Northern fur seal: Difference between revisions

Northern fur seal
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Clade:	Pinnipedia
Family:	Otariidae
Subfamily:	Arctocephalinae
Genus:	Callorhinus
Species:	C. ursinus
Binomial name
	Callorhinus ursinus; (Linnaeus, 1758)
breeding colonies	non-breeding population
Synonyms
	Phoca ursina Linnaeus, 1758

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The northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) is an eared seal found along the north Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk. It is the largest member of the fur seal subfamily (Arctocephalinae) and the only living species in the genus Callorhinus.^[3] A single fossil species, Callorhinus gilmorei, is known from the Pliocene of Japan and western North America.^[4]

Description

Northern fur seals have extreme sexual dimorphism, with males being 30–40% longer and more than 4.5 times heavier than adult females.^[1] The head is foreshortened in both sexes because of the very short, down-curved muzzle, and small nose, which extends slightly beyond the mouth in females and moderately in males. The pelage is thick and luxuriant, with a dense underfur in a creamy color. The underfur is obscured by the longer guard hairs, although it is partially visible when the animals are wet. Features of both fore and hind flippers are unique and diagnostic of the species. Fur is absent on the top of the fore flippers and an abrupt "clean line" is seen across the wrist where the fur ends.^[5] The hind flippers are proportionately the longest in any otariid because of extremely long, cartilaginous extensions on all of the toes.^[5] Small claws are on digits 2–4, well back from the flap-like end of each digit. The ear pinnae are long and conspicuous, and naked of dark fur at the tips in older animals. The mystacial vibrissae can be very long, and regularly extend beyond the ears. Adults have all white vibrissae, juveniles and subadults have a mixture of white and black vibrissae, including some that have dark bases and white ends, and pups and yearlings have all black vibrissae. The eyes are proportionately large and conspicuous, especially on females, subadults, and juveniles.^[6]

Adult males are stocky in build, and have enlarged (thick and wide) necks. A mane of coarse, longer guard hairs extends from the lower neck to the shoulders.^[5] and covers the nape, neck, chest, and upper back. While the skulls of adult males are large and robust for their overall size, their heads appear short because of the combination of a short muzzle, and the backs of the head behind the ear pinnae being obscured by the enlarged necks. Adult males have abrupt foreheads formed by the elevation of the crown from development of the sagittal crests, and thicker fur of the mane on the top of their heads.^[7]

Canine teeth are much longer and have a greater diameter in adult males than those found on adult females, and this relationship holds to a lesser extent at all ages.

Adult females, subadults, and juveniles are moderate in build. Distinguishing the sexes is difficult until about age five. The body is modest in size and the neck, chest, and shoulders are sized in proportion with the torso. Adult females and subadults have more complex and variable coloration than adult males. They are dark silver-gray to charcoal above. The flanks, chest, sides, and underside of the neck, often forming a chevron pattern in this area, are cream to tan with rusty tones. Variable cream to rust-colored areas are on the sides and top of the muzzle, chin, and as a "brush stroke" running backwards under the eye. In contrast, adult males are medium gray to black, or reddish to dark brown all over. Their manes can have variable amounts of silver-gray or yellowish tinting on the guard hairs. Pups are blackish at birth, with variable oval areas of buff on the sides, in the axillary area, and on the chin and sides of the muzzle. After three to four months, pups molt to the color of adult females and subadults.

Males can be as large as 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) and 270 kg (600 lb). Females can be up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and weigh 50 kg (110 lb) or more. Newborns weigh 5.4–6 kg (12–13 lb), and are 60–65 cm (24–26 in) long.

