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=== [[18th century]]===
=== [[18th century]]===
* 1708 — Great Meeting House constructed for the towns Protestant Dissenters on East Bond Street. Today Leicester Unitarian Chapel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.storyofleicester.info/faith-belief/great-meeting-unitarian-chapel/ | title=The Story of Leicester }}</ref>
* 1708 — Great Meeting House constructed for the towns Protestant Dissenters on East Bond Street. Today Leicester Unitarian Chapel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.storyofleicester.info/faith-belief/great-meeting-unitarian-chapel/ | title=The Story of Leicester }}</ref>
* 1717 — Last [[Witch trials in England|English witch trial]] conducted by Leicester Assizes. The two accused women, both of [[Wigston]], were acquitted by the jury who disregarded the testimony of 25 witnesses.<ref>Review of a book on the last English witch trials mentioning the case|https://www.counterfire.org/article/the-last-witches-of-england-a-tragedy-of-sorcery-and-superstition-book-review/#:~:text=At%20the%20last%20trial%20for,25%20witnesses%20asserting%20their%20guilt.</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="Witchcraft in Leicestershire"/>
* 1717 — Last [[Witch trials in England|English witch trial]] conducted by Leicester Assizes. The two accused women, both of [[Wigston]], were acquitted by the jury who disregarded the testimony of 25 witnesses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Review of a book on the last English witch trials mentioning the Leicester case|url=https://www.counterfire.org/article/the-last-witches-of-england-a-tragedy-of-sorcery-and-superstition-book-review/#:~:text=At%20the%20last%20trial%20for,25%20witnesses%20asserting%20their%20guilt.}}</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="Witchcraft in Leicestershire"/>
* 1751 – ''Leicester Journal'' newspaper began publication.<ref name=mitchell-1847>{{cite book |chapter=Leicester |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/newspaperpressdi00lond#page/200/mode/2up |publisher = Charles Mitchell |date = 1847 |location = London |title = Newspaper Press Directory }}</ref>
* 1751 – ''Leicester Journal'' newspaper began publication.<ref name=mitchell-1847>{{cite book |chapter=Leicester |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/newspaperpressdi00lond#page/200/mode/2up |publisher = Charles Mitchell |date = 1847 |location = London |title = Newspaper Press Directory }}</ref>
* 1760 — Leicesters last recorded accusation of witchcraft. Two elderly ladies of [[Great Glen, Leicestershire|Glenn Magna]] accused one another of witchcraft and were subjected to the [[ducking stool]], which one passed and the other failed. Other accusations followed. The only court proceedings to arise were fines for rioting as the crime of witchcraft was removed from the statue books.<ref name="Witchcraft in Leicestershire"/>
* 1760 — Leicesters last recorded accusation of witchcraft. Two elderly ladies of [[Great Glen, Leicestershire|Glenn Magna]] accused one another of witchcraft and were subjected to the [[ducking stool]], which one passed and the other failed. Other accusations followed. The only court proceedings to arise were fines for rioting as the crime of witchcraft was removed from the statue books.<ref name="Witchcraft in Leicestershire"/>

Revision as of 08:23, 13 August 2024

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Leicester, the county town of Leicestershire, in England.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Prehistory and protohistory

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See also: Prehistory and Protohistory

Palaeolithic

Mesolithic

  • 9,500-4,500 BC — Late hunter gatherers active in the area. Stone tools found at Humberstone and Mowmacre Hill.[3]

Neolithic

  • 4,500-2,500 BC — Farming begins in the area and forests are cleared. More than 50 axes and other worked flint tools have been discovered scattered across every part of the city and its suburbs.[4]

Copper Age

  • 2,500-2,000 BC - pottery craft was discovered.[5]

Bronze Age

  • 2,000-1,000 BC
    • Metal working begins: metal remains found in High Street, Abbey Meadows, Eyres Monsell, and Glenfield. Pottery remains have been found in Glenfield in large quantities, as well as in Western Park and the modern city centre.
    • Evidence of ritual areas, crop marks and burial mounds, survive in Western Park and New Parks (for pre Roman Leicester religion see Druidism).
    • Burial area near High Street with a crematorium urn and another crematorium urn from Aylestone Park.[6]
  • 1,000 BC — earliest permanent settlement on Glenfield Ridge overlooking Soar Valley from the west (today Glenfield).[7]

Iron Age

Roman period

See also: Roman Britain

1st century CE (AD)

