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| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1904
| birth_date = 1905
|birth_place= [[Bandung]], [[West Java]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
|birth_place= [[Bandung]], [[West Java]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
⚫
| death_date = 1983
| residence = [[Bandung]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] and [[Switzerland]]
⚫
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Switzerland]]
| death_place = [[Switzerland]]
| death_cause =
| death_cause =
| ethnicity = [[Peranakan Chinese]]
| education = [[Master of Laws|''Meester in de rechten'']]
| education = [[Master of Laws|''Meester in de rechten'']]
| alma_mater = [[Leiden University]]
| alma_mater = [[Leiden University]]
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| notable_works =
| notable_works =
| style =
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| home_town =
| awards =
| awards =
}}
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Pan (surname)|Phoa]]}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Pan (surname)|Phoa]]|lang=Chinese}}


'''Phoa Liong Gie Sia''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|潘|隆|义|舍}}|t={{linktext|潘|隆|義|舍}}|p=Pān lóng-yì shè}}: born in [[Bandung]] on June 4, 1904 – died in [[Switzerland]]) was a [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese-Indonesian]] jurist, politician and newspaper owner of the late colonial era in the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="Setyautama (2008)">{{cite book|last1=Setyautama|first1=Sam|title=Tokoh-tokoh etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia|date=2008|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|location=Jakarta|isbn=9789799101259|page=309|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEGrOWWEvswC&dq=panorama+siang+po&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)">{{cite book|last1=Suryadinata|first1=Leo|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches (4th edition)|date=2015|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|isbn=9789814620505|page=221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO6gCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22phoa+liong+gie%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
'''Phoa Liong Gie Sia''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|潘|隆|义|舍}}|t={{linktext|潘|隆|義|舍}}|p=Pān lóng-yì shè}}: born in [[Bandung]] on June 4, 1905 – died on January 14, 1983, in [[Switzerland]]) was an Indonesian-born Swiss jurist, politician and newspaper owner of the late colonial era in the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="Geni">{{cite web|title=Phoa Liong Gie|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Phoa-Liong-Gie/6000000064834784833?from_flash=1&fsession_id=1508736019608&through=6000000064834784833|website=Geni|publisher=Geni|accessdate=23 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Setyautama (2008)">{{cite book|last1=Setyautama|first1=Sam|title=Tokoh-tokoh etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia|date=2008|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|location=Jakarta|isbn=9789799101259|page=309|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEGrOWWEvswC&q=panorama+siang+po|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)">{{cite book|last1=Suryadinata|first1=Leo|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|date=2015|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|isbn=9789814620505|page=221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO6gCgAAQBAJ&q=%22phoa+liong+gie%22|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en|edition=4th}}</ref>


==Background and education==
==Background and education==


He was born into a prominent family of [[Peranakan Chinese]] roots. His great-grandfather, Phoa Tjeng Tjoan, served as [[List of Kapitan Cina|''Kapitein der Chinezen'' of Buitenzorg]] (now [[Bogor]]) from 1866 until 1878. This was a post in the colonial civil administration with political and legal jurisdiction over the local Chinese community. Phoa was styled [[Sia (title)|'Sia']] from birth as the descendant of a Chinese officer. Phoa was also a great-nephew of the prominent community leader and landlord, [[Phoa Keng Hek |Phoa Keng Hek ''Sia'']].<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />
He was born in 1905 into a prominent family of [[Peranakan Chinese]] roots, part of the ''[[Cabang Atas]]'' or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia.<ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" /> His great-grandfather, Phoa Tjeng Tjoan, served as [[List of Kapitan Cina|''Kapitein der Chinezen'' of Buitenzorg]] (now [[Bogor]]) from 1866 until 1878. This was a post in the colonial civil administration with political and legal jurisdiction over the local Chinese community. Phoa was styled [[Sia (title)|'Sia']] from birth as the descendant of a Chinese officer. Phoa was also a great-nephew of the prominent community leader and landlord, [[Phoa Keng Hek |Phoa Keng Hek ''Sia'']].<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />


