[30]
  • 1976, NIOC Award, seaside resort, Mahmoudabad, Caspian coast, Iran
  • 1976, First Prize, 2200-unit shopping mall (Bazaar Reza, Persian: بازار رضا) in Mashhad, Iran[31]
  • 1976, First Prize, monument, Mashhad, Iran.
  • 1977, First Prize, Temple of the Grand Lodge of Iran, Tehran, Iran.[31]
  • 1978, Pahlavi Royal Award, for design, construction and management, 2200-unit shopping mall (Bazaar Reza) in record eleven months[32]
  • 1988, 50 Outstanding Architects of the World, the Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture[33]
  • 2020, Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres)[34]
  • 2021, Dariush Borbor in the EduRank 100 Notable alumni of University of Liverpool.[35]
  • 2022, Dariush Borbor ranked as one of the most influential academic alumni of the University of Liverpool.[36]
  • 2023, University of Liverpool 2023 Alumni Award.

Selected projects and writings

[edit]

Architecture

[edit]
  • 1967, The Ice Palace recreation centre, Pahlavi Avenue, Tehran[37]
  • 1971, Monument Mashhad (demolished in 2010)[38]
  • 1976, Museum and library, Mashhad, Iran[39]

Regional planning

[edit]
  • 1963–1966, Nowshahr-Chalus Regional Plan[40]
  • 1964–1965, Caspian Coast Regional Plan[40]
  • 1969–1973, Abadan-Khoramshahr Regional Plan[16]

Urban and landscape design

[edit]
  • 1968, Project for the urban renewal of Mashhad City Centre[41]
  • 1968, Kakhk post-earthquake reconstruction[42]
  • 1976, Bazaar Reza shopping mall, Mashhad[43]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Dariush Borbor, Majlis: Teheran, Iran, University of Liverpool, Google Books, Liverpool, 1958.
  • "The Influence of Persian Gardens on Islamic Decoration", Architecture Formes Fonctions, vol. 14, ed. Anthony Krafft, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1968, pp. 84–91.[44]
  • D.Bourbour [Borbor], Projet de Rénovation de Haram Hazrat-e-Reza à Meched, A.A. Honar va Me'mari, Tehran, 1972.
  • "Iran", The Encyclopedia of Urban Planning, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, pp. 553–567.[12]
  • "The Influence of Wine Culture in Iranian Architecture and the Region", Wine Culture in Iran and Beyond, Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenchaften (ÖAW) / Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 2014, pp.  259–275.[45]
  • Dariush Borbor, Dariush Borbor Compendium of Articles, Presentations and Interviews 1954-2018, Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Tehran, 2018.
  • Dariush Borbor, Analytical Comparative Etymological Dictionary of Reduplication in the Major Languages of the Middle East and Iran, Oxford, 2023.
[edit]
  • 1953, "Flowers", Aquarelle (30 x 22 cm.) by Dariush Borbor
    1953, "Flowers", Aquarelle (30 x 22 cm.) by Dariush Borbor
  • 1957, "Lovers, Black and White in Unity" oil on canvas (60 cm. x 46 cm.) by Dariush Borbor, presented to Nelson Mandela in 2007 by the artist on the 50th anniversary of the painting
    1957, "Lovers, Black and White in Unity" oil on canvas (60 cm. x 46 cm.) by Dariush Borbor, presented to Nelson Mandela in 2007 by the artist on the 50th anniversary of the painting