  • 44-46 – Roman Conquest of the area by Legio XIV Gemina under Aulus Plautius.[14]
  • c. 48-60 — The Corieltauvi become allied with Rome (approx. date):
    • Tribespeople were made Civitas Stipendaria of the Roman Empire.[15]
    • The gradually Romanising settlement of Ratae Corieltauvorum (meaning Ramparts of the Corieltauvi) was recognised as the Corieltauvi’s Civitas Capital.[16] The plural conjugation of the name Ratae might have either referred to the different sided ramparts of a single oppidum or to the ramparts of several oppida surrounding the main one excavated east of the River Soar.[17]
  • c. 48 — The Fosse Way was constructed just to the north of the original Iron Age oppidum, perhaps initially as a defensive ditch. The northern most boundary of the first wave of Romano-British occupied territories, it came to be a major route of transportation connecting Lincoln to the north east and Cirencester, Bath, and Exeter to the south west. It was also came to act as the Decumanus Maximus (principal street running east to west) of the city of Ratae. Outside the city walls the Fosse way is the road northeast to Belgrave, Syston, and Melton (today's A46), and southwest to Coventry (today's B4455 and A429) until the mid 20th century. In the 18th and 19th the areas around the Fosse Way had been developed while the straight road was preserved as today's:
  • c. 51 — Watling Street constructed about 12 miles south of the city connecting Canterbury, London, and St Albans in the south east with Wroxeter in the north west, later extending to Chester. This road followed the route of today's A5 and marks the boarder between Leicestershire and Warwickshire.[18][19]
  • c. 70 — The Via Devana is gradually constructed connecting Ratae to the Roman capital Colchester in the south east and Chester in the north west vier Watling Street. This road eventually constituted the southern section of Ratae's divided Cardo Maximus (principal street running north to south) connecting what is still Southgates with the old Forum (roughly today's Jubilee Square) vier Vaughan Way before joining the Fosse way in the western half of the Decumanus Maximus, exiting vier the former West Gates, and continuing towards Mancetter where it met Watling Street. To the south east it passed through Medbourne to Godmanchester. The route survives today as
  • c. 75-99 — A drainage ditch, most likely with a defensive rampart of some kind, was dug around an area north of the original Iron Age oppidum.[17] These boundaries will mark the site of the 3rd century stone walls and the boroughs boundaries with very few changes until the 19th century. Within the boundaries of the outer ditch a gridded network of streets (cardines, decumani, and insulae) were laid out, including the split Cardo Maximus and the continuous Decumanus Maximius.
    • The route the Cardo Maximus followed is now:
      • South Gates;
      • The short footpath continuous with Wyggeston’s House as far as Applegate (the route of the Decumanus, i.e. the Fosse Way);
      • The route of the present Highcross Street over Vaughn Way as far as Sanvey Gate and Soar Lane.
    • The Decumanus Maximius, following the route of the 48 AD Fosse Way, is now:
      • East Gates opposite the Haymarket and Belgrave Gate;
      • Silver Street;
      • Guildhall lane past Wyggeston’s House and Jubilee Square;
      • beneath St Nicolas Circle to the lost west gate around St Augustine's Road.
    • Raw Dykes likely constructed during this stage of development.[21]

2nd century

  • 122 — the Emperor Hadrian visited Ratae.[22]
  • c. 130-200 – Ratae developed into well established Municipium:
    • The Forum and Basilica complex were constructed on the north side of the Fosse Way between what is presently Highcross Street and Vaughan Way.[17] The site is now Jubilee Square.[20]
    • Thermae (public bath house) constructed. Ruins preserved in the courtyard of the Jewry Wall Museum.[23]
    • Jewry Wall constructed, the wall of a communal Palaestra or Gymnasium constructed on the eastern side of the bath complex, the archways are likely the surviving entry between the exercise hall and the baths.[24][25]
    • The Mithraeum, a temple to the deity Mithra, was constructed on what is now St Nicholas Circle.[26]
    • The "Cyparissus Pavement" laid (approx. date).[27][28]
    • The four "Blackfriars Pavements" laid (approx. date).[27][28]
    • The "Peacock Pavement" laid (approx. date).[27]

3rd century

  • c. 208 — Emperor Septimius Severus likely visited Ratae during his journey to Hadrians Wall for the Caledonian Campaign.
  • c. 220 — Civic buildings expand:
    • Large Macellum (indoor market hall) constructed immediately to the north of the Forum, around the site of the Medieval Blue Boar Inn in between todays Highcross Street, Vaughan Way, and Jubilee Square.[17][29]
    • Semi circular Theatrum constructed adjacent to the north wall of the Macellum (today under Vaughan Way).[17][30]
    • A Septisolium shrine was probably constructed around this time according surviving written testimony and some possible archaeological evidence. Inspired by the Roman Septisolium, although on a far smaller scale, it was devoted to the seven planetary deities (Saturn, Sol, Luna, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus).[26]
  • c. 270 — City walls constructed in stone along the route of the earlier ditches (see entry for c. 80-99 AD above). Stone defensive structures remain until the 16th century and surviving stones can be seen reused in the wall between St Mary de Castro churchyard and the gardens of the Newarke Houses Museum.[31]
    • The entrance roads and tracks along the walls extern have almost all survived as thoroughfares in the modern city. Working round the boundary, to and from the focal point of the Victorian Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower, and starting from East Gates these are:
      • Gallowtree Gate,
      • Horsefair Street,
      • Millstone Lane,
      • past Southgates and Vaughan way,
      • The Newarke, particularly the south wall of the 11th century Leicester Castle,
      • Castle Gardens,
      • St Nicholas Circle,
      • Bath Lane,
      • Soar Lane,
      • past Northgate and Highcross Streets,
      • Sanvey Gate,
      • and Church Gate.[21]
    • The walls had four major gateways of which no visible remains survive. Three of them have been preserved in the names of the streets. They were:
      • South Gate - today commemorated in the street name Southgates, they stood roughly where Millstone Lane meets Vaughan Way. Two roads branched from here; the Via Devana to Medbourne and Godmanchester, and an unnamed road to the local settlement of Tripontium on Watling Street (now the Caves Inn near Lutterworth). The Newarke Street Cemetery grew up in between the two forks in the road.
      • East Gate - today East Gates, it stood roughly between Cheapside and Gallowtree Gate. This was the eastern entrance of the Fosse Way (Belgrave Gate and Melton Road) into the city and the road to Lincoln. In the Middle Ages the two tracks following the east wall became Church Gate to the north leading up to St Margaret’s and Gallowtree Gate to the south leading up to the gallows where the track met the Via Divana at the top of St Mary’s Hill (opposite the Victoria Park gates on London Road).
      • North Gate - today the crossroads of Highcross Street, Northgate Street, Sanvey Gate, and Soar Lane. In the Middle Ages the road to Leicester Abbey and a procession route between St Martins Church (the Cathedral) and St Margaret’s Church (Sanvey Gate being an Anglo Saxon distortion of the Latin Sacra Via or Holy Way).
      • West Gate - today where St Augustine’s Road meets St Nicholas Circle. The onward route of both the Fosse Way (Narborough Road) to Bath and Exeter and the Via Devana (possibly Glenfield Road).[21]