The younger Phoa was educated at the ''Europeesche Lagere School'' (European lower school) in Garut, and at the ''[[Hogere Burgerschool]]'' (higher civic school) in Batavia. Both institutions admitted only the children of elite Europeans and a small number of select non-Europeans. Phoa subsequently studied at the ''Rechtshoogeschool'' (law school) in Batavia before continuing his education at [[Leiden University]] in the [[Netherlands]]. He graduated as a [[Master of Laws|''Meester in de rechten'']] (‘Master of Laws’) in 1925.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />
The younger Phoa was educated at the ''Europeesche Lagere School'' (European lower school) in Garut, and at the ''[[Hogere Burgerschool]]'' (higher civic school) in Batavia. Both institutions admitted only the children of elite Europeans and a small number of select non-Europeans. Phoa subsequently studied at the ''Rechtshoogeschool'' (law school) in Batavia before continuing his education at [[Leiden University]] in the [[Netherlands]]. He graduated as a [[Master of Laws|''Meester in de rechten'']] (‘Master of Laws’) in 1925.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />
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Upon returning to Bandung in 1927, Phoa joined the legal practice of the leading Dutch lawyer C. W. Wormser. A year later in 1928, Phoa moved to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in order to open his own law firm.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />
Upon returning to Bandung in 1927, Phoa joined the legal practice of the leading Dutch lawyer C. W. Wormser. A year later in 1928, Phoa moved to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in order to open his own law firm.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />


Following in the footsteps of his great-grandfather and great-uncle, Phoa also went into politics. He was a vocal leader of the younger faction of [[Chung Hwa Hui]] (CHH), a centre-right political party seen by many as a mouthpiece of the Chinese establishment in colonial Indonesia.<ref name="Lohanda (2002)">{{cite book|last1=Lohanda|first1=Mona|title=Growing pains: the Chinese and the Dutch in colonial Java, 1890-1942|date=2002|publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka|location=Jakarta|pages=120, 122, 194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6y5wAAAAMAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Mona+Lohanda%22&dq=inauthor:%22Mona+Lohanda%22&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrk8nmsLXRAhVKQo8KHWGIAkwQ6AEIGzAA|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
Following in the footsteps of his great-grandfather and great-uncle, Phoa also went into politics. He was a vocal leader of the younger faction of [[Chung Hwa Hui]] (CHH), a centre-right political party seen by many as a mouthpiece of the Chinese establishment in colonial Indonesia.<ref name="Lohanda (2002)">{{cite book|last1=Lohanda|first1=Mona|title=Growing pains: the Chinese and the Dutch in colonial Java, 1890-1942|date=2002|publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka|location=Jakarta|pages=120, 122, 194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6y5wAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>


Phoa came into conflict with some of the policies of the older party leadership, represented by the senior parliamentarians [[Hok Hoei Kan|H. H. Kan]] and [[Loa Sek Hie]]. Phoa resented his party leaders’ pro-Dutch sympathies, and advocated Chinese neutrality in the Indonesian struggle for independence. Phoa even indicated his willingness to support [[Indonesian National Awakening|Indonesian nationalism]] in the right set of circumstances.<ref name="Suryadinata (1997)">{{cite book|last1=Studies|first1=Institute of Southeast Asian|editor1-last=Suryadinata|editor1-first=Leo|title=Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese, 1900-1995: A Sourcebook|date=1997|publisher=NUS Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9789971692018|pages=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgWX7vf5vpsC&dq=%22phoa+liong+gie%22+nationalists&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> Following an open conflict in 1934 with H. H. Kan, over the latter’s supposed dominance over CHH, Phoa resigned his membership of the party.<ref name="Lohanda (2002)" />
Phoa came into conflict with some of the policies of the older party leadership, represented by the senior parliamentarians [[Hok Hoei Kan|H. H. Kan]] and [[Loa Sek Hie]]. Phoa resented his party leaders’ pro-Dutch sympathies, and advocated Chinese neutrality in the Indonesian struggle for independence. Phoa even indicated his willingness to support [[Indonesian National Awakening|Indonesian nationalism]] in the right set of circumstances.<ref name="Suryadinata (1997)">{{cite book|last1=Studies|first1=Institute of Southeast Asian|editor1-last=Suryadinata|editor1-first=Leo|title=Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese, 1900-1995: A Sourcebook|date=1997|publisher=NUS Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9789971692018|pages=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgWX7vf5vpsC&q=%22phoa+liong+gie%22+nationalists|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> Following an open conflict in 1934 with H. H. Kan, over the latter's supposed dominance over CHH, Phoa resigned his membership of the party.<ref name="Lohanda (2002)" />