The teeth are haplodont, i.e. sharp, conical and mostly single-rooted, as is common with carnivorous marine mammals adapted to tearing fish flesh. As with most caniforms, the upper canines are prominent. The dental formula of the adult is 3.1.4.22.1.4.1^[8]

Like other otariids, northern fur seals are built for efficient terrestrial locomotion. Their hind limbs are in a plantigrade stance and are able to rotate under the body for quadrupedal locomotion and support.^[9] When swimming, there are two different types of movement: locomotion and diving. These seals swim primarily with forelimb propulsion due to their physiology. They have flexible joints between vertebrae for better maneuverability in the water as well as "greater muscular leverage" for pectoral strokes.^[10] Stroke patterns are different for different dive types and locomotion, and stroke rates vary for individuals since there's a relationship between maximum stroke rate and body size.^[11]

Distribution and habitat

The northern fur seal is found in the north Pacific – its southernmost reach is a line that runs roughly from the southern tip of Japan to the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Bering Sea.^[12] An estimated 1.1 million northern fur seals occur across the range, of which roughly half breed on the Pribilof Islands in the east Bering Sea. Another 200–250 thousand breed on the Commander Islands in the west Bering Sea, some 100,000 breed on Tyuleniy Island off the coast of Sakhalin in the southwest Sea of Okhotsk, and another 60–70 thousand in the central Kuril Islands in Russia. Smaller rookeries (around 5,000 animals) are found on Bogoslof Island in the Aleutian Chain, San Miguel Island in the Channel Island group and South Farallon Island off the coast of California.^[13]^[14] Recent evidence from stable isotope analysis of Holocene fur seal bone collagen (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) indicates that before the maritime fur trade, it was more common for these animals to breed at local rookeries in British Columbia, California, and likely along much of the northwest coast of North America.^[15]

During the winter, northern fur seals display a net movement southward, with animals from Russian rookeries regularly entering Japanese and Korean waters in the Sea of Japan and Alaskan animals moving along the central and eastern Pacific to British Columbia, Canada and as far south as Baja California.

The northern fur seal's range overlaps almost exactly with that of Steller sea lions; occasional cohabitation occurs at reproductive rookeries, notably in the Kurils, the Commander Islands, and Tyulen'i Islands. The only other fur seal found in the Northern Hemisphere is the Guadalupe fur seal which overlaps slightly with the northern fur seal's range in California.

Ecology

Fur seals are opportunistic feeders, primarily feeding on pelagic fish and squid depending on local availability. Identified fish prey include hake, herring, lantern fish, capelin, pollock, and mackerel.^[12] Their feeding behavior is primarily solitary.

Northern fur seals are preyed upon primarily by sharks and killer whales.^[12] Occasionally, very young animals are eaten by Steller sea lions.^[12] Occasional predation on live pups by Arctic foxes has also been observed.

Due to very high densities of pups on reproductive rookeries and the early age at which mothers begin their foraging trips, mortality can be relatively high. Consequently, pup carcasses are important in enriching the diet of many scavengers, in particular gulls and Arctic foxes.

In 2017, 14 samples of spiny lice were collected off of the nasal passage of fur seal puppies. In 2021, these spiny lice were identified as having unique bristle arrangements, and were given the scientific name Antarctophthirus nevelskoyi. They were named after the famous Russian explorer, Admiral Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky.^[16]

Reproductive behavior

Seals enter breeding rookeries in May. Generally, older males (10 years and older) return first and compete for prime breeding spots on the rookeries. They remain on the rookery, fasting throughout the duration of the breeding season.^[12] The females come somewhat later, and give birth shortly thereafter. Like all other otariids, northern fur seals are polygynous, with some males breeding with up to 50 females in a single breeding season. Unlike Steller sea lions, with which they share habitat and some breeding sites, northern fur seals are possessive of individual females in their harem, often aggressively competing with neighboring males for females.^[17] Deaths of females as a consequence of these conflicts have been recorded, though the males themselves are rarely seriously injured.^[17] Young males unable to acquire and maintain a territory of a harem typically aggregate in neighboring "haulouts", occasionally making incursions into the reproductive sections of the rookery in an attempt to displace an older male.

