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{{Short description|Medical non-profit for tuberculosis}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
| image = TBA logo rev 2008lg RGB.jpg
| image =
| caption =
| caption = TB Alliance logo
| type = [[Nonprofit]]
| type = [[Nonprofit]]
| status = Active
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[New York City]], [[Pretoria]]
| headquarters = [[New York City]], [[Pretoria]]
| leader_title =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name2 = Mel Spigelman
| leader_name2 = Mel Spigelman
| parent_organization=
| parent_organization =
| affiliations=
| affiliations =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| name = The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development
| name = The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development
| abbreviation = TB Alliance
| abbreviation = TB Alliance
| established = February 2000
| established = February 2000
| revenue =
| revenue =
| website = {{URL|https://www.tballiance.org/}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.tballiance.org/}}
}}
}}
'''TB Alliance''' (formally '''The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development''') is a not-for-profit product development partnership (PDP) dedicated to the discovery and development of new, faster-acting and affordable [[tuberculosis]] (TB) medicines. Since its inception in 2000, TB Alliance has worked to grow the field of available treatments for TB and now manages the largest [[Drug pipeline|pipeline]] of new TB drugs in history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tballiance.org/portfolio|title=Clinical Portfolio {{!}} TB Alliance|website=www.tballiance.org|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> It was founded in [[Cape Town]], South Africa, and has since expanded. It is headquartered in [[New York City]] and has a regional office in [[Pretoria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tballiance.org/annualreport2016/index.htm|title=Home|website=TB Alliance 2016 Annual Report|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
'''The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development''' ('''''TB Alliance''''') is a non-profit organization dedicated to the discovery and development of new, faster-acting and affordable [[tuberculosis]] medicines.


⚫
==Background==
The TB Alliance expects to register a new anti-TB regimen that could cut the duration of [[tuberculosis treatment]] one-third by 2013. In the long-term, the TB Alliance’s goal is to develop a drug regimen that will reduce TB treatment to 10 doses from 130; be effective against drug resistant strains of TB; work with the [[antiretroviral drugs]] used to treat [[HIV]]; and improve the treatment of latent TB infection.


⚫
[[Tuberculosis]] is the leading cause of infectious death worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/tb/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Tuberculosis (TB)|website=WHO|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> killing approximately 1.6 million people each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> However, research and development for new TB drugs came to a virtual standstill after the 1960s. Today, a four-drug combination therapy exists, but it takes six months or more to be effective. This requires a degree of monitoring (See [[Tuberculosis management#Monitoring, DOTS, and DOTS-Plus|Direct Observational Therapy, Short-course]]) beyond the capacity of the health infrastructure in many countries, and adequate TB treatment is not available to more than half of the most infectious cases. This can inhibit control of the disease and fuel the rise of [[drug resistance]] (See [[antimicrobial resistance]]).


About 29% of deaths caused by antimicrobial infections today are due to drug-resistant TB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/drug-resistant-tb/global-situation/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212050442/http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/drug-resistant-tb/global-situation/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 12, 2015|title=WHO {{!}} Drug-resistant TB: global situation|website=WHO|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160525_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf|title=Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations|last=The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> When infections become resistant to first-line drugs, more expensive therapies must be used to treat them. Lengthier treatment, often in hospitals, substantially increases health care costs as well as the economic burden on families and societies. The cost of treating a single case of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) or extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) can be thousands of times more expensive than treating drug-sensitive TB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Global tuberculosis report 2018|website=WHO|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
⚫
==Background==