He maintained, however, his political involvement. On May 8, 1939, Phoa was appointed by the Dutch authorities to the [[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|‘Volksraad’]] (the colonial parliament of Indonesia), and took his seat as an [[Independent politician|independent member]].<ref name="Lohanda (2002)" /><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />
He maintained, however, his political involvement. On May 8, 1939, Phoa was appointed by the Dutch authorities to the [[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|‘Volksraad’]] (the colonial parliament of Indonesia), and took his seat as an [[Independent politician|independent member]].<ref name="Lohanda (2002)" /><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />


After the [[Second World War]], Phoa acted as a legal advisor to, and a delegate of, the [[Netherlands]] at the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] of the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Report of the Conference of FAO">{{cite book|title=Appendices. Report of the Conference of FAO|date=11 September 1947|publisher=United Nations|location=Geneva|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5582E/x5582e0a.htm|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment">{{cite web|title=Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment|url=https://docs.wto.org/gattdocs/q/UN/EPCT/INF-7.PDF|website=World Trade Organization|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref>
After the [[Second World War]], between 1946 and 1948, Phoa acted as a legal advisor and delegate of the [[Netherlands]] at the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] of the [[United Nations]] in [[New York City|New York]] and [[Geneva]].<ref name="Report of the Conference of FAO">{{cite book|title=Appendices. Report of the Conference of FAO|date=11 September 1947|publisher=United Nations|location=Geneva|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5582E/x5582e0a.htm|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment">{{cite web|title=Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment|url=https://docs.wto.org/gattdocs/q/UN/EPCT/INF-7.PDF|website=World Trade Organization|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref>


==Newspaper proprietor==
==Newspaper proprietor==


Around the time of his move to Batavia in 1928, Phoa also became active in the burgeoning news media and public discourse of colonial Indonesia. In 1930, he acquired a daily newspaper, ''Perniagaan'', whose name he changed to ''Siang Po''.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" /> This was the beginning of Siang Po Printing Press, which would acquire or create more publications in due course.<ref name="Dieleman, Koning & Post (2010)">{{cite book|last1=Dieleman|first1=Marleen|last2=Koning|first2=Juliette|last3=Post|first3=Peter|title=Chinese Indonesians and Regime Change|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=9004191216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8cYIDMAppYC&dq=%22siang+po%22+newspaper&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> A year later, in 1931, Phoa's company bought another daily, ''Panorama'', which had been founded by the writer and journalist [[Kwee Tek Hoay]].<ref name="Chan (1995)">{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=Faye|title=Chinese women's emancipation as reflected in two Peranakan journals (c.1927-1942)|journal=Archipel|date=1995|volume=49|issue=1|pages=45–62|doi=10.3406/arch.1995.3035|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1995_num_49_1_3035|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>
Around the time of his move to Batavia in 1928, Phoa also became active in the burgeoning news media and public discourse of colonial Indonesia. In 1930, he acquired a daily newspaper, [[Perniagaan (newspaper)|Perniagaan]], whose name he changed to ''Siang Po''.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" /> This was the beginning of Siang Po Printing Press, which would acquire or create more publications in due course.<ref name="Dieleman, Koning & Post (2010)">{{cite book|last1=Dieleman|first1=Marleen|last2=Koning|first2=Juliette|last3=Post|first3=Peter|title=Chinese Indonesians and Regime Change|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9004191211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8cYIDMAppYC&q=%22siang+po%22+newspaper|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> A year later, in 1931, Phoa's company bought another daily, ''Panorama'', which had been founded by the writer and journalist [[Kwee Tek Hoay]].<ref name="Chan (1995)">{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=Faye|title=Chinese women's emancipation as reflected in two Peranakan journals (c.1927-1942)|journal=Archipel|date=1995|volume=49|issue=1|pages=45–62|doi=10.3406/arch.1995.3035|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1995_num_49_1_3035|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>