4th century

  • 360 — major fire destroyed the public baths and many other buildings never to be rebuilt.[32]
  • c. 375 — Antonine Itinerary records Ratae on a postal route between London and Lincoln.[33]

5th century

Early Middle Ages

See also: Early Middle Ages, Kingdom of Mercia, Heptarchy, and Danelaw

7th century

  • 680 — Cuthwine was installed as the first Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Leicester.

8th century

9th century

10th century

High Middle Ages

See also: High Middle Ages and Kingdom of England

11th century

  • c. 1070 – The Norman Conquerors reached the city.
  • 1072 — The ancient bishopric of Dorchester, Leicester and Lindsey in exile, was moved to Lincoln under the new Norman bishop Remigius de Fécamp. Leicester and Leicestershires churches became part of the Diocese of Lincoln until 1541.[38]
  • 1086 — The Domesday Survey report on the town of Ledecestre (Leicester):
    • Leicester Castle was completed.
    • The walled town occupied 130 acres and had 322 houses.[44]
    • The walled town had several churches of which 5 survive:
      • St Nicholas Church, the old Anglo Saxon Minster dating back to the 6th or 7th century constructed in the shell of the old Roman Gymnasium;
      • St Mary de Castro in the precincts of Leicester Castle;
      • All Saints on Highcross Street, the northern section of the old Roman city's split Cardo Maximus, the first church reached on entering the North Gate);
      • St Margaret's Church, just outside the north eastern corner of the walls at the crossroads of Sanvey Gate and Church Gate;
      • & St Martin's Church, constructed on Fosse Way, the city's old Decumanus Maximus, roughly midway between the East and West Gates;
    • And three churches which do not:
      • St Clement's Church, later the Blackfriars Church in the northwest corner of the town;
      • St Michael's Church, in the northeast corner of the town around what is today Vaughan Way, Burgess Street, and East Bond Street;
      • & St Peter's Church, near what is now Free School Lane, its stones surviving in the structure of the Free School.[46][47]
    • The town operated along principles of pre-conquest Anglo-Saxon and Danish law and authority.
      • There were 65 Burgesses or Freemen, the ancestor of the current Guild of Leicester Freemen and the established core of the towns Burgher class.[48]
      • The town was governed by a Portmanmoot of 24 Jurats elected from among the Burgesses (the ancestor of the 1589 Corporation & the modern City Council).[48]
    • Leicester Market (known as the Saturday Shambles) was active.[49]
  • 1092 — First recorded existence of the Archdeaconry of Leicester. Title held by Ranulph appointed by Bishop Remigius.[50][51]

12th century

13th century

Late Middle Ages

See also: Late Middle Ages

14th century

15th century

Early Modern period

16th century

17th century

18th century

  • 1708 — Great Meeting House constructed for the towns Protestant Dissenters on East Bond Street. Today Leicester Unitarian Chapel.[99]
  • 1717 — Last English witch trial conducted by Leicester Assizes. The two accused women, both of Wigston, were acquitted by the jury who disregarded the testimony of 25 witnesses.[100][93][94]
  • 1751 – Leicester Journal newspaper began publication.[101]
  • 1760 — Leicesters last recorded accusation of witchcraft. Two elderly ladies of Glenn Magna accused one another of witchcraft and were subjected to the ducking stool, which one passed and the other failed. Other accusations followed. The only court proceedings to arise were fines for rioting as the crime of witchcraft was removed from the statue books.[94]
  • 1770 – Daniel Lambert was born in Leicester [102]
  • 1771 – Leicester Royal Infirmary opened.[103]
  • 1773 – The High Cross in High Street was removed.[46]
  • 1785 – The Greencoat School was established with money left by Alderman Gabriel Newton .[90]
  • 1792 – Leicester Chronicle newspaper began publication.[104]
  • 1794 - The corporation sanctioned several fairs.[24]