After remaining with their pups for the first eight to ten days of their lives, females begin foraging trips lasting up to a week. These trips last for about four months before weaning, which happens abruptly, typically in October. Most of the animals on a rookery enter the water and disperse towards the end of November, typically migrating southward. Breeding site fidelity is generally high for fur seal females, though young males might disperse to other existing rookeries, or occasionally find new haulouts.^[17]

Peak mating occurs somewhat later than peak birthing from late June to late July. As with many other otariids, the fertilized egg undergoes delayed implantation: after the blastocyst stage occurs, development halts and implantation occurs four months after fertilization. In total, gestation lasts around a year, such that the pups born in a given summer are the product of the previous year's breeding cycle.

Status

Recently, concern about the status of fur seal populations has increased, particularly in the Pribilof Islands, where pup production has decreased about 50% since the 1970s, with a continuing drop of about 6–7% per year. This has caused them to be listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List, and more specifically, the Pribilof Islands / eastern Pacific stock is listed as "depleted" under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act, though to date the species is not yet listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act). Increasing concern about the species' status, particularly in the eastern part of its range, has led to an intensified research program into their behavioral and foraging ecology. Possible causes for recent declines and lack of recovery are increased predation by killer whales, competition with fisheries, and climate change effects, but to date, no scientific consensus has been reached.

Fur trade

Northern fur seals have been a staple food of native northeast Asian and Alaska Native peoples for thousands of years. The arrival of Europeans to Kamchatka and Alaska in the 17th and 18th centuries, first from Russia and later from North America, was followed by a highly extractive commercial fur trade. The commercial fur trade was accelerated in 1786, when Gavriil Pribylov discovered St. George Island, a key rookery of the seals. An estimated 2.5 million seals were killed from 1786 to 1867. This trade led to a decline in fur seal numbers. Restrictions were first placed on fur seal harvest on the Pribilof Islands by the Russians in 1834. Shortly after the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, the U.S. Treasury was authorized to lease sealing privileges on the Pribilofs, which were granted somewhat liberally to the Alaska Commercial Company. From 1870 to 1909, pelagic sealing proceeded to take a significant toll on the fur seal population, such that the Pribilof population, historically numbering on the order of millions of individuals, reached a low of 216,000 animals in 1912.

Significant harvest was more or less arrested with the signing of the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 by Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), Japan, Russia, and the United States. The Convention of 1911 remained in force until the onset of hostilities among the signatories during World War II, and is also notable as the first international treaty to address the conservation of wildlife.^[18] A successive convention was signed in 1957 and amended by a protocol in 1963. "The international convention was put into effect domestically by the Fur Seal Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-702)", said an Interior Department review of the history.^[19] Currently, a subsistence hunt by the residents of St. Paul Island and an insignificant harvest in Russia are allowed.