After Phoa resigned from the CHH in 1934, his newspapers assumed an increasingly sympathetic tone towards the Indonesian nationalist movement.<ref name="Lohanda (2002)" /><ref name="Dieleman, Koning & Post (2010)" /> The editorial board of ''Panorama'' included such leading nationalists as [[Sanusi Pane]], [[Amir Sjarifuddin]] and [[Mohammad Yamin]], with the prominent journalist, [[Liem Koen Hian]], as chief editor.<ref name="Dieleman, Koning & Post (2010)" /> Liem, as well as [[Saeroen]], also contributed to ''Siang Po''. In mid-1936, Liem, Pane, Sjarifuddin and Yamin founded yet another daily, ''Kebangoenan'', which Siang Po Printing Press likewise printed.<ref name="Klinken (2003)">{{cite book|last1=Klinken|first1=Geert Arend van|title=Minorities, Modernity and the Emerging Nation: Christians in Indonesia, a Biographical Approach|date=2003|publisher=KITLV Press|location=Leiden|isbn=9789067181518|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuOwhUwUgScC&dq=Kebangoenan+newspaper&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
After Phoa resigned from the CHH in 1934, his newspapers assumed an increasingly sympathetic tone towards the Indonesian nationalist movement.<ref name="Lohanda (2002)" /><ref name="Dieleman, Koning & Post (2010)" /> The editorial board of ''Panorama'' included such leading nationalists as [[Sanusi Pane]], [[Amir Sjarifuddin]] and [[Mohammad Yamin]], with the prominent journalist, [[Liem Koen Hian]], as chief editor.<ref name="Dieleman, Koning & Post (2010)" /> Liem, as well as [[Saeroen]], also contributed to ''Siang Po''. In mid-1936, Liem, Pane, Sjarifuddin and Yamin founded yet another daily, ''Kebangoenan'', which Siang Po Printing Press likewise printed.<ref name="Klinken (2003)">{{cite book|last1=Klinken|first1=Geert Arend van|title=Minorities, Modernity and the Emerging Nation: Christians in Indonesia, a Biographical Approach|date=2003|publisher=KITLV Press|location=Leiden|isbn=9789067181518|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuOwhUwUgScC&q=Kebangoenan+newspaper|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>


Phoa was also the owner of two further publications, the magazines ''Si Pao'' and ''Kong Hwa Po'', the last of which was similarly under Liem's editorial oversight.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Dieleman, Koning & Post (2010)" />
Phoa was also the owner of two further publications, the magazines ''Si Pao'' and ''Kong Hwa Po'', the last of which was similarly under Liem's editorial oversight.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Dieleman, Koning & Post (2010)" />
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==Personal life==
==Personal life==


Phoa was married Laura Charlotte Ongkiehong, granddaughter of Njio Tek Liem, ''Luitenant der Chinezen'' of Ambon ('Lieutenant of the Chinese'). Together with his family, Phoa later moved to Switzerland, where he spent the remainder of his life.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />
Phoa was married Laura Charlotte Ongkiehong, daughter of the [[Ambon, Maluku|Ambon]]-based newspaper owner and magnate, [[Ong Kie Hong]], and granddaughter of [[Njio Tek Liem|Njio Tek Liem, ''Luitenant der Chinezen'']] of Ambon ('Lieutenant of the Chinese'). Together with his family, Phoa later moved to [[Switzerland]], where he spent the remainder of his life.<ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Suryadinate (2015)" />