⚫
TB is also the number one killer of people with [[AIDS]], but it is generally agreed that current TB treatments do not work well with the [[antiretroviral drugs]] used to treat HIV. New, improved TB treatments are urgently needed. However, the TB drug market lacks sufficient financial incentives to stimulate broad-based investment from [[Pharmaceutical company|pharmaceutical companies]] to invest in the new research required to sustain a treatment pipeline. The TB [[epidemic]] is concentrated in developing countries where drugs must be low in cost to remain accessible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr2017_annex4.pdf?ua=1|title=TB burden estimates, notifications and treatment outcomes|last=WHO|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> It does not generate the kind of revenue streams that private companies usually deem necessary to justify the research costs and strategic risks involved in pharmaceuticals. TB Alliance was designed to be the primary instrument to fill this vacuum and to ensure that new anti-TB drugs are affordable and accessible in endemic countries.
⚫
[[Tuberculosis]] infects one third of the world’s population,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis Data and Statistics|url=http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/|website=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref> kills approximately 1.5 million people each year,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis Data and Statistics|url=http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/|website=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref> and costs the global economy $16 billion annually. However, research and development for new TB drugs came to a virtual standstill after the 1960s. Today, a four drug combination therapy exists, but it takes six months or more to be effective. This requires a degree of monitoring (See [[Tuberculosis treatment#Treatment monitoring and DOTS|Direct Observational Therapy, Shortcourse]]) beyond the capacity of the health infrastructure in many countries; adequate TB treatment is available to less than half of the most infectious cases. This can inhibit control of the disease and fuel the rise of [[drug resistance]]. TB is also the number one killer of [[AIDS]] patients, but it is generally agreed that current TB treatments do not work well with the [[antiretroviral drugs]] used to treat HIV.

⚫
The TB drug market lacks sufficient financial incentives to stimulate a single private [[pharmaceutical company]] to invest in the new research required to sustain a treatment pipeline. The TB [[epidemic]] is concentrated in developing countries where drugs must be low in cost to remain accessible. It does not generate the kind of revenue streams that private companies usually deem necessary to justify the research costs and strategic risks involved in pharmaceuticals. The TB Alliance was designed to be the primary instrument to fill this vacuum and to ensure that new anti-TB drugs are affordable and accessible in endemic countries.


==History==
==History==


The TB Alliance was conceived at a February 2000 meeting in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], where 120 representatives from academia, industry, major government agencies, non-governmental organizations and donors gathered to discuss the problems of tuberculosis treatment. Participants stressed the need for faster-acting, novel TB drugs and highlighted the scientific opportunities involved. The resulting "Declaration of Cape Town"<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cape Town Declaration of the Working Alliance for TB Drug Development|url=http://www.tballiance.org/downloads/publications/CapeTownDeclaration.pdf|website=www.tballiance.org|location=Cape Town, South Africa|date=February 8, 2000}}</ref> provided a road map for TB drug development and outlined the need for creation of the TB Alliance. [[Maria Freire]] was appointed as the first Chief Executive Officer and President in 2001 and served in that capacity until 2008, when she left the TB Alliance to become President of the [[Lasker Foundation]]. The current CEO and President is Melvin Spigelman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Alliance for TB Drug Development Appoints Respected Scientist and Director of R&D as New Chief Executive|url=http://www.tballiance.org/news/global-alliance-tb-drug-development-appoints-respected-scientist-and-director-rd-new-chief|website=www.tballiance.org|accessdate=9 October 2008}}</ref>
TB Alliance was conceived at a February 2000 meeting in [[Cape Town]], South Africa, where 120 representatives from academia, industry, major government agencies, non-governmental organizations and donors gathered to discuss the problems of tuberculosis treatment. Participants stressed the need for faster-acting, novel TB drugs and highlighted the scientific opportunities involved. The resulting "Declaration of Cape Town"<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cape Town Declaration of the Working Alliance for TB Drug Development|url=http://www.tballiance.org/downloads/publications/CapeTownDeclaration.pdf|website=www.tballiance.org|location=Cape Town, South Africa|date=February 8, 2000}}</ref> provided a road map for TB drug development and outlined the need for creation of the TB Alliance. [[Maria Freire]] was appointed as the first Chief Executive Officer and President in 2001 and served in that capacity until 2008, when she left the TB Alliance to become President of the [[Lasker Foundation]]. The current CEO and President is Melvin Spigelman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Alliance for TB Drug Development Appoints Respected Scientist and Director of R&D as New Chief Executive|url=http://www.tballiance.org/news/global-alliance-tb-drug-development-appoints-respected-scientist-and-director-rd-new-chief|website=www.tballiance.org|date=9 October 2008 |accessdate=9 October 2008}}</ref>


==Program==
==Program==


TB Alliance is a [[non-profit]] product development partnership (See [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnership]]). A PDP builds partnerships between the public, private, academic and philanthropic sectors to drive the development of new products for underserved markets. PDPs retain direct management oversight of their projects, though much of the laboratory and clinical work is done though external research facilities and contractors. This model minimizes costs, including overhead and investments in infrastructure, while optimizing scientific capability to speed new TB drug development.
The TB Alliance is a [[non-profit]] [[public-private partnership]]. It operates like a virtual [[biotechnology]] firm, collaborating with research institutions and pharmaceutical companies so that risks and incentives are shared. While retaining management oversight of its drug development projects, the TB Alliance out-sources the development of potential drugs to public and private partners, providing funding and scientific guidance. Depending on the project, the TB Alliance either co-invests and co-develops a project, funds and manages it directly, or in-licenses the [[technology]] or [[intellectual property]] involved. Project diversity is a stated goal, with potentials compounds selected from a variety of [[chemical classes]], with a wide range of targets within the TB organism, ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''.