References

^ ^a ^b Gelatt, T.; Ream, R.; Johnson, D. (2015). "Callorhinus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T3590A45224953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T3590A45224953.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. p. 37. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 592. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c Randall R. Reeves; Brent S. Stewart; Phillip J. Clapham; James A. Powell (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
^ "Learn More About Northern Fur Seals". The Marine Mammal Center. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
^ "Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Species Profile". State of Alaska · Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
^ Chiasson, B. (August 1957). "The Dentition of the Alaskan Fur Seal". Journal of Mammalogy. 38 (3): 310–319. doi:10.2307/1376230. JSTOR 1376230.
^ Deméré, Thomas A.; Yonas, Joshua H. (2009). "Locomotion, Terrestrial". Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. pp. 672–673. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-9.00154-1. ISBN 9780123735539.
^ Pierce, S.E. (June 2011). "Comparative axial morphology in pinnipeds and its correlation with aquatic locomotory behaviour". Journal of Anatomy. 219 (4): 502–514. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01406.x. PMC 3196755. PMID 21668895.
^ Insley, S.J. (January 2008). "Acoustic determination of activity and flipper stroke rate in foraging northern fur seal females" (PDF). Endangered Species Research. 4: 147–155. doi:10.3354/esr00050.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Waerebeek, K. V., Wursi, B. "Northern Fur Sea Callorhinus ursinus" pp. 788–91 of Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (edited by Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B and J. G.M. Thewissen), Academic Press; 2nd edition, (2008)
^ Ream, R.; Burkanov, V. (2005). "Trends in abundance of Steller sea lions and northern fur seals across the North Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Vladivostok, Russia: PICES XIV Annual Meeting.
^ Lee, Derek E.; Berger, Ryan W.; Tietz, James R.; Warzybok, Pete; Bradley, Russell W.; Orr, Anthony J.; Towell, Rodney G.; Jahncke, Jaime (2018). "Initial growth of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) colonies at the South Farallon, San Miguel, and Bogoslof Islands". Journal of Mammalogy. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy131. S2CID 109546688.
^ Szpak, Paul; Orchard, Trevor J.; Grocke, Darren R. (2009). "A Late Holocene vertebrate food web from southern Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (12): 2734–2741. Bibcode:2009JArSc..36.2734S. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.08.013.
^ Shchelkanov, M. Y.; Shchelkanov, E. M.; Moskvina, T.V. (2021). "Antarctophthirus nevelskoyi n.sp. (Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) - a new species-parasite of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus L., 1758) on the island of Seals (Sea of Okhotsk, Russia)". South of Russia: Ecology, Development. 16 (2). doi:10.18470/1992-1098-2021-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c R. Gentry: Behavior and Ecology of the Northern Fur Seal. Princeton University Press, 1998 ISBN 0-691-03345-5
^ "North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
^ Baker, R.C., F. Wilke, C.H. Baltzo, 1970. The northern fur seal, U.S. Dep. Int., Fish and Wildlife Service, Circ. 336, overall quote pp. 2–4, 14–17. Quoted on 4th p. of PDF, in "Fisheries Management: An Historical Overview" by Clinton E. Atkinson; p. 114 of Marine Fisheries Review 50(4) 1988.

External links

ARKive - images and movies of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)
NOAA's National Marine Mammal Laboratory northern fur seal research program
Georg Steller's original description of the "Sea Bear" in De Bestiis Marinis (1751)
Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals: Callorhinus ursinus

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-1] Gelatt, T.; Ream, R.; Johnson, D. (2015). "Callorhinus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T3590A45224953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T3590A45224953.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[2] Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. p. 37. Retrieved 23 November 2012.

[MSW3-3] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 592. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Berta2012-4] Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.

[Audubon-5] Randall R. Reeves; Brent S. Stewart; Phillip J. Clapham; James A. Powell (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.

[6] "Learn More About Northern Fur Seals". The Marine Mammal Center. Retrieved 7 May 2021.

[7] "Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Species Profile". State of Alaska · Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 7 May 2021.

[8] Chiasson, B. (August 1957). "The Dentition of the Alaskan Fur Seal". Journal of Mammalogy. 38 (3): 310–319. doi:10.2307/1376230. JSTOR 1376230.

[9] Deméré, Thomas A.; Yonas, Joshua H. (2009). "Locomotion, Terrestrial". Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. pp. 672–673. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-9.00154-1. ISBN 9780123735539.

[10] Pierce, S.E. (June 2011). "Comparative axial morphology in pinnipeds and its correlation with aquatic locomotory behaviour". Journal of Anatomy. 219 (4): 502–514. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01406.x. PMC 3196755. PMID 21668895.

[11] Insley, S.J. (January 2008). "Acoustic determination of activity and flipper stroke rate in foraging northern fur seal females" (PDF). Endangered Species Research. 4: 147–155. doi:10.3354/esr00050.

[Perrin-12] Waerebeek, K. V., Wursi, B. "Northern Fur Sea Callorhinus ursinus" pp. 788–91 of Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (edited by Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B and J. G.M. Thewissen), Academic Press; 2nd edition, (2008)

[13] Ream, R.; Burkanov, V. (2005). "Trends in abundance of Steller sea lions and northern fur seals across the North Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Vladivostok, Russia: PICES XIV Annual Meeting.

[14] Lee, Derek E.; Berger, Ryan W.; Tietz, James R.; Warzybok, Pete; Bradley, Russell W.; Orr, Anthony J.; Towell, Rodney G.; Jahncke, Jaime (2018). "Initial growth of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) colonies at the South Farallon, San Miguel, and Bogoslof Islands". Journal of Mammalogy. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy131. S2CID 109546688.