==Major works==
==Major works==
*''De rechtstoestand der Chineezen in Indonesië'' (in Dutch) [English: 'The Legal Position of the Chinese in Indonesia']. Chung Hwa Hui Tsa Chih, jaargang V, October-November (1926): 56-60.<ref name="Govaars-Tjia (2005)">{{cite book|last1=Govaars-Tjia|first1=Ming Tien Nio|title=Dutch colonial education: the Chinese experience in Indonesia, 1900-1942|date=2005|publisher=Chinese Heritage Centre|location=Singapore|isbn=9789810548605|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=K86eAAAAMAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Ming+Tien+Nio+Govaars-Tjia%22&dq=inauthor:%22Ming+Tien+Nio+Govaars-Tjia%22&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig5fqDtrbRAhUiS48KHfW0CSQQ6AEIGzAA|accessdate=10 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*''De rechtstoestand der Chineezen in Indonesië'' (in Dutch) [English: 'The Legal Position of the Chinese in Indonesia']. Chung Hwa Hui Tsa Chih, jaargang V, October–November (1926): 56-60.<ref name="Govaars-Tjia (2005)">{{cite book|last1=Govaars-Tjia|first1=Ming Tien Nio|title=Dutch colonial education: the Chinese experience in Indonesia, 1900-1942|date=2005|publisher=Chinese Heritage Centre|location=Singapore|isbn=9789810548605|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K86eAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=10 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*''Aliran-Aliran dalam Siahwee Tionghoa (Lezing dari Mr. Phoa Liong Gie dalem Pauze dari Soiree Musicale Chung Hwa Hui Afd. Batavia'' (in Malay) [English: 'Various Streams within the Chinese Community (Speech by Mr. Phoa Liong Gie during the Interval of a Musical Soiree of Chung Hua Hui, Batavia Branch']. Batavia: Drukkerij Siang Po (1932): no page number. <ref name="Suryadinata (2005)">{{cite book|last1=Suryadinata|first1=Leo|title=Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority, and China: A Study of Perceptions and Policies|date=2005|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Academic|location=Singapore|isbn=9789812103628|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZy6AAAAIAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Leo+Suryadinata%22+pribumi&dq=inauthor:%22Leo+Suryadinata%22+pribumi&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAr_TjurbRAhWKr48KHU2ZAqEQ6AEIKDAC|accessdate=10 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*''Aliran-Aliran dalam Siahwee Tionghoa (Lezing dari Mr. Phoa Liong Gie dalem Pauze dari Soiree Musicale Chung Hwa Hui Afd. Batavia'' (in Malay) [English: 'Various Streams within the Chinese Community (Speech by Mr. Phoa Liong Gie during the Interval of a Musical Soiree of Chung Hua Hui, Batavia Branch']. Batavia: Drukkerij Siang Po (1932): no page number.<ref name="Suryadinata (2005)">{{cite book|last1=Suryadinata|first1=Leo|title=Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority, and China: A Study of Perceptions and Policies|date=2005|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Academic|location=Singapore|isbn=9789812103628|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZy6AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=10 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*''De Economische Positie der Chineezen in Nederlandsch-Indië'' (In Dutch) [English: 'The changing economic position of the Chinese in Netherlands India']. Koloniale Studiën 5:6 (1936): 97–119.<ref name="Fernando (1992)">{{cite book|last1=Fernando|first1=M. R.|title=Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch|date=1992|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian|location=Singapore|isbn=9789813016217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGsMYLKuezgC&dq=%22economic+position%22+phoa+liong+gie&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*''De Economische Positie der Chineezen in Nederlandsch-Indië'' (In Dutch) [English: 'The changing economic position of the Chinese in Netherlands India']. Koloniale Studiën 5:6 (1936): 97–119.<ref name="Fernando (1992)">{{cite book|last1=Fernando|first1=M. R.|title=Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch|date=1992|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian|location=Singapore|isbn=9789813016217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGsMYLKuezgC&q=%22economic+position%22+phoa+liong+gie|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]], the first legislature in colonial Indonesia
*[[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]], the first legislature in colonial Indonesia
*[[Hok Hoei Kan]], fellow parliamentarian, member of [[Chung Hua Hui]] and political rival
*[[Khouw Kim An|Khouw Kim An, Majoor der Chinezen]], parliamentary colleague
*[[Hok Hoei Kan]], fellow parliamentarian, member of Chung Hua Hui, and political rival
*[[Loa Sek Hie]], fellow parliamentarian, member of Chung Hua Hui and political rival
*[[Loa Sek Hie]], fellow parliamentarian and board member of [[Chung Hua Hui]]
*[[Mohammad Yamin]], fellow parliamentarian and colleague at Siang Po Printing Press
*[[Amir Sjarifuddin]], colleague at Siang Po Printing Press
*[[Peranakan Chinese]]
*[[Sanusi Pane]], colleague at Siang Po Printing Press