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ASPS Newsletter, no. 37, Fall 2016, pp. 6–7" (PDF).
  2. ^ a b "Dariush Borbor". Caoi.ir. September 23, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  3. ^ "20 Years of Iran and the Caucasus: A Breakthrough International Conference Dedicated to the 20th Anniversary of IRAN AND THE CAUCASUS". "China-Eurasia" Council for Political and Strategic Research. October 16, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  4. ^ "داریوش بوربور – دانشنامه مشهد". Mashhadenc.ir. June 20, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d "اخبار > داریوش بوربور ، چهره ماندگار در معماری ایران". Architects.ir. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  6. ^ a b mashhadenc (June 20, 2014). "داریوش بوربور – دانشنامه مشهد". Mashhadenc.ir. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  7. ^ a b Michel Ragon, Histoire Mondiale de l'Architecture et de l'Urbanisme Modernes, vol. 2, Casterman, Paris, 1972, p. 356.
  8. ^ a b Architecture: formes + fonctions. November 10, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  9. ^ The Diplomat. January 23, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  10. ^ Shams, Alex (September 12, 2016). "Iranians are heading to the beach in record numbers". Slate.com. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  11. ^ Behnegarsoft.com (September 24, 2014). "IBNA – International Congress of Iranologists in Montreal reviewed". Iran's Book News Agency (IBNA). Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Abstracts and Bios – Forum for the Cultural Studies of Iran". forumfortheculturalstudiesofiran.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  13. ^ "Biography, Dr. Dariush Borbor", From Persepolis to Isfahan: Safeguarding Cultural Heritage, Programme, Iran Heritage Foundation (IHF), London, January 16-18m 2015, p. 14.
  14. ^ "داریوش بوربور". Ammi.ir. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  15. ^ "Modeling Tehran – Majalla Magazine". Majalla Magazine. August 24, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  16. ^ a b "Dariush Borbor", Encyclopedia of Urban Planning, ed. Arnold Whittick, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, p. viii.
  17. ^ "Borbor Consulting Architects Presented with, Tehran Journal, Tehran, December 22, 1976, p. 2.
  18. ^ Karolina Udovički; Aca Arsenijević; Milan Bosnić; Milan Kopanja; Ivica Mladenović, Drugi beogradski trijenale svetske arhitekture: [50 istaknutih arhitekata sveta] = The Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture: [50 outstanding architects of the world]: Beogradski sajam, hala 2, 4–12 juni/June 1988, Savez arhitekata, Beogard, 1988.
  19. ^ "Design Prize", Tehran Journal, Tehran, September 7, 1976, p. 3.
  20. ^ H.M. Zavosh, Dowlatmardān Iran va Sāxtār-e Nehādhā dar Dowrān-e Pahlavi, Našr-e 󠅡Ešāra, Tehran, 1370/2001, p. 102; Ghobad Fakhimi, Sī Sāl Naft-e Iran: Az Mellī Šodan tā Enqelāb Eslāmī, vol. 1, Mehrandīš, 1378/2009, p. 38;
  21. ^ Iran Who's who, 3rd edition, Echo of Iran, Tehran, 1976, p. 113.
  22. ^ "داریوش بوربور – دانشنامه مشهد". دانشنامه مشهد (in Persian). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  23. ^ "پروفایل اتووود شرکت بوربور مهندسین مشاور". Etoood.com. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  24. ^ "Archived copy". maskangp.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "Architects". architects.ir. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  26. ^ "معمار خطوط آزاد | جدید آنلاین". Jadidonline.com (in Persian). July 20, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  27. ^ "Fall 2016 Newsletter" (PDF). Persianatesocieties.org. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  28. ^ "This years' competition winners", The Architects' Journal, July 25, 1957, p. 130.
  29. ^ "Liverpool Reconstruction Scheme", The Town Planning Review, vol. XXX, no. 1, Liverpool University Press, April 1959, Liverpool, plates 2–3.
  30. ^ "Borbor Consulting Architects Presented with International Gold Mercury Award from Italy", Tehran Journal, Tehran, December 22, 1976, p. 2.
  31. ^ a b "Iranian Studies Directory – Association for Iranian Studies". associationforiranianstudies.org. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  32. ^ "Design Prize", Tehran Journal, Tehran, September 7, 1976, p. 3.
  33. ^ Karolina Udovički; Aca Arsenijević; Milan Bosnić; Milan Kopanja; Ivica Mladenović, Drugi beogradski trijenale svetske arhitekture: [50 istaknutih arhitekata sveta] = The Second Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture: [50 outstanding architects of the world]: Beogradski sajam, hala 2, 4–12 juni/June 1988, Savez arhitekata, Beogard, 1988.
  34. ^ https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Organisation/Conseil-de-l-Ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres/Arretes-de-Nominations-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres/Nomination-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres-ete-2020.[permanent dead link]
  35. ^ https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-liverpool/alumn[permanent dead link]i/
  36. ^ https://academicinfluence.com/schools/university-liverpoo[permanent dead link]l/
  37. ^ Kayhan International, May 15, 1967, p. 2.
  38. ^ Leila Aminian (March 3, 2007). ""Meydan-e panzdah khordad Mashhad takhrib shod"". Iran Architecture & Urbanism News Agency. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  39. ^ "Museum and Library for Islamic Art and Books – Mashhad, Iran", Architecture Contemporaine, vol. 5, Editions Anthony Krafft, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1983, pp. 225–228.
  40. ^ a b "NOWŠAHR – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  41. ^ "Has Religion a Future", The Architectural Review, the Architectural Press, London, March 1970, p. 189; https://www.architectural-review.com/rethink/campaigns/manplan/manplan-5-religion-part-iii-has-religion-a-future/10004748.article, Encyclopedia of Urban Planning|editor=Arnold Whittick|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|year=1974|pages=565–67
  42. ^ Kayhan International, November 14, 1968, p. 3.
  43. ^ "Mashad Commercial Center". Archnet.org. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  44. ^ "Find Free PDF ebooks and download online". Mediabokslut.se. Retrieved June 17, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  45. ^ "Wine culture in Iran and neighbouring countries". May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
[edit]
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