19th century

1800s - 1810s

1820s

1830s

1840s

1850s

1860s

1870s

1880s

1890s

  • 1890 - Church of the Martyrs on Westcotes Drive was consecrated by Bishop Magee.[138]
  • 1891
    • Population: 174,624.[107]
    • Filbert Street stadium opened.
    • Abbey Pumping Station in operation.[72]
    • The Borough of Leicester was greatly enlarged by the Leicester Extension Act, with the addition of Aylestone, Belgrave, Knighton, Newfoundpool and parts of Braunstone, Evington and Humberstone.[114]

[24]

20th century

1900s

1910s

  • 1911 — ‘Great Fire of Leicester’ - Church of St. George the Martyr & surrounding factories (today's Cultural Quarter) gutted by fire on October 5 & subsequently rebuilt.[145][146]
  • 1913 – De Montfort Hall opened.
  • 1918-1919 - the Spanish Influenza epidemic killed approximately 1600 people in Leicester.[147]
  • 1919
    • King George V and Queen Mary made a state visit the city on 10 June.[148]
    • Leicester granted city status in the aftermath of the Royal visit in June. It was seen as a restoration of the historic city status held during Roman times.[114][148]

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

  • 1950 — St Luke’s Church Humberstone Road demolished.[123]
  • 1955 — New Friends Meeting House opened on Queens Road. Pretend Street Meeting House closes permanently the following year. [156]
  • 1958

