Patricia Banks Edmiston: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|African-American flight attendant (born 1937)}} |
{{Short description|African-American flight attendant (born 1937)}} |
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'''Patricia Noisette Banks |
'''Patricia Noisette Banks Edmiston''' (born April 27, 1937)<ref name=":CBS">{{Cite web |last=Westbrook |first=Elijah |date=February 16, 2023 |title=Patricia Noisette Banks Edmiston reflects on being one of the first Black commercial airline flight attendants |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/patricia-noisette-banks-edmiston-reflects-on-being-one-of-the-first-black-commercial-airline-flight-attendants/ |access-date=June 30, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> is an American who was one of the first [[African Americans|Black]] [[flight attendant|flight attendants]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 10, 1960 |title=Order Airline To Hire Negro Stewardess |pages=289 |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-order-airline-to-hire-negro-s/127346730/ |access-date=June 30, 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> She combated [[Discrimination in the United States|discriminatory practices in the United States]] by initiating a [[legal action]] against [[Capital Airlines (United States)|Capital Airlines]] (merged into [[United Airlines]] in 1961) via the [[New York State Commission Against Discrimination]]. She won the case which lead to the start of more airlines employing Black women. |
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Following her employment as a flight attendant, Banks Edmiston went on to work various roles in the [[substance abuse prevention]] industry. She continued her education and received a [[bachelor's degree]] from [[Empire State University|Empire State College]]. She served on the board of the Black Flight Attendants of America, and in 2010 was accepted into the Black Aviation Hall of Fame. |
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==Education and career== |
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== Early life and education == |
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Patricia Noisette Banks was born in [[New York City]] on April 27, 1937 to parents Sadie and Joseph Banks.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Harriette |author-link=Harriette Cole |date=2018-04-26 |title=Patricia Banks Edmiston's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/patricia-banks-edmiston |access-date=July 19, 2023 |website=[[The HistoryMakers]] |language=en}}</ref> She graduated from [[Aquinas High School (New York)|Aquinas High School]] in 1955.<ref name=":3" /> Banks Edmiston attended [[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College]] for a year to study psychology.<ref name=":CBS" /> While attending Queens College, she read an article about Grace Downs Air Career School.<ref name=":CBS" /> Banks Emiston knew "African-American people didn't have the opportunity to travel that much," and thought it would be a promising opportunity.<ref name=":CBS" /> She applied and was accepted into Grace Downs Air Career School in 1956.<ref name=":CBS" /><ref name=":3" /> |
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==Career== |
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| ⚫ | After completing her training to be a [[Flight attendant|stewardess]], Banks Edmiston sought employment in various [[airline]] companies. However, she encountered consistent rejections,<ref name=":CBS" /><ref name=":1" /> which was not uncommon for Black women in similar positions at the time.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Kayla |date=2023-09-28 |title=Breaking Barriers in the Sky: The First African American Flight Attendants |url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/african-american-flight-attendants |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=[[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] |language=en}}</ref> She was interviewed by [[Mohawk Airlines]], [[Trans World Airlines]], and [[Capital Airlines (United States)|Capital Airlines]], but was not selected to move forward in the hiring process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2023 |title=The story of pioneering Black flight attendant Patricia Banks-Edmiston |url=https://abc7ny.com/patricia-banks-edmiston-womens-history-month-first-black-flight-stewardess-here-and-now/13030076/ |access-date=June 30, 2023 |website=[[WABC-TV|ABC7 New York]] |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Legal complaint === |
=== Legal complaint === |
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During the screening process for Capital Airlines, Edmiston initially received a rating of "B+" from the chief hostess, which the company considered to be "accepted for future employment", but her application was later nullified at the request of the director of passenger service.<ref name=":1" /> Banks was told by a chief hostess at Capital Airlines that "the company didn't hire black people in flight capacities".<ref name=": |
During the screening process for Capital Airlines, Banks Edmiston initially received a rating of "B+" from the chief hostess, which the company considered to be "accepted for future employment", but her application was later nullified at the request of the director of passenger service.<ref name=":1" /> Banks Edmiston was told by a chief hostess at Capital Airlines that "the company didn't hire black people in flight capacities".<ref name=":CBS" /> At the time, pilots, engineers, and stewardesses were rarely [[African Americans|Black]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=March 10, 1960 |title=SCAD Orders Air Jobs For Negroes |pages=1 |work=[[The Ithaca Journal]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ithaca-journal-scad-orders-air-jobs/127395479/ |access-date=July 1, 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> |