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Members of the Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Phoa, Liong Gie}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phoa, Liong Gie}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:People from Bandung]]
[[Category:People from Bandung]]
[[Category:People from Batavia, Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:People from Batavia, Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:People from Jakarta]]
[[Category:People from Jakarta]]
[[Category:People of the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:People from the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:Indonesian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Indonesian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:Indonesian writers]]
[[Category:Indonesian writers]]
[[Category:Indonesian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indonesian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indonesian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)]]
[[Category:Volksraad]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Swiss people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Swiss people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Sia]]
[[Category:Sia (title)]]
[[Category:Swiss legal scholars]]
[[Category:Rechtshogeschool te Batavia alumni]]

Latest revision as of 23:21, 28 July 2024

Phoa Liong Gie Sia
Born1905
Bandung, West Java, Dutch East Indies
Died1983
Switzerland
EducationMeester in de rechten
Alma materLeiden University
Occupation(s)Politician, jurist, newspaper owner and editor
Years active1920s-1940s
SpouseLaura Charlotte Ongkiehong
RelativesPhoa Tjeng Tjoan, Kapitein der Chinezen (great-grandfather)
Phoa Keng Hek Sia (great-uncle)
Phoa Liong Djin (cousin)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Phoa.

Phoa Liong Gie Sia (simplified Chinese: 潘隆义舍; traditional Chinese: 潘隆義舍; pinyin: Pān lóng-yì shè: born in Bandung on June 4, 1905 – died on January 14, 1983, in Switzerland) was an Indonesian-born Swiss jurist, politician and newspaper owner of the late colonial era in the Dutch East Indies.[1][2][3]

Background and education

[edit]

He was born in 1905 into a prominent family of Peranakan Chinese roots, part of the Cabang Atas or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia.[3] His great-grandfather, Phoa Tjeng Tjoan, served as Kapitein der Chinezen of Buitenzorg (now Bogor) from 1866 until 1878. This was a post in the colonial civil administration with political and legal jurisdiction over the local Chinese community. Phoa was styled 'Sia' from birth as the descendant of a Chinese officer. Phoa was also a great-nephew of the prominent community leader and landlord, Phoa Keng Hek Sia.[2][3]

The younger Phoa was educated at the Europeesche Lagere School (European lower school) in Garut, and at the Hogere Burgerschool (higher civic school) in Batavia. Both institutions admitted only the children of elite Europeans and a small number of select non-Europeans. Phoa subsequently studied at the Rechtshoogeschool (law school) in Batavia before continuing his education at Leiden University in the Netherlands. He graduated as a Meester in de rechten (‘Master of Laws’) in 1925.[2][3]

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Upon returning to Bandung in 1927, Phoa joined the legal practice of the leading Dutch lawyer C. W. Wormser. A year later in 1928, Phoa moved to Batavia in order to open his own law firm.[2][3]

Following in the footsteps of his great-grandfather and great-uncle, Phoa also went into politics. He was a vocal leader of the younger faction of Chung Hwa Hui (CHH), a centre-right political party seen by many as a mouthpiece of the Chinese establishment in colonial Indonesia.[4]

Phoa came into conflict with some of the policies of the older party leadership, represented by the senior parliamentarians H. H. Kan and Loa Sek Hie. Phoa resented his party leaders’ pro-Dutch sympathies, and advocated Chinese neutrality in the Indonesian struggle for independence. Phoa even indicated his willingness to support Indonesian nationalism in the right set of circumstances.[5] Following an open conflict in 1934 with H. H. Kan, over the latter's supposed dominance over CHH, Phoa resigned his membership of the party.[4]

He maintained, however, his political involvement. On May 8, 1939, Phoa was appointed by the Dutch authorities to the ‘Volksraad’ (the colonial parliament of Indonesia), and took his seat as an independent member.[4][2][3]

After the Second World War, between 1946 and 1948, Phoa acted as a legal advisor and delegate of the Netherlands at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in New York and Geneva.[6][7]