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

21st century

2000s

2010s

2020s

  • 2020-2022 — The COVID-19 pandemic. Between March 13, 2020 and December 19, 2022 the city reported 128,123 cases of the virus and the lives of 1,171 of its citizens were lost to it. The city was one of Britain's worst affected and was subject to an additional hundred days of lockdown.[171]
  • 2020 — New St Margaret's Bus Station building completed in November and opened December 31.[172]
  • 2022 — The 2022 Leicester unrest. A notable summer outbreak of ethno-religious tension between members of the city's Hindu and Muslim communities.
  • 2024 — Tension between a Far Right protest and an Anti Racist protest around East Gates and the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower and other instances of unrest, August 6th (part of the 2024 United Kingdom riots).[173]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "After this unhappy fate of Bladud, Leir, his son was advanced to the throne, and nobly governed his country sixty years. He built, upon the river Sore a city, called in the British tongue Kaerleir, in the Saxon, Leircestre."
  2. ^ "In the year of our Lord 1389, William Swinderby, priest, within the diocese of Lincoln, being accused and detected as to certain opinions, was presented before John, bishop of Lincoln, and examined first upon certain articles in the church, of Lincoln, after the form and order of the pope's law, according to their usual rite observed; his denouncers, three friars were these: friar Frisby, an observant ; friar Hincely, an Augustine; and Thomas Blaxton, a Dominican… articles or conclusions untruly collected, were as cruelly exhibited against him by the friars in the bishop of Lincoln's court. Swinderby compelled by the friars to abjure articles which he never taught. Although he had never preached, taught, or at any time defended them, as appeareth more in the process following, yet the friars with their witnesses standing forth against him, declared him to be convicted; bringing also dry wood with them to the town to burn him, and would not leave him before they had made him promise and swear, through fear of death, never to hold them, teach them, or preach them privily or openly, under pain of relapse; and that he should go to certain churches to revoke the aforesaid conclusions, which be never affirmed: as first in the church of Lincoln; then in St. Margaret's church in Leicester; also in St. Martin's church in Leicester, and in our Lady's churches at Newark, and in other parish-churches also, namely, those of Melton-Mowbray, Helhoughton, Hareborough, and Lentborough: which penance being enjoined him, he did obediently accomplish, with this form of revocation, which they bound him to, in these words."
  3. ^ "FROM THE BOOK OF MARGERY KEMPE - HER VISIT TO LEICESTER AND TRIAL - CHAPTER 46 - Afterwards she went on to Leicester with a good man, Thomas Marchale, of whom is written before. And there she came into a fine church where she beheld a crucifix, which was piteously portrayed and lamentable to behold, and through beholding of which, the Passion of our Lord entered her mind, whereupon she began to melt and utterly dissolve with tears of pity and compassion. Then the fire of love kindled so quickly in her heart that she could not keep it secret for, whether she liked it or not, it caused her to break out in a loud voice and cry astonishingly, and weep and sob very terribly, so that many men and women wondered at her because of it. When it was overcome, and she was going out of the church door, a man took her by the sleeve and said, 'Woman, why are you weeping so bitterly?' 'Sir,' she said, 'it is not to be told to you.' And so she and the good man, Thomas Marchale, went on and found lodgings for themselves and ate a meal there. When they had eaten, she asked Thomas Marchale to write a letter and send it to her husband, so that he might fetch her home. And while the letter was being written, the innkeeper came up to her room in great haste and took away her bag, and ordered her to come quickly and speak with the Mayor. And so she did. Then the Mayor asked her from which part of the country she came, and whose daughter she was. 'Sir,' she said, 'I am from Lynn in Norfolk, the daughter of a good man of the same Lynn, who has been five times mayor of that worshipful borough, and also an alderman for many years; and I have a good man, also a burgess of the said town of Lynn, for my husband.' 'Ah,' said the Mayor, 'St Katherine told of what kindred she came, and yet you are not alike, for you are a false strumpet, a false Lollard, and a false deceiver of the people, and therefore I shall have you in prison.' And she replied, 'I am as ready, sir, to go to prison for God's love, as you are ready to go to church.' When the Mayor had rebuked her for a long time and said many evil and horrible words to her, and she - by the grace of Jesus had reasonably answered him in everything that he could say, then he commanded the gaoler's man to lead her to prison. The gaoler's man, having compassion for her with weeping tears, said to the Mayor, 'Sir, I have no place to put her in, unless I put her in among men.' Then she moved with compassion for the man who had compassion for her, praying for grace and mercy to that man as to her own soul - said to the Mayor, 'I beg you, sir, not to put me among men, so that I may keep my chastity, and my bond of wedlock to my husband, as I am bound to do.' And then the gaoler himself said to the Mayor, 'Sir, I will undertake to keep this woman in my own safekeeping until you want to see her again.' Then there was a man from Boston, who said to the good wife where she was lodging, "Truly,' he said, 'in Boston this woman is held to be a holy woman and a blessed woman.' Then the gaoler took her into his custody, and led her home to his own house and put her into a fine room, locking the door with a key, and ordering his wife to keep the key safe. Nevertheless, he let her go to church when she wished, and let her eat at his own table, and made her very welcome for our Lord's love - thanks be to Almighty God for it. - CHAPTER 47 - Then the Steward of Leicester, a good-looking man, sent for the said creature to the gaoler's wife, and she - because her husband was not at home - would not let her go to any man, Steward or otherwise. When the gaoler knew about this he came himself, and brought her before the Steward. As soon as he saw her, the Steward spoke Latin to her, many priests standing about to hear what she would say, and other people too. She said to the Steward, 'Speak English, if you please, for I do not understand what you are saying.' The Steward said to her, 'You lie most falsely, in plain English.' Then she replied to him, 'Sir, ask what question you will in English, and through the grace of my Lord Jesus Christ I shall answer you very reasonably.' And then he asked many questions, to which she answered readily and reasonably, so that he could get no cause against her. Then the Steward took her by the hand and led her into his chamber, and spoke many foul, lewd words to her, intending and desiring, as it seemed to her, to overcome her and rape her. And then she had great fear and great sorrow, begging him for mercy. She said, 'Sir, for the reverence of Almighty God, spare me, for I am a man's wife.' And then the Steward said: 'You shall tell me whether you get this talk from God or from the devil, or else you shall go to prison.' 