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In 1957, after seeking advice from [[Adam Clayton Powell Jr.]], the only Black Congressman from [[New York (state)|New York]] at the time,<ref name="NYT Remembering">{{Cite web |last=Hicks |first=Jonathan P. |date=2008-11-28 |title=Remembering Adam Clayton Powell Jr. |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/remembering-adam-clayton-powell-jr/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=[[New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Banks Edmiston decided to take legal action against Capital Airlines. She did so by filing a comprehensive 72-page [[complaint]] with the New York State Commission Against Discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patricia Banks collection 1957–1999 |url=https://archives.nypl.org/scm/21889 |access-date=June 30, 2023 |website=The New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=1959-07-15 |title=Negro Girl Charges Airline Refused to Give Here a Job |pages=11 |work=The Oneonta Star |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oneonta-star-negro-girl-charges-airl/133247279/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1959-08-18 |title=Brief Accuses Airline of Bias |pages=411 |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-brief-accuses-airline-of-bias/133249311/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The airline, in its defense, contended that the complaint was null and void due to its age, surpassing the 90-day [[statute of limitations]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=1959-07-18 |title=Queens Girl, Airline, In SCAD Case |pages=1 |work=[[The New York Age]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-age-queens-girl-airline-i/133248031/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Furthermore, they claimed that they did not conduct hiring operations in New York.<ref name=":5" /> They insisted that they do not discriminate and that the reason they refused to hire Banks Edmiston was not because of her race, but rather because of her lack of experience and "because she had a bad tooth".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1959-07-15 |title=Airline Says Age, Not Race, Led to Rejection of Girl |pages=55 |work=[[The Buffalo News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-airline-says-age-not-r/133247590/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In response to the airline's arguments, Banks Edmiston brought to the committee's attention that Capital Airline's discrimination was ongoing, negating the expiration of the statute of limitations.<ref name=":5" /> She also pointed out that the airline regularly recruits and hires from the Grace Downs School in New York,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1960-03-10 |title=Airline Ordered To Employ Negro |pages=7 |work=[[The Buffalo News]] |agency=[[United Press International]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-airline-ordered-to-empl/133247333/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> her alma mater, thereby establishing her qualifications.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=1959-07-18 |title=Queens Girl, Airline, In SCAD Case |pages=5 |work=[[The New York Age]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-age-queens-girl-airline-i/133248058/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Lastly, Banks Edmiston argued that Capital Airlines indeed engaged in discrimination, noting "they have 570 employed hostesses and not one is a [[Negro]]", a pattern that extended to all 1,350 flight-related employees.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> |
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|quote = "The historical weight is beautiful, but I think the most important part is that the barrier was broken. I always said it didn't have to be me, but that it was going to be a Black woman." |
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|author = –Patricia Banks Edmiston<ref name=":CBS" /> |
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| ⚫ | After the three-year legal battle, the Commission ruled in 1960 that the airline had illegally discriminated against Banks Edmiston because of her race and required them to offer her employment.<ref name=":1" /> They also ordered Capital Airlines to "cease and desist from maintaining a policy of barring negroes from employment because of their color, in all flight capacities, including that of flight hostess."<ref name=":2" /> The case has been called a "hallmark legal proceeding that revolutionized the industry",<ref name=":7" /> and is widely credited with leading to the start of other airlines hiring Black women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas Whitfield |first=Chandra |date=March 24, 2016 |title='Stars in the Sky': A History of Black Flight Attendants |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/fly-girls-casey-grant-first-black-flight-attendants-n530256 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Her winning of the case resulted in harassment and violent threats at the time, to the point that Edmiston had to seek law enforcement assistance to safeguard her well-being.<ref name=":7" /> |
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In May 1960, four years after first applying to Capital Airlines, |
In May 1960, four years after first applying to Capital Airlines, Banks Edmiston started her position as a stewardess.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Barry |first=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK3HM7n070YC&q=patricia |title=Femininity in Flight: A History of Flight Attendants |date=February 28, 2007 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-8950-7 |pages=116 |language=en |chapter=4 |author-link=Kathleen Barry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1960-03-31 |title=Capital Airlines to Hire First Negro Stewardess |pages=16 |work=[[The Buffalo News]] |publication-place=Buffalo, New York |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-capital-airlines-to-hir/133247378/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> She was the first African-American stewardess at the airline.<ref name=":2" /> The stress of experiencing racial discrimination while flying in the [[Southern United States]] took a toll on Edmiston.<ref name=":7" /> This, along with the pressure she felt to maintain a flawless record in order to preserve future prospects for other Black flight attendants, caused Edmiston to resign from Capital Airlines in 1961.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /> |
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=== After 1961 === |
=== After 1961 === |
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Banks |