[15] Szpak, Paul; Orchard, Trevor J.; Grocke, Darren R. (2009). "A Late Holocene vertebrate food web from southern Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (12): 2734–2741. Bibcode:2009JArSc..36.2734S. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.08.013.

[lice-16] Shchelkanov, M. Y.; Shchelkanov, E. M.; Moskvina, T.V. (2021). "Antarctophthirus nevelskoyi n.sp. (Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) - a new species-parasite of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus L., 1758) on the island of Seals (Sea of Okhotsk, Russia)". South of Russia: Ecology, Development. 16 (2). doi:10.18470/1992-1098-2021-2.

[Gentry1998-17] R. Gentry: Behavior and Ecology of the Northern Fur Seal. Princeton University Press, 1998 ISBN 0-691-03345-5

[NOAA-18] "North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

[19] Baker, R.C., F. Wilke, C.H. Baltzo, 1970. The northern fur seal, U.S. Dep. Int., Fish and Wildlife Service, Circ. 336, overall quote pp. 2–4, 14–17. Quoted on 4th p. of PDF, in "Fisheries Management: An Historical Overview" by Clinton E. Atkinson; p. 114 of Marine Fisheries Review 50(4) 1988.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Largest fur seal in the northern hemisphere}}
+{{Short description|Only fur seal in the northern hemisphere}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
 {{speciesbox
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ==Description==
-Northern fur seals have extreme [[sexual dimorphism]], with males being 30–40% longer and more than 4.5 times heavier than adult females.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> The head is foreshortened in both sexes because of the very short, down-curved muzzle, and small nose, which extends slightly beyond the mouth in females and moderately in males. The [[pelage]] is thick and luxuriant, with a dense underfur in a creamy color. The underfur is obscured by the longer guard hairs, although it is partially visible when the animals are wet. Features of both fore and hind flippers are unique and diagnostic of the species. Fur is absent on the top of the fore flippers and an abrupt "clean line" is seen across the wrist where the fur ends.<ref name=Audubon>{{RefAudubonMarineMammals}}</ref> The hind flippers are proportionately the longest in any otariid because of extremely long, [[cartilaginous]] extensions on all of the toes.<ref name=Audubon/> Small claws are on digits 2–4, well back from the flap-like end of each digit. The ear [[pinna (anatomy)|pinna]]e are long and conspicuous, and naked of dark fur at the tips in older animals. The mystacial [[vibrissa]]e can be very long, and regularly extend beyond the ears. Adults have all white vibrissae, juveniles and subadults have a mixture of white and black vibrissae, including some that have dark bases and white ends, and pups and yearlings have all black vibrissae. The eyes are proportionately large and conspicuous, especially on females, subadults, and juveniles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn More About Northern Fur Seals |url=https://www.marinemammalcenter.org/animal-care/learn-about-marine-mammals/pinnipeds/northern-fur-seal |archive-date=2021-05-07 |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=The Marine Mammal Center }}</ref>
+Northern fur seals have extreme [[sexual dimorphism]], with males being 30–40% longer and more than 4.5 times heavier than adult females.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> The head is foreshortened in both sexes because of the very short, down-curved muzzle, and small nose, which extends slightly beyond the mouth in females and moderately in males. The [[pelage]] is thick and luxuriant, with a dense underfur in a creamy color. The underfur is obscured by the longer guard hairs, although it is partially visible when the animals are wet. Features of both fore and hind flippers are unique and diagnostic of the species. Fur is absent on the top of the fore flippers and an abrupt "clean line" is seen across the wrist where the fur ends.<ref name=Audubon>{{RefAudubonMarineMammals}}</ref> The hind flippers are proportionately the longest in any otariid because of extremely long, [[cartilaginous]] extensions on all of the toes.<ref name=Audubon/> Small claws are on digits 2–4, well back from the flap-like end of each digit. The ear [[pinna (anatomy)|pinna]]e are long and conspicuous, and naked of dark fur at the tips in older animals. The mystacial [[vibrissa]]e can be very long, and regularly extend beyond the ears. Adults have all white vibrissae, juveniles and subadults have a mixture of white and black vibrissae, including some that have dark bases and white ends, and pups and yearlings have all black vibrissae. The eyes are proportionately large and conspicuous, especially on females, subadults, and juveniles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn More About Northern Fur Seals |url=https://www.marinemammalcenter.org/animal-care/learn-about-marine-mammals/pinnipeds/northern-fur-seal |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=The Marine Mammal Center }}</ref>
