Jump to content

Great crested grebe: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
external link labeling
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit iOS app edit
Restored revision 1234866324 by Zzzs (talk): More of the same
 
(28 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Great crested grebe
| name = Great crested grebe
| image = Great Crested Grebe 1 - Penrith.jpg
| image = Great Crested Grebe 1 - Penrith.jpg
| image_caption = in [[Penrith, New South Wales]], Australia
| image_caption = [[File: Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) (W1CDR0001488 BD4).ogg|thumb|center|Call of a Great Crested Grebe recorded in [[Surrey]]]]
| image2 = Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) (W1CDR0001488 BD4).ogg
⚫
| status = VU
| image2_caption = Call of a great crested grebe recorded in [[Surrey]], England
⚫
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Podiceps cristatus'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22696602A154250080 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696602A154250080.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Podiceps cristatus'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22696602A154250080 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696602A154250080.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
Line 17: Line 19:
| synonyms = ''Colymbus cristatus'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
| synonyms = ''Colymbus cristatus'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
}}
}}
[[File:Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) in the wild.webm |thumb|Podiceps cristatus]]
[[File:Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) in the wild.webm |thumb|''Podiceps cristatus'']]
The '''great crested grebe''' ('''''Podiceps cristatus''''') is a member of the [[grebe]] family of [[water bird]]s. The bird is characterised by its distinctive appearance, featuring striking black and white plumage, and elaborate [[courtship display]] that involves synchronised dances and displays.
The '''great crested grebe''' ('''''Podiceps cristatus''''') is a member of the [[grebe]] family of [[water bird]]s. The bird is characterised by its distinctive appearance, featuring striking black and white plumage, and elaborate [[courtship display]] that involves synchronised dances and displays.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The great crested grebe was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Colymbus cristatus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Volume 1 | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=135 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727040 }}</ref> It is now the [[type species]] of the genus ''[[Podiceps]]'' that was erected by the English naturalist [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] in 1787.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Latham| first= John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1787 | title=Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds | publisher=Printed for Leigh & Sotheby | place=London | page=294 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33046893 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2021 | title=Grebes, flamingos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/grebes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=12 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=148 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108788 }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is Sweden.<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=151 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108791 }}</ref> The scientific name comes from [[Latin]]: the genus name ''Podiceps'' is from {{lang|la|podicis}}, "vent" and {{lang|la|pes}}, "foot", and is a reference to the placement of a grebe's legs towards the rear of its body; the species name, ''cristatus'', means "crested".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n122 122], 341}}</ref>
The great crested grebe was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Colymbus cristatus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=135 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727040 }}</ref> It is now the [[type species]] of the genus ''[[Podiceps]]'' that was erected by the English naturalist [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] in 1787.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Latham| first= John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1787 | title=Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds | publisher=[[Leigh & Sotheby]] | place=London | page=294 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33046893 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2021 | title=Grebes, flamingos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/grebes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=12 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=148 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108788 }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is Sweden.<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=151 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108791 }}</ref> The scientific name comes from [[Latin]]: the genus name ''Podiceps'' is from {{lang|la|podicis}}, "vent" and {{lang|la|pes}}, "foot", and is a reference to the placement of a grebe's legs towards the rear of its body; the specific name, ''cristatus'', means "crested".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=[[Christopher Helm]] | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n122 122], 341}}</ref>


Three [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
Three [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''P. c. cristatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Eurasia
* ''P. c. cristatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Eurasia
* ''P. c. infuscatus'' [[Tommaso Salvadori|Salvadori]], 1884 – Africa
* ''P. c. infuscatus'' [[Tommaso Salvadori|Salvadori]], 1884 – Africa
* ''P. c. australis'' [[John Gould|Gould]], 1844 – Australia, Tasmania, South Island of New Zealand; known commonly as the ''Australasian crested grebe'' and, in the [[Māori language]], {{lang|mi|pūteketeke}}
* ''P. c. australis'' [[John Gould|Gould]], 1844 – Australia, Tasmania, South Island of New Zealand; known commonly as the Australasian crested grebe and, in the [[Māori language]], {{lang|mi|pūteketeke}}