From 1970 to 1972, Banks Edmiston served as a counselor at New York City's Addicts Rehabilitation Center. Following that, she was a program manager at the New York City Manpower Planning Council. Banks Edmiston assumed a role as a program manager within the New York State Office of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Services in 1974. In 1975 she achieved a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in psychology through [[Empire State University|Empire State College]].<ref name=":3" /> |
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[[File:Certificate for the Black Aviation Hall of Fame awarded to Patricia Banks (cropped).jpg|thumb|Edmiston's certificate for induction into the Black Aviation Hall of Fame|upright=1.25]] |
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In 1999, she returned to the Addicts Rehabilitation Center where she acted as a consultant until 2015. Edmiston also dedicated her expertise as a member of the board of directors for the Black Flight Attendants of America. Between 1999 and 2001, Banks Edmiston worked for the [[American Red Cross]] as captain of the disaster team. Her professional endeavors also extended to her involvement with American Airlines Medical Wings International from 2000 to 2002. In her personal life, Banks Edmiston has practiced [[Shotokan]], a style of [[karate]] in which she holds a black belt.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Awards == |
== Awards == |
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Edmiston was inducted into the |
On August 5, 2010, Banks Edmiston was inducted into the Black Aviation Hall of Fame at the [[National Civil Rights Museum]] for her world class contributions to aviation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Certificate for the Black Aviation Hall of Fame awarded to Patricia Banks |url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2018.50.25?destination=/explore/collection/search%3Fedan_q%3Dtravel%2520&edan_fq%255B0%255D=-name%253A%2522Robinson%252C%2520Avis%2520Collins%2522&edan_fq%255B1%255D=place%253A%2522Memphis%2522 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=[[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] |language=en}}</ref> She has additionally been honored by the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]].<ref name=":CBS" /> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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[[Category:People from Queens, New York]] |
[[Category:People from Queens, New York]] |
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[[Category:1937 births]] |
[[Category:1937 births]] |
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[[Category:Discrimination in New York (state)]] |
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[[Category:Empire State University alumni]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:23, 28 July 2024
Patricia Noisette Banks Edmiston (born April 27, 1937)[1] is an American who was one of the first Black flight attendants.[2] She combated discriminatory practices in the United States by initiating a legal action against Capital Airlines (merged into United Airlines in 1961) via the New York State Commission Against Discrimination. She won the case which lead to the start of more airlines employing Black women.
Following her employment as a flight attendant, Banks Edmiston went on to work various roles in the substance abuse prevention industry. She continued her education and received a bachelor's degree from Empire State College. She served on the board of the Black Flight Attendants of America, and in 2010 was accepted into the Black Aviation Hall of Fame.
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Early life and education
[edit]Patricia Noisette Banks was born in New York City on April 27, 1937 to parents Sadie and Joseph Banks.[3] She graduated from Aquinas High School in 1955.[3] Banks Edmiston attended Queens College for a year to study psychology.[1] While attending Queens College, she read an article about Grace Downs Air Career School.[1] Banks Emiston knew "African-American people didn't have the opportunity to travel that much," and thought it would be a promising opportunity.[1] She applied and was accepted into Grace Downs Air Career School in 1956.[1][3]
Career
[edit]After completing her training to be a stewardess, Banks Edmiston sought employment in various airline companies. However, she encountered consistent rejections,[1][4] which was not uncommon for Black women in similar positions at the time.[5] She was interviewed by Mohawk Airlines, Trans World Airlines, and Capital Airlines, but was not selected to move forward in the hiring process.[6]
Legal complaint
[edit]During the screening process for Capital Airlines, Banks Edmiston initially received a rating of "B+" from the chief hostess, which the company considered to be "accepted for future employment", but her application was later nullified at the request of the director of passenger service.[4] Banks Edmiston was told by a chief hostess at Capital Airlines that "the company didn't hire black people in flight capacities".[1] At the time, pilots, engineers, and stewardesses were rarely Black.[7]
In 1957, after seeking advice from Adam Clayton Powell Jr., the only Black Congressman from New York at the time,[8] Banks Edmiston decided to take legal action against Capital Airlines. She did so by filing a comprehensive 72-page complaint with the New York State Commission Against Discrimination.[9][10][11] The airline, in its defense, contended that the complaint was null and void due to its age, surpassing the 90-day statute of limitations.[12] Furthermore, they claimed that they did not conduct hiring operations in New York.[12] They insisted that they do not discriminate and that the reason they refused to hire Banks Edmiston was not because of her race, but rather because of her lack of experience and "because she had a bad tooth".[13][12] In response to the airline's arguments, Banks Edmiston brought to the committee's attention that Capital Airline's discrimination was ongoing, negating the expiration of the statute of limitations.[12] She also pointed out that the airline regularly recruits and hires from the Grace Downs School in New York,[14] her alma mater, thereby establishing her qualifications.[15] Lastly, Banks Edmiston argued that Capital Airlines indeed engaged in discrimination, noting "they have 570 employed hostesses and not one is a Negro", a pattern that extended to all 1,350 flight-related employees.[15][10]
"The historical weight is beautiful, but I think the most important part is that the barrier was broken. I always said it didn't have to be me, but that it was going to be a Black woman."