-Adult males are stocky in build, and have enlarged (thick and wide) necks. A mane of coarse, longer guard hairs extends from the lower neck to the shoulders.<ref name=Audubon/> and covers the nape, neck, chest, and upper back. While the skulls of adult males are large and robust for their overall size, their heads appear short because of the combination of a short muzzle, and the backs of the head behind the ear pinnae being obscured by the enlarged necks. Adult males have abrupt foreheads formed by the elevation of the crown from development of the [[sagittal]] crests, and thicker fur of the mane on the top of their heads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Species Profile |url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=northernfurseal.main |archive-date=2021-05-07 |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=State of Alaska · Department of Fish and Game}}</ref>
+Adult males are stocky in build, and have enlarged (thick and wide) necks. A mane of coarse, longer guard hairs extends from the lower neck to the shoulders.<ref name=Audubon/> and covers the nape, neck, chest, and upper back. While the skulls of adult males are large and robust for their overall size, their heads appear short because of the combination of a short muzzle, and the backs of the head behind the ear pinnae being obscured by the enlarged necks. Adult males have abrupt foreheads formed by the elevation of the crown from development of the [[sagittal]] crests, and thicker fur of the mane on the top of their heads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Species Profile |url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=northernfurseal.main |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=State of Alaska · Department of Fish and Game}}</ref>
 [[Canine teeth]] are much longer and have a greater diameter in adult males than those found on adult females, and this relationship holds to a lesser extent at all ages.
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 Adult females, subadults, and juveniles are moderate in build. Distinguishing the sexes is difficult until about age five. The body is modest in size and the neck, chest, and shoulders are sized in proportion with the torso. Adult females and subadults have more complex and variable coloration than adult males. They are dark silver-gray to charcoal above. The flanks, chest, sides, and underside of the neck, often forming a chevron pattern in this area, are cream to tan with rusty tones. Variable cream to rust-colored areas are on the sides and top of the muzzle, chin, and as a "brush stroke" running backwards under the eye. In contrast, adult males are medium gray to black, or reddish to dark brown all over. Their manes can have variable amounts of silver-gray or yellowish tinting on the guard hairs. Pups are blackish at birth, with variable oval areas of buff on the sides, in the axillary area, and on the chin and sides of the muzzle. After three to four months, pups molt to the color of adult females and subadults.
-Males can be as large as 2.1 m and 270&nbsp;kg. Females can be up to 1.5 m and weigh 50&nbsp;kg or more. Newborns weigh 5.4–6&nbsp;kg, and are 60–65&nbsp;cm long.
+Males can be as large as {{cvt|2.1|m}} and {{cvt|270|kg}}. Females can be up to {{cvt|1.5|m}} and weigh {{cvt|50|kg}} or more. Newborns weigh {{cvt|5.4|–|6|kg}}, and are {{cvt|60|–|65|cm}} long.
 [[Image:Callorhinus ursinus (northern fur seal) skull 5 (33777293428).jpg|thumb|The skull]]
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
  | url = http://www.pices.int/publications/presentations/PICES_14/S3/Ream.pdf
  }}