'Sir,' she said, 'I am not afraid to go to prison for my Lord's love, who suffered much more for my love than I may for his. I pray you, do as you think best.' The Steward, seeing her boldness in that she was not afraid of any imprisonment, struggled with her, making filthy signs and giving her indecent looks, through which he frightened her so much that she told him how she had her speech and conversing from the Holy Spirit and not from her own knowledge. And then he, completely astonished at her words, left off his lewdness, saying to her as many a man had done before, 'Either you are a truly good woman or else a truly wicked woman,' and delivered her up again to her gaoler, and he led her home again with him. Afterwards they took two of her companions who went with her on pilgrimage - one was Thomas Marchale, aforesaid, the other a man from Wisbech - and put them both in prison because of her. Then she was grieved and sorry for their distress, and prayed to God for their deliverance. And then our merciful Lord Christ Jesus said to his creature, 'Daughter, I shall, for your love, so dispose for them that the people will be very glad to let them go, and not detain them for long.' And on the next day following, our Lord sent such storms of thunder and lightning, and continuous rain, that all the people in the town were so afraid they didn't know what to do. They feared it was because they had put the pilgrims in prison. And then those who governed the town went in great haste and took out the two pilgrims, who had lain in prison all the night before, leading them to the Guildhall, there to be examined before the Mayor and the reputable men of the town, compelling them to swear if the said creature were a woman of true faith and true belief, chaste and pure of body, or not. As far as they knew, they swore, as certainly as God should help them at the Day of Judgement, that she was a good woman of true faith and true belief, pure and chaste in all her conduct as far as they knew, in manner and expression, in word and deed. And then the Mayor let them go wherever they wished. And soon the storm ceased, and the weather was fair - worshipped be our Lord. Those pilgrims were glad that they were released, and dared not stay in Leicester any longer, but went ten miles away and stayed there, so that they could get information as to what would be done with the said creature. For when they were both put in prison, they had told her themselves that they supposed that, if the Mayor could have his way, he would have her burnt. - CHAPTER 48 - On a Wednesday, the said creature was brought into a church of All Saints in Leicester," in which place, before the high altar, were seated the Abbot of Leicester with some of his canons, and the Dean of Leicester, a worthy cleric. There were also many friars and priests; also the Mayor of the same town with many other lay people. There were so many people that they stood upon stools to look at her and marvel at her. The said creature knelt down, saying her prayers to Almighty God that she might have grace, wit and wisdom, so to answer that day as might be most pleasure and honour to him, most profit to her soul, and best example to the people. Then a priest came to her and took her by the hand, and brought her before the Abbot and his assessors sitting at the altar, who made her swear on a book that she should answer truly to the Articles of the Faith, just as she felt about them. And first they repeated the blessed sacrament of the altar, charging her to say exactly what she believed about it. Then she said, 'Sirs, I believe in the sacrament of the altar in this way: that whatever man has taken the order of priesthood, be he never so wicked a man in his manner of life, if he duly say those words over the bread that our Lord Jesus Christ said when he celebrated the Last Supper sitting among his disciples, I believe that it is his very flesh and his blood, and no material bread; nor may it ever be unsaid, be it once said.' And so she went on answering on all the articles, as many as they wished to ask her, so that they were well pleased. The Mayor, who was her deadly enemy said, 'Truly, she does not mean with her heart what she says with her mouth.' And the clerics said to him, 'Sir, she answers us very well.' Then the Mayor severely rebuked her and repeated many reproving and indecent words, which it is more fitting to conceal than express. 'Sir,' she said, 'I take witness of my Lord Jesus Christ, whose body is here present in the sacrament of the altar, that I never had part of any man's body in this world in actual deed by way of sin, except my husband's body, to whom I am bound by the law of matrimony, and by whom I have borne fourteen children. For I would have you know, sir, that there is no man in this world that I love so much as God, for I love him above all things, and, sir, I tell you truly, I love all men in God and for God.' Also, furthermore, she said plainly to his face, 'Sir, you are not worthy to be a mayor, and that shall I prove by Holy Writ, for our Lord God said himself before he would take vengeance on the cities, "I shall come down and see," and yet he knew all things. And that was for nothing else, sir, but to show men such as you are that you should not carry out punishments unless you have prior knowledge that they are appropriate. And, sir, you have done quite the contrary to me today, for, sir, you have caused me much shame for something I am not guilty of. I pray God forgive you it.' Then the Mayor said to her, 'I want to know why you go about in white clothes, for I believe you have come here to lure away our wives from us, and lead them off with you.' 'Sir,' she said, 'you shall not know from my mouth why I go about in white clothes; you are not worthy to know it. But, sir, I will gladly tell it to these worthy clerks by way of confession. Let them consider whether they will tell it to you.' Then the clerks asked the Mayor to go down from among them with the other people. And when they had gone, she knelt on her knees before the Abbot, and the Dean of Leicester, and a Preaching Friar, a worthy cleric, and told these three clerics how our Lord by revelation warned her and bade her wear white clothes before she went to Jerusalem. 'And so I have told my confessors. And therefore they have charged me that I should go about like this, for they dare not go against my feelings for fear of God; and if they dared, they would do so very gladly. And therefore, sirs, if the Mayor wants to know why I go about in white, you may say, if you please, that my confessors order me to do so; and then you will tell no lies, yet he will not know the truth.' So the clerics called the Mayor up again, and told him in confidence that her confessors had charged her to wear white clothes, and she had bound herself in obedience to them. Then the Mayor called her to him, saying, 'I will not let you go from here in spite of anything you can say, unless you go to my Lord Bishop of Lincoln for a letter, inasmuch as you are in his jurisdiction, so that I may be discharged of responsibility for you.' She said, 'Sir, I certainly dare speak to my Lord of Lincoln, for I have been very kindly received by him before now.' And then other men asked her if she were in charity with the Mayor, and she said, 'Yes, and with all whom God has created.' And then she, bowing to the Mayor and weeping tears, prayed him to be in charity with her, and forgive her anything in which she had displeased him. And he spoke fine words to her for a while, so that she believed all was well, and that he was her good friend, but afterwards she well knew it was not so. And thus she had leave from the Mayor to go to my Lord Bishop of Lincoln, and fetch a letter by which the Mayor should be excused responsibility. - CHAPTER 49 - So she went first to Leicester Abbey' and into the church, and as soon as the Abbot had espied her he, out of his goodness, with many of his brethren, came to welcome her. When she saw them coming, at once in her soul she beheld our Lord coming with his apostles, and she was so ravished into contemplation with sweetness and devotion, that she could not stand until they came, as courtesy demanded, but leaned against a pillar in the church and held on to it tightly for fear of falling, for she would have stood and she could not, because of the abundance of devotion which was the reason that she cried and wept very bitterly. When she had overcome her crying, the Abbot asked his brethren to take her in with them and comfort her, and so they gave her very good wine and were extremely nice to her. Then she got herself a letter from the Abbot to my Lord of Lincoln, putting on record what controversy she had been in during the time that she was in Leicester. And the Dean of Leicester was also ready to provide a record and act as witness for her, for he had great confidence that our Lord loved her, and therefore he comforted her very highly in his own place. And so she took leave of her said son [Thomas Marchale], intending to travel to Lincoln with a man called Patrick, who had been with her to Santiago previously. And at this time he was sent by the said Thomas Marchale, from Melton Mowbray to Leicester, to inquire and see how things stood with the same creature. For the said Thomas Marchale was very afraid that she would have been burnt, and therefore he sent this man Patrick to find out the truth. And so she and Patrick, together with many good folk of Leicester who had come to encourage her, thanking God who had preserved her and given her victory over her enemies, went out to the edge of the town, and there they gave her a good send-off, promising her that, if she ever came back, she would receive a much better welcome amongst them than she had before. Then she had forgotten and left behind in the town a staff made with a piece of Moses' rod, which she had brought back from Jerusalem, and would not have lost for forty shillings. Then Patrick went into the town again for her staff and her bag and happened to meet the Mayor, and the Mayor would have put him in prison, so that in the end he got away with difficulty and left her bag there. The said creature was waiting for this man in a blind woman's house in a very gloomy mood, dreading what had happened to him because he was so long. At last this man came riding past where she was. When she saw him she cried, 'Patrick, son, where have you been so long away from me?' 