–Patricia Banks Edmiston[1]
After the three-year legal battle, the Commission ruled in 1960 that the airline had illegally discriminated against Banks Edmiston because of her race and required them to offer her employment.[4] They also ordered Capital Airlines to "cease and desist from maintaining a policy of barring negroes from employment because of their color, in all flight capacities, including that of flight hostess."[7] The case has been called a "hallmark legal proceeding that revolutionized the industry",[5] and is widely credited with leading to the start of other airlines hiring Black women.[16] Her winning of the case resulted in harassment and violent threats at the time, to the point that Edmiston had to seek law enforcement assistance to safeguard her well-being.[5]
In May 1960, four years after first applying to Capital Airlines, Banks Edmiston started her position as a stewardess.[4][17] She was the first African-American stewardess at the airline.[7] The stress of experiencing racial discrimination while flying in the Southern United States took a toll on Edmiston.[5] This, along with the pressure she felt to maintain a flawless record in order to preserve future prospects for other Black flight attendants, caused Edmiston to resign from Capital Airlines in 1961.[5][3]
After 1961
[edit]From 1970 to 1972, Banks Edmiston served as a counselor at New York City's Addicts Rehabilitation Center. Following that, she was a program manager at the New York City Manpower Planning Council. Banks Edmiston assumed a role as a program manager within the New York State Office of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Services in 1974. In 1975 she achieved a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology through Empire State College.[3]
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In 1999, she returned to the Addicts Rehabilitation Center where she acted as a consultant until 2015. Edmiston also dedicated her expertise as a member of the board of directors for the Black Flight Attendants of America. Between 1999 and 2001, Banks Edmiston worked for the American Red Cross as captain of the disaster team. Her professional endeavors also extended to her involvement with American Airlines Medical Wings International from 2000 to 2002. In her personal life, Banks Edmiston has practiced Shotokan, a style of karate in which she holds a black belt.[3]
Awards
[edit]On August 5, 2010, Banks Edmiston was inducted into the Black Aviation Hall of Fame at the National Civil Rights Museum for her world class contributions to aviation.[18] She has additionally been honored by the Smithsonian.[1]
See also
[edit]- Ruth Carol Taylor, first African-American flight attendant in the United States
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Westbrook, Elijah (February 16, 2023). "Patricia Noisette Banks Edmiston reflects on being one of the first Black commercial airline flight attendants". CBS News. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
- ^ "Order Airline To Hire Negro Stewardess". Daily News. March 10, 1960. p. 289. Retrieved June 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f Cole, Harriette (April 26, 2018). "Patricia Banks Edmiston's Biography". The HistoryMakers. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Barry, Kathleen (February 28, 2007). "4". Femininity in Flight: A History of Flight Attendants. Duke University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8223-8950-7.
- ^ a b c d e Brooks, Kayla (September 28, 2023). "Breaking Barriers in the Sky: The First African American Flight Attendants". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- ^ "The story of pioneering Black flight attendant Patricia Banks-Edmiston". ABC7 New York. March 28, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
- ^ a b c "SCAD Orders Air Jobs For Negroes". The Ithaca Journal. March 10, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved July 1, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Hicks, Jonathan P. (November 28, 2008). "Remembering Adam Clayton Powell Jr". New York Times. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ "Patricia Banks collection 1957–1999". The New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
- ^ a b "Negro Girl Charges Airline Refused to Give Here a Job". The Oneonta Star. Associated Press. July 15, 1959. p. 11. Retrieved October 11, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Brief Accuses Airline of Bias". Daily News. August 18, 1959. p. 411. Retrieved October 11, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d "Queens Girl, Airline, In SCAD Case". The New York Age. July 18, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved October 11, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Airline Says Age, Not Race, Led to Rejection of Girl". The Buffalo News. Associated Press. July 15, 1959. p. 55. Retrieved October 11, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Airline Ordered To Employ Negro". The Buffalo News. United Press International. March 10, 1960. p. 7. Retrieved October 11, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Queens Girl, Airline, In SCAD Case". The New York Age. July 18, 1959. p. 5. Retrieved October 11, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Thomas Whitfield, Chandra (March 24, 2016). "'Stars in the Sky': A History of Black Flight Attendants". NBC News. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
- ^ "Capital Airlines to Hire First Negro Stewardess". The Buffalo News. Buffalo, New York. March 31, 1960. p. 16. Retrieved October 11, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Certificate for the Black Aviation Hall of Fame awarded to Patricia Banks". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