-</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Derek E.|last2=Berger|first2=Ryan W.|last3=Tietz|first3=James R.|last4=Warzybok|first4=Pete|last5=Bradley|first5=Russell W.|last6=Orr|first6=Anthony J.|last7=Towell|first7=Rodney G.|last8=Jahncke|first8=Jaime|s2cid=109546688|title=Initial growth of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) colonies at the South Farallon, San Miguel, and Bogoslof Islands|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|language=en|doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyy131|year=2018|doi-access=free}}</ref> Recent evidence from stable isotope analysis of Holocene fur seal bone collagen (δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N) indicates that before the [[maritime fur trade]], it was more common for these animals to breed at local rookeries in British Columbia, California, and likely along much of the northwest coast of North America.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Szpak |first=Paul |author2=Orchard, Trevor J. |author3=Grocke, Darren R. |year=2009 |title=A Late Holocene vertebrate food web from southern Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia) |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=2734–2741 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.08.013 |url=https://uwo.academia.edu/PaulSzpak/Papers/156301/A-Late-Holocene-vertebrate-food-web-from-southern-Haida-Gwaii--Queen-Charlotte-Islands--British-Columbia- }}</ref>
+</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Derek E.|last2=Berger|first2=Ryan W.|last3=Tietz|first3=James R.|last4=Warzybok|first4=Pete|last5=Bradley|first5=Russell W.|last6=Orr|first6=Anthony J.|last7=Towell|first7=Rodney G.|last8=Jahncke|first8=Jaime|s2cid=109546688|title=Initial growth of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) colonies at the South Farallon, San Miguel, and Bogoslof Islands|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|language=en|doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyy131|year=2018|doi-access=free}}</ref> Recent evidence from stable isotope analysis of Holocene fur seal bone collagen (δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N) indicates that before the [[maritime fur trade]], it was more common for these animals to breed at local rookeries in British Columbia, California, and likely along much of the northwest coast of North America.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Szpak |first=Paul |author2=Orchard, Trevor J. |author3=Grocke, Darren R. |year=2009 |title=A Late Holocene vertebrate food web from southern Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia) |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=2734–2741 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.08.013 |bibcode=2009JArSc..36.2734S |url=https://uwo.academia.edu/PaulSzpak/Papers/156301/A-Late-Holocene-vertebrate-food-web-from-southern-Haida-Gwaii--Queen-Charlotte-Islands--British-Columbia- }}</ref>
 During the winter, northern fur seals display a net movement southward, with animals from Russian rookeries regularly entering Japanese and Korean waters in the Sea of Japan and Alaskan animals moving along the central and eastern Pacific to [[British Columbia, Canada]] and as far south as Baja California.
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 Due to very high densities of pups on reproductive rookeries and the early age at which mothers begin their foraging trips, mortality can be relatively high. Consequently, pup carcasses are important in enriching the diet of many scavengers, in particular [[gulls]] and Arctic foxes.
+In 2017, 14 samples of [[Echinophthiriidae|spiny lice]] were collected off of the [[nasal passage]] of fur seal puppies.  In 2021, these spiny lice were identified as having unique bristle arrangements, and were given the scientific name ''Antarctophthirus nevelskoyi''.  They were named after the famous [[Russia]]n explorer, Admiral Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky.<ref name="lice">{{cite journal|last1=Shchelkanov|first1=M. Y.|last2=Shchelkanov|first2=E. M.|last3=Moskvina|first3=T.V. |title=Antarctophthirus nevelskoyi n.sp. (Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) - a new species-parasite of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus L., 1758) on the island of Seals (Sea of Okhotsk, Russia)|journal=South of Russia: Ecology, Development|date=2021|volume=16|issue=2|doi=10.18470/1992-1098-2021-2|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 ==Reproductive behavior==
 [[Image:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|thumb|left|Male and [[Harem (zoology)|harem]]]]