'Yes, yes, mother,' he said, 'I have been in great danger for you. I was on the point of being put in prison because of you, and the Mayor has greatly harassed me because of you, and he has taken away your bag from me.' 'Ah, good Patrick,' she said, 'don't be upset, for I shall pray for you, and God will well reward you for your trouble; it is all for the best.' Then Patrick set her upon his horse and brought her home to his own house in Melton Mowbray where Thomas Marchale was, as previously mentioned, who took her down from the horse, highly thanking God that she was not burnt. So they rejoiced in our Lord all that night. And afterwards she went on to the Bichon of Lincoln, at the place where he was staying at the time."
  4. ^ "The Hole Toune of Leircester at this Tyme is buildid of tymbre: and so is Lughborow after the same rate. S. JOHN’S HOSPITAL - S. John's Hospital Landes for the most part was given by Edward the 4. to the College of Newark in Leyrcester. LIERCESTER ABBAY - Other Robert Bossue, Erle of Leircester, or Petronilla, a Countess of Leircester, was buried in a Tumbe ex marmore calchedonica yn the Waul of the South of the High Altar of S. Mairie Abbay of Leyrcester. The Waulles of S. Marie Abbay be 3 quarters of Mile aboute. GRAY-FRERES - The Gray-Freres of Leircester stode at the ende of the Hospital of Mr. Wigeston. Simon de Mountefort, as I lernid, was Founder there: and there was byried King Richard 3 and a Knight caulled Mutton, sumtyme Mayre of Leycester. BLAKE-FRERES - I saw in the Quire of the Blake-Freres the Tumbe of............And a flat Alabaster Stone with the name of Lady Isabel Wife to Sr John Beauchamp of HO(lt). And in the North Isle I saw the Tumbe of another Knight without Scripture. And in the North Crosse Isle (a Tombe) having the Name of Roger Po(ynter) of Leircester armid . . . These things brevely I markid at LIERCESTER CASTELLE - The Castelle stonding nere the West Bridge is at this Tyme a thing of small Estimation: and there is no Apparaunce other of high Waulles or Dikes. So that I think that the Lodginges that now be there were made sins the Tyme of the Barons War in Henry the 3. Tyme; and great likelihod there is That the Castelle was much defacid in Henry the 2. Tyme when the Waulles of Leircester were defacid. S. MARIE INTRA CASTRUM - There was afor the Conqueste a Collegiate Chirch of Prebendes intra Castrum. The Landes where of gyven by Robert Bossu Erle of Leircestre to the Abbay of Chanons made by him withoute the Waulles. a new Chirch of the Residew of the old Prebendes was erectid withoute the Castelle, and dedicate to S. Marie as the olde was. S. MARIE EXTRA CASTRUM - In this Chirch of S. Marie extra castrum I saw the Tumbe of Marble of Thomas Rider, Father of Master Richard of Leircester. This Richard I take to be the same that yn those Dayes, as it apperith by his Workes, was a auncient great Clerke. Beside this Grave I saw few thinges there of any Memorie within the Chirch. The Collegiate Chirch of Newarke and the Area of it joinith to another Peace of the Castelle Ground. The College Chirch is not very great, but it is exceeding fair. There lyith on the North side of the High Altare Henry Erle of Lancaster, without a Crounet, and 2 Men children under the Arche next to his Hedde. On the Southe side lyith Henry the first Duke of Lancaster: and yn the next Arch to his Hedde lyith a Lady, by likelihod his Wife. Constance, Doughtter to Peter, King of Castelle, and Wife to John of Gaunt, liith after the High Altare in a Tumbe of Marble with an Image of (Brasse) (like a Quene) on it. There is a Tumbe of Marble in the Body of the Quire. They told me that a Countess of Darby lay biried on it, and they make her, I wot not how, Wife to John of Gaunt or Henry the 4. Indeade Henry the 4 wille John of Gaunt lived was callid Erle of Darby In the Chapelle of St. Mary on the Southe side of the Quire ly buried to of the Shirleys, Knights with their Wives; and one Brokesby an Esquier. Under a Piller yn a Chapelle of the South Crosse Isle lyith the Lady Hungreford, and Sacheverel her Secund Husbande. In the Southside of the Body of the Chirch lyith one of the Bluntes, a Knight, with his Wife. And on the North side of the Chirch ly 3 Wigstons, greate Benefactors to the College. one of them was a Prebendarie there, and made the free Grammar Schole. The Cloistor on the South Weste side of the Chirch is large and faire: and the Houses in the Cumpace of the Area of the College for the Pre- bendaries be al very praty. The Waulles and Gates of the College be stately. The riche Cardinal of Winchester gildid al the Floures and Knottes in the Voulte of the Chirch. S. TRINITY HOSPITAL - The large Almose House stondith also withyn the Quadrante of the Area of the College. SOAR ISLE - A little above the West bridge the Sore castith oute an Arme, and sone after it cummith in again, and makith one streame of Sore. AUSTIN-FRERES AND RIVER SOAR - Withyn this Isle standith the Blake-Freres very pleasauntly, and hard by the Freres is also a Bridge of Stone over this Arme of Sore. And after the hole Water creping aboute half the Toune cummith thorough the North Bridge of a VIj or VIIj Arches of (Stone). And there Sore brek(eth into two) armes againe, wher(of the biggest) goith by S. Maries a(bbay standing) on the farther Ripe; and the other, caullid the Bishoppes Water, bycause the Bishop of Lincoln's Tenantes have Privilege on it, and after sone melthith with the bigger Arme, and so insulatith a right large and plesaunt Meadow; wherapon the Abbay, as I suppose, in sum Writings is caullid S. Maria de pratis. Over the Middle Part of this Arme of Bishops Water is a meane Stone bridge: and a little beyond it is a nother Stone bridge, thorough the which passit a little land broke, cumming from Villages not far of, and so rennith into Bishops Water. And by Bishops Water is a Chapel longging to the Hospital of S. John. At this Chapel lyith Mr. Boucher. S. MARGARETE’S - S. Margarete's is thereby the fairest Paroche Chirch of Leircester, wher ons was Cathedrale Chirch and thereby the Bishop of Lincoln had a Palace, whereof a little yet standeth. John Peny first Abbate of Leircester, then Bishop of Bangor and Cairluel (is here buried in) an Alabaster Tumbe. (This Penny made the new Bricke workes of Leicester Abby, and much of the brick waulles.) LEIRCESTER TO BRADGATE - From Leircester to Bradgate by ground welle wooddid 3 Miles. At Bradgate is a fair Parke and a Lodge lately buildid there by the Lorde Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorsete, Father to Henry that is now Marquise.... FORESTES IN LEIRCESTERSHIRE - The foreste of Leyrcester yoining hard to the Toune: it is a V Miles lenghthe, but no greate Breede: and is replensihed with Dere. The Foreste of Charley a XX Miles in Cumpace. PARKES IN LEYRCESTERSHIRE - The Parke by S. Mary Abbay. The Frith Park sumtyme a light large thyng, now partly deparkid, and partely bering the Name of the New Park, welle palid. Bellemontes Lease sumtyne a great Park by Leircester but now convertid to Pasture. Barne Parke, and Towley Park, and Beewmanor. Al these be the Kinges."
  5. ^ "A merchant's servant burned at Leicester…the yong man at Leicester"