Newspaper proprietor

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Around the time of his move to Batavia in 1928, Phoa also became active in the burgeoning news media and public discourse of colonial Indonesia. In 1930, he acquired a daily newspaper, Perniagaan, whose name he changed to Siang Po.[2][3] This was the beginning of Siang Po Printing Press, which would acquire or create more publications in due course.[8] A year later, in 1931, Phoa's company bought another daily, Panorama, which had been founded by the writer and journalist Kwee Tek Hoay.[9]

After Phoa resigned from the CHH in 1934, his newspapers assumed an increasingly sympathetic tone towards the Indonesian nationalist movement.[4][8] The editorial board of Panorama included such leading nationalists as Sanusi Pane, Amir Sjarifuddin and Mohammad Yamin, with the prominent journalist, Liem Koen Hian, as chief editor.[8] Liem, as well as Saeroen, also contributed to Siang Po. In mid-1936, Liem, Pane, Sjarifuddin and Yamin founded yet another daily, Kebangoenan, which Siang Po Printing Press likewise printed.[10]

Phoa was also the owner of two further publications, the magazines Si Pao and Kong Hwa Po, the last of which was similarly under Liem's editorial oversight.[2][8]

Personal life

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Phoa was married Laura Charlotte Ongkiehong, daughter of the Ambon-based newspaper owner and magnate, Ong Kie Hong, and granddaughter of Njio Tek Liem, Luitenant der Chinezen of Ambon ('Lieutenant of the Chinese'). Together with his family, Phoa later moved to Switzerland, where he spent the remainder of his life.[2][3]

Major works

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  • De rechtstoestand der Chineezen in Indonesië (in Dutch) [English: 'The Legal Position of the Chinese in Indonesia']. Chung Hwa Hui Tsa Chih, jaargang V, October–November (1926): 56-60.[11]
  • Aliran-Aliran dalam Siahwee Tionghoa (Lezing dari Mr. Phoa Liong Gie dalem Pauze dari Soiree Musicale Chung Hwa Hui Afd. Batavia (in Malay) [English: 'Various Streams within the Chinese Community (Speech by Mr. Phoa Liong Gie during the Interval of a Musical Soiree of Chung Hua Hui, Batavia Branch']. Batavia: Drukkerij Siang Po (1932): no page number.[12]
  • De Economische Positie der Chineezen in Nederlandsch-Indië (In Dutch) [English: 'The changing economic position of the Chinese in Netherlands India']. Koloniale Studiën 5:6 (1936): 97–119.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Phoa Liong Gie". Geni. Geni. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Setyautama, Sam (2008). Tokoh-tokoh etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. p. 309. ISBN 9789799101259. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Suryadinata, Leo (2015). Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches (4th ed.). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 221. ISBN 9789814620505. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Lohanda, Mona (2002). Growing pains: the Chinese and the Dutch in colonial Java, 1890-1942. Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. pp. 120, 122, 194. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  5. ^ Studies, Institute of Southeast Asian (1997). Suryadinata, Leo (ed.). Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese, 1900-1995: A Sourcebook. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 54. ISBN 9789971692018. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  6. ^ Appendices. Report of the Conference of FAO. Geneva: United Nations. 11 September 1947. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  7. ^ "Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment" (PDF). World Trade Organization. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d Dieleman, Marleen; Koning, Juliette; Post, Peter (2010). Chinese Indonesians and Regime Change. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004191211. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  9. ^ Chan, Faye (1995). "Chinese women's emancipation as reflected in two Peranakan journals (c.1927-1942)". Archipel. 49 (1): 45–62. doi:10.3406/arch.1995.3035. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  10. ^ Klinken, Geert Arend van (2003). Minorities, Modernity and the Emerging Nation: Christians in Indonesia, a Biographical Approach. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 9789067181518. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  11. ^ Govaars-Tjia, Ming Tien Nio (2005). Dutch colonial education: the Chinese experience in Indonesia, 1900-1942. Singapore: Chinese Heritage Centre. ISBN 9789810548605. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  12. ^ Suryadinata, Leo (2005). Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority, and China: A Study of Perceptions and Policies. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic. ISBN 9789812103628. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  13. ^ Fernando, M. R. (1992). Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian. ISBN 9789813016217. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
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