As of January, 2009, the TB Alliance has 16 drug projects underway, either in either discovery or clinical or phase. Part of the TB Alliance’s stated mission is to ensure that any new treatments are affordable and accessible in the [[developing world]], and that they are adopted as soon as they become available. Pricing terms are included in all licensing contracts and end products are designed to be easy to take. The TB Alliance also collaborates with national and international partners, working to ensure that new therapies are adopted and accessible to [[healthcare provider]]s and patients via local channels.
TB Alliance has the largest pipeline of TB drugs in history<ref name=":0" /> and part of TB Alliance's stated mission is to ensure that any new treatments are affordable and accessible in the [[developing world]], and that they are adopted as soon as they become available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tballiance.org/about/mission|title=About TB Alliance|website=TB Alliance|language=en|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Pricing terms are included in all licensing contracts and end products are designed to be easy for patients to take. TB Alliance also collaborates with national and international partners, working to ensure that new therapies are adopted and accessible to [[healthcare provider]]s and patients via local channels.


In February 2019, TB Alliance's application for the novel tuberculosis (TB) medicine [[pretomanid]] was accepted for review by the U.S. FDA.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tballiance.org/news/pretomanid-enters-FDA-review|title=TB Medicine Pretomanid Enters Regulatory Review Process in the United States {{!}} TB Alliance|website=www.tballiance.org|date=8 March 2019 |access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> In August 2019, TB Alliance's tuberculosis (TB) medicine pretomanid was approved by the U.S. FDA, to be used in combination with two other antibiotics, [[bedaquiline]] and [[linezolid]], for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB as well as treatment-intolerant or nonresponsive multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB.<ref name=":1" />
==Adverse Effects and Patient Compliance==


==Treating drug-resistant TB==
Some anti-tuberculosis agents are known to have some side effects, which limits their use for mono-therapies only. This poses a limitation for their use in combination therapy, for overcoming drug resistance. Also, some of the side effects may lead to a low level of compliance by the patient, i.e. not completing the full course of treatment. This creates conditions within the patient that enable drug resistance to arise or even to become prevalent. In view of such situations it is often recommended that novel anti-tuberculosis agents need to be discovered and developed.


Combination therapies are essential for treating active tuberculosis infections. Currently, there are four first-line tuberculosis drugs given as a combination therapy over an extended period of time. Some strains of the tuberculosis pathogen are resistant to two (called MDR-TB) or at least four (called XDR-TB) first-line tuberculosis drugs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance|title=Antimicrobial resistance|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Due to the contagious nature of tuberculosis, drug resistance is considered to be a serious public health issue, particularly among people with an already weakened immune system, for example people living with HIV.
==Drug Resistance==

Drug resistance occurs for several reasons, often as a natural consequence of gene mutations and selection, as a consequence of drug-efflux mechanisms, or due to drug modifying enzymes. Under conditions of medical treatment, mutants that are resistant to the drug may escape the drug's action, survive and multiply further. This is one of the reasons why combination therapies are often essential for treating tuberculosis infections and most infectious diseases. At the present time, three of even four tuberculosis drugs are given as a combination therapy, over an extended period of time, though patient compliance and side effects continue to be a medical issue. Some strains of the tuberculosis pathogen are resistant to all three or four tuberculosis drugs. In view of the contagious nature of tuberculosis, especially among persons with weak immunity, drug resistance is considered to be a serious public health issue.

==Combination Therapies==

{{Empty section|date=April 2015}}

==Investigational New Drugs==

Investigational new drugs (IND) are clinical candidates that are safe and efficacious in the animal models of infection. Usually, these are new chemical entities (NCE) with a novel mechanism of action. Investigational new drugs have to be approved by the national or international medical regulatory authorities, for clinical testing and development in humans.
IND's are usually discovered and developed to overcome the limitations of drugs that are or have been in clinical use.