-Seals enter breeding [[rookeries]] in May. Generally, older males (10 years and older) return first and compete for prime breeding spots on the rookeries. They remain on the rookery, fasting throughout the duration of the breeding season.<ref name=Perrin/> The females come somewhat later, and give birth shortly thereafter. Like all other otariids, northern fur seals are polygynous, with some males breeding with up to 50 females in a single breeding season. Unlike Steller sea lions, with which they share habitat and some breeding sites, northern fur seals are possessive of individual females in their [[Harem (zoology)|harem]], often aggressively competing with neighboring males for females.<ref name=Gentry1998>R. Gentry: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=91MABAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Behavior and Ecology of the Northern Fur Seal].'' Princeton University Press, 1998 {{ISBN|0-691-03345-5}}</ref> Deaths of females as a consequence of these conflicts have been recorded, though the males themselves are rarely seriously injured.<ref name=Gentry1998/> Young males unable to acquire and maintain a territory of a harem typically aggregate in neighboring "[[hauling-out|haulouts]]", occasionally making incursions into the reproductive sections of the rookery in an attempt to displace an older male.
+Seals enter breeding [[rookeries]] in May. Generally, older males (10 years and older) return first and compete for prime breeding spots on the rookeries. They remain on the rookery, fasting throughout the duration of the breeding season.<ref name=Perrin/> The females come somewhat later, and give birth shortly thereafter. Like all other otariids, northern fur seals are polygynous, with some males breeding with up to 50 females in a single breeding season. Unlike Steller sea lions, with which they share habitat and some breeding sites, northern fur seals are possessive of individual females in their [[Harem (zoology)|harem]], often aggressively competing with neighboring males for females.<ref name=Gentry1998>R. Gentry: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=91MABAAAQBAJ Behavior and Ecology of the Northern Fur Seal].'' Princeton University Press, 1998 {{ISBN|0-691-03345-5}}</ref> Deaths of females as a consequence of these conflicts have been recorded, though the males themselves are rarely seriously injured.<ref name=Gentry1998/> Young males unable to acquire and maintain a territory of a harem typically aggregate in neighboring "[[hauling-out|haulouts]]", occasionally making incursions into the reproductive sections of the rookery in an attempt to displace an older male.
 [[Image:CuRRnfursealpups.jpg|thumb|Northern fur seal pups]]
@@ Line 82: / Line 84: @@
 ==Status==
 [[File:Orca feeding at Bogoslof Island.jpg|thumb|An orca feeding on a Northern fur seal]]
-Recently, concern about the status of fur seal populations has increased, particularly in the Pribilof Islands, where pup production has decreased about 50% since the 1970s, with a continuing drop of about 6–7% per year. This has caused them to be listed as "vulnerable" under the U.S. [[Endangered Species Act]], and has led to an intensified research program into their behavioral and foraging ecology. Possible causes are increased [[predation]] by killer whales, competition with [[fisheries]], and [[climate change]] effects, but to date, no scientific consensus has been reached. The IUCN (2008) lists the species as globally threatened under the category "vulnerable".
+Recently, concern about the status of fur seal populations has increased, particularly in the Pribilof Islands, where pup production has decreased about 50% since the 1970s, with a continuing drop of about 6–7% per year. This has caused them to be listed as "vulnerable" on the [[IUCN Red List]], and more specifically, the Pribilof Islands / eastern Pacific stock is listed as "depleted" under the U.S. [[Marine Mammal Protection Act]], though to date the species is not yet listed under the U.S. [[Endangered Species Act]]). Increasing concern about the species' status, particularly in the eastern part of its range, has led to an intensified research program into their behavioral and foraging ecology. Possible causes for recent declines and lack of recovery are increased [[predation]] by killer whales, competition with [[fisheries]], and [[climate change]] effects, but to date, no scientific consensus has been reached.
 ===Fur trade===
@@ Line 110: / Line 112: @@
 *[http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=28 Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals: Callorhinus ursinus]
+{{Carnivora|C1.}}
 {{Pan-Pinnipedia|O.|state=autocollapse}}
-{{Carnivora|C1.}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q7966}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 119: / Line 120: @@
 [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
 [[Category:Pinnipeds of the Arctic Ocean]]
-[[Category:Arctocephalinae]]
+[[Category:Callorhinus]]
 [[Category:Pinnipeds of North America]]
 [[Category:Pinnipeds of Asia]]

Authority control databases
National	United States Israel
Other	NARA