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Further reading

Published before the 19th century

Published in the 19th century

1800s–1840s

1850s–1890s

Published in the 20th century

1900s-1940s

1950s-1990s

  • A. Temple Patterson (1954). Radical Leicester: A History of Leicester, 1780-1850. University College London. SBN 7185 1003 8.
  • R A McKinley, ed. (1958), "A History of the County of Leicester: The City of Leicester", Victoria County History, London
  • A.E. (Tony) Brown, ed. (1970). The Growth of Leicester: A History of the City in 10 Essays (2nd. 1972 ed.). University of Leicester Press. ISBN 0 7185 1100 X.
    • A.E. (Tony) Brown, "Roman Leicester", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 11–18
    • Levi Fox, "Leicester Castle", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 19–26
    • G.H. Martin, "Church Life in Medieval Leicester", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 27–38
    • A.M. Everitt, "Leicester and its Markets: The Seventeenth Centuries", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 39–46
    • G.A. Chinnery, "Eighteenth Century Leicester", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 47–54
    • G.R. Potts, "The Development of the New Walk and King Street Area", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 55–62
    • R.H. Evans, "The Expansion of Leicester in the Nineteenth Century", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 63–70
    • R.H. Evans, "The Local Government of Leicester in the Nineteenth Century", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 71–78
    • G.C Martin, "Twentieth Century Leicester: Garden Suburbs and Council Estates", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 79–86
    • Jack Simmons, "Leicester Past and Present", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 87–92
  • Malcolm Elliott (1983). Leicester,a pictorial history (2nd. 1999 ed.). Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 1 86077 099 1.
  • Patrick Clay (1988). Leicester Before the Romans. Leicestershire Museum Publications. ISBN 0-85022-244-3.

Published in the 21st century

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