==Clinical Research==
{{Empty section|date=September 2014}}


==Donors==
==Donors==
The TB Alliance has a diverse set of global partnerships with both public and private sector donors that fund the company’s work. The not-for-profit operates with the support of:
The TB Alliance has a diverse set of global partnerships with both public and private sector donors that fund the company's work. The organization operates with the support of:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tballiance.org/about/donors|title=Donors|website=TB Alliance|date=15 July 2015 |language=en|access-date=2017-06-20}}</ref>
* [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]
* Australian Aid (AusAID)
* [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]
* [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]
* [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] (DGIS)
* [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|Germany's Federal Ministry of Education and Research]] through KfW
* [[European Commission]]
* [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|Federal Ministry of Education and Research]]
* [[Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT)|Global Health Innovative Technology (GHIT) Fund]]
* [[Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT)|Global Health Innovative Technology (GHIT) Fund]]
* Indonesia Health Fund
* Indonesia Health Fund
* [[Irish Aid]]
* [[Irish Aid]]
* [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] (United Kingdom)
* [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|National Institute Of Allergy And Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID)
* [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease]]
⚫
* [[Department for International Development|UK Aid]]
* [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
* [[Unitaid|UNITAID]]
* [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID)
* [[Department for International Development|UK Department of International Development]] (DFID)
* [[Department of Health and Social Care|UK Department of Health]]
* [[Food and Drug Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
⚫
* [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID)
{{Empty section|date=September 2014}}

==Research & Development Centre==

Research and Development Centres (R&D) for infectious diseases usually are staffed with scientists and physicians in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, pharmacology, veterinary science and medicine. Depending on the number of projects, it is a common practice for these Research and Development Centres to be staffed with about 150 scientists and physicians, with an organizational framework that is appropriate for pharmaceutical research and development. In very specialized areas, the services of contract research organizations are exploited. Thereby new assets and [[intellectual property]] are developed and patented, and are published in leading scientific and medical journals. Keynote lectures are presented at scientific and medical conferences in the field of infectious diseases, worldwide.




==References==
==References==
Line 87: Line 65:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.tballiance.org/ The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development]
* [https://www.tballiance.org TB Alliance]
* [http://www.stoptb.org/ The Stop TB Partnership]
* [https://www.stoptb.org/ The Stop TB Partnership]

* [[International Labour Organization]]
{{Authority control}}
* [[European Bioinformatics Institute]]
* [[European Medicines Agency]]
* [[Food and Drug Administration]]
* [[Nitroimidazole]]
* [[Pyrazinamide]]


[[Category:Tuberculosis organizations]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis organizations]]

Latest revision as of 16:23, 8 August 2024

The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development
AbbreviationTB Alliance
EstablishedFebruary 2000
TypeNonprofit
Legal statusActive
HeadquartersNew York City, Pretoria
Chief Executive Officer
Mel Spigelman
Websitewww.tballiance.org

TB Alliance (formally The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development) is a not-for-profit product development partnership (PDP) dedicated to the discovery and development of new, faster-acting and affordable tuberculosis (TB) medicines. Since its inception in 2000, TB Alliance has worked to grow the field of available treatments for TB and now manages the largest pipeline of new TB drugs in history.[1] It was founded in Cape Town, South Africa, and has since expanded. It is headquartered in New York City and has a regional office in Pretoria.[2]

Background

[edit]

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of infectious death worldwide,[3] killing approximately 1.6 million people each year.[4] However, research and development for new TB drugs came to a virtual standstill after the 1960s. Today, a four-drug combination therapy exists, but it takes six months or more to be effective. This requires a degree of monitoring (See Direct Observational Therapy, Short-course) beyond the capacity of the health infrastructure in many countries, and adequate TB treatment is not available to more than half of the most infectious cases. This can inhibit control of the disease and fuel the rise of drug resistance (See antimicrobial resistance).

About 29% of deaths caused by antimicrobial infections today are due to drug-resistant TB.[5][6] When infections become resistant to first-line drugs, more expensive therapies must be used to treat them. Lengthier treatment, often in hospitals, substantially increases health care costs as well as the economic burden on families and societies. The cost of treating a single case of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) or extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) can be thousands of times more expensive than treating drug-sensitive TB.[7]

TB is also the number one killer of people with AIDS, but it is generally agreed that current TB treatments do not work well with the antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV. New, improved TB treatments are urgently needed. However, the TB drug market lacks sufficient financial incentives to stimulate broad-based investment from pharmaceutical companies to invest in the new research required to sustain a treatment pipeline. The TB epidemic is concentrated in developing countries where drugs must be low in cost to remain accessible.[8] It does not generate the kind of revenue streams that private companies usually deem necessary to justify the research costs and strategic risks involved in pharmaceuticals. TB Alliance was designed to be the primary instrument to fill this vacuum and to ensure that new anti-TB drugs are affordable and accessible in endemic countries.

History

[edit]

TB Alliance was conceived at a February 2000 meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, where 120 representatives from academia, industry, major government agencies, non-governmental organizations and donors gathered to discuss the problems of tuberculosis treatment. Participants stressed the need for faster-acting, novel TB drugs and highlighted the scientific opportunities involved. The resulting "Declaration of Cape Town"[9] provided a road map for TB drug development and outlined the need for creation of the TB Alliance. Maria Freire was appointed as the first Chief Executive Officer and President in 2001 and served in that capacity until 2008, when she left the TB Alliance to become President of the Lasker Foundation. The current CEO and President is Melvin Spigelman.[10]

Program

[edit]

TB Alliance is a non-profit product development partnership (See public-private partnership). A PDP builds partnerships between the public, private, academic and philanthropic sectors to drive the development of new products for underserved markets. PDPs retain direct management oversight of their projects, though much of the laboratory and clinical work is done though external research facilities and contractors. This model minimizes costs, including overhead and investments in infrastructure, while optimizing scientific capability to speed new TB drug development.

TB Alliance has the largest pipeline of TB drugs in history[1] and part of TB Alliance's stated mission is to ensure that any new treatments are affordable and accessible in the developing world, and that they are adopted as soon as they become available.[11] Pricing terms are included in all licensing contracts and end products are designed to be easy for patients to take. TB Alliance also collaborates with national and international partners, working to ensure that new therapies are adopted and accessible to healthcare providers and patients via local channels.

In February 2019, TB Alliance's application for the novel tuberculosis (TB) medicine pretomanid was accepted for review by the U.S. FDA.[12] In August 2019, TB Alliance's tuberculosis (TB) medicine pretomanid was approved by the U.S. FDA, to be used in combination with two other antibiotics, bedaquiline and linezolid, for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB as well as treatment-intolerant or nonresponsive multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB.[12]

Treating drug-resistant TB

[edit]

Combination therapies are essential for treating active tuberculosis infections. Currently, there are four first-line tuberculosis drugs given as a combination therapy over an extended period of time. Some strains of the tuberculosis pathogen are resistant to two (called MDR-TB) or at least four (called XDR-TB) first-line tuberculosis drugs.[13] Due to the contagious nature of tuberculosis, drug resistance is considered to be a serious public health issue, particularly among people with an already weakened immune system, for example people living with HIV.

Donors

[edit]

The TB Alliance has a diverse set of global partnerships with both public and private sector donors that fund the company's work. The organization operates with the support of:[14]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Clinical Portfolio | TB Alliance". www.tballiance.org. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  2. ^ "Home". TB Alliance 2016 Annual Report. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  3. ^ "WHO | Tuberculosis (TB)". WHO. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  4. ^ "Tuberculosis (TB)". www.who.int. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  5. ^ "WHO | Drug-resistant TB: global situation". WHO. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  6. ^ The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. "Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations" (PDF).
  7. ^ "WHO | Global tuberculosis report 2018". WHO. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  8. ^ WHO. "TB burden estimates, notifications and treatment outcomes" (PDF).
  9. ^ "The Cape Town Declaration of the Working Alliance for TB Drug Development" (PDF). www.tballiance.org. Cape Town, South Africa. February 8, 2000.
  10. ^ "Global Alliance for TB Drug Development Appoints Respected Scientist and Director of R&D as New Chief Executive". www.tballiance.org. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  11. ^ "About TB Alliance". TB Alliance. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  12. ^ a b "TB Medicine Pretomanid Enters Regulatory Review Process in the United States | TB Alliance". www.tballiance.org. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  13. ^ "Antimicrobial resistance". www.who.int. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  14. ^ "Donors". TB Alliance. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
[edit]
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