== Description ==
== Description ==
Line 33: Line 35:
The great crested grebe is the largest member of the grebe family found in the [[Old World]], with some larger species residing in the Americas. They measure {{convert|46|–|51|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|59|–|73|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan and weigh {{convert|0.9|to|1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=arkive/><ref name=Burnie/> It is an excellent swimmer and diver, and pursues its fish prey underwater. The adults are unmistakable in summer with head and neck decorations. In winter, this is whiter than most grebes, with white above the eye, and a pink bill.
The great crested grebe is the largest member of the grebe family found in the [[Old World]], with some larger species residing in the Americas. They measure {{convert|46|–|51|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|59|–|73|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan and weigh {{convert|0.9|to|1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=arkive/><ref name=Burnie/> It is an excellent swimmer and diver, and pursues its fish prey underwater. The adults are unmistakable in summer with head and neck decorations. In winter, this is whiter than most grebes, with white above the eye, and a pink bill.


The call is a loud barking ''rah-rah-rah''. They can also produce a clicking ''kek'' call, and deep growls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great-crested Grebe |url=https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-great-crested-grebe.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.oiseaux-birds.com}}</ref>
The call is a loud barking ''rah-rah-rah''. They can also produce a clicking ''kek'' call, and deep growls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great-crested Grebe |url=https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-great-crested-grebe.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Oiseaux-birds.com}}</ref>


Juveniles are recognisable by their plumage, with their heads featuring alternating black and white stripes. They lose these markings when they become adults.
Juveniles are recognisable by their plumage, with their heads featuring alternating black and white stripes. They lose these markings when they become adults.


== Distribution ==
== Distribution ==
[[File:Podiceps cristatus MWNH 0106.JPG|left|upright|thumb|Eggs, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden, Germany]]]]
[[File:Podiceps cristatus MWNH 0106.JPG|left|upright|thumb|Eggs from the collection of the [[Museum Wiesbaden, Germany]]]]
The great crested grebe breeds in vegetated areas of freshwater lakes. The subspecies ''P. c. cristatus'' is found across [[Europe]] and east across the [[Palearctic]]. It is resident in the milder west of its range, but [[bird migration|migrates]] from the colder regions. It winters on freshwater lakes and reservoirs or the coast. The [[Africa]]n subspecies ''P. c. infuscatus'' and the [[Australasia]]n subspecies ''P. c. australis'' are mainly sedentary.
The great crested grebe breeds in vegetated areas of freshwater lakes. The subspecies ''P.&nbsp;c. cristatus'' is found across Europe and east across the [[Palearctic]]. It is resident in the milder west of its range, but [[bird migration|migrates]] from the colder regions. It winters on freshwater lakes and reservoirs or the coast. The African subspecies ''P.&nbsp;c. infuscatus'' and the [[Australasia]]n subspecies ''P.&nbsp;c. australis'' are mainly sedentary.


== Behaviour ==
== Behaviour ==
===Breeding===
===Breeding===
The great crested grebe has an elaborate mating display. Like all grebes, it nests on the water's edge. The nest is built by both sexes. The [[clutch (eggs)|clutch]] averages four chalky white eggs which average {{cvt|54|x|37|mm}} in size and weigh {{cvt|42|g}}. Incubation is by both parents and begins as soon as the first egg is laid. The eggs hatch asynchronously after 27 to 29 days. The [[precocial]] young are cared for and fed by both parents.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|pp=87-88}}
The great crested grebe has an elaborate mating display. Like all grebes, it nests on the water's edge. The nest is built by both sexes. The [[clutch (eggs)|clutch]] averages four chalky-white eggs which average {{cvt|54|x|37|mm}} in size and {{cvt|42|g}} in weight. Incubation is by both parents and begins as soon as the first egg is laid. The eggs hatch asynchronously after 27 to 29 days. The [[precocial]] young are cared for and fed by both parents.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|pp=87-88}}


Young grebes are capable of swimming and diving almost at hatching. The adults teach these skills to their young by carrying them on their back and diving, leaving the chicks to float on the surface; they then re-emerge a few feet away so that the chicks may swim back onto them.
Young grebes are capable of swimming and diving almost at hatching. The adults teach these skills to their young by carrying them on their back and diving, leaving the chicks to float on the surface; they then re-emerge a few feet away so that the chicks may swim back onto them.
Line 51: Line 53:


==Relationship to humans==
==Relationship to humans==
[[File:Kauvatsa.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|A head of great crested grebe in the coat of arms of [[Kauvatsa]]]]
[[File:Kauvatsa.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|A great crested grebe head in the coat of arms of [[Kauvatsa]], Finland]]
This species was hunted almost to [[extinction]] in the [[United Kingdom]] in the 19th century for its head plumes, which were used to decorate ladies' hats and garments. The [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] was set up to help protect this species, which is again a common sight.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Cocker | first1=Mark | last2=Mabey | first2=Richard | year=2005 | title=Birds Britannica | place=London | publisher=Chatto and Windus | pages=6–7 | isbn=978-0-7011-6907-7 }}</ref>
This species was hunted almost to [[extinction]] in the United Kingdom in the 19th century for its head plumes, which were used to decorate ladies' hats and garments. The [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] was set up to help protect this species, which is again a common sight.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Cocker | first1=Mark | last2=Mabey | first2=Richard | year=2005 | title=Birds Britannica | place=London | publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]]| pages=6–7 | isbn=978-0-7011-6907-7 }}</ref>


The great crested grebe and its behaviour was the subject of one of the landmark publications in avian [[ethology]]: [[Julian Huxley]]'s 1914 paper on ''The Courtship‐habits of the Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus)''.<ref name=Burkhardt1992/><ref name=Huxley1914/>
The great crested grebe and its behaviour was the subject of one of the landmark publications in avian [[ethology]]: [[Julian Huxley]]'s 1914 paper on "The Courtship‐habits of the Great Crested Grebe (''Podiceps cristatus'')".<ref name=Burkhardt1992/><ref name=Huxley1914/>


The bird gained international attention on 5 November 2023, after comedian [[John Oliver]] highlighted New Zealand's [[Bird of the Year]] campaign in his ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|Last Week Tonight]]'' episode and declared himself the "campaign manager" for the bird, which is also known in New Zealand by its [[Māori language|Māori]] name {{lang|mi|pūteketeke}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Solomon |first=Serena |date=2023-11-07 |title=John Oliver backs ‘weird, puking’ pūteketeke as he takes New Zealand’s bird of century poll global |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/john-oliver-backs-weird-puking-puteketeke-as-he-takes-new-zealands-bird-of-century-poll-global |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pūteketeke wins Bird of the Century following John Oliver intervention |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/bird-of-the-century-winner-did-john-olivers-favoured-puteketeke-claim-the-win/INOIM3AC5FGRPJMMSPBH5AIRVQ/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[NZ Herald]] |date=15 November 2023}}</ref> The bird was announced as the winner of New Zealand's Bird of the Century competition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Bird of the Century winner announced: Pūteketeke pandemonium prevails|website=Forest and Bird |url=https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/resources/bird-century-winner-announced-puteketeke-pandemonium-prevails |access-date=2023-11-14 }}</ref>
Conservation efforts have been taking place on New Zealand's [[Lake Wānaka]] since 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Bird of the Century: What you need to know about pūteketeke |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/502479/bird-of-the-century-what-you-need-to-know-about-puteketeke |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=RNZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2015 |title=Lake Wanaka grebes thrive with a bit of help |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2015/lake-wanaka-grebes-thrive-with-a-bit-of-help/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Department of Conservation |publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref>
The bird gained international attention on 5 November 2023, after comedian [[John Oliver]] highlighted New Zealand's [[Bird of the Year]] campaign in a ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|Last Week Tonight]]'' episode and declared himself the "campaign manager" for the bird, which is also known in New Zealand by its [[Māori language|Māori]] name {{lang|mi|pūteketeke}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Solomon |first=Serena |date=2023-11-07 |title=John Oliver backs 'weird, puking' pūteketeke as he takes New Zealand's bird of century poll global |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/john-oliver-backs-weird-puking-puteketeke-as-he-takes-new-zealands-bird-of-century-poll-global |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pūteketeke wins Bird of the Century following John Oliver intervention |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/bird-of-the-century-winner-did-john-olivers-favoured-puteketeke-claim-the-win/INOIM3AC5FGRPJMMSPBH5AIRVQ/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=15 November 2023}}</ref> The bird was announced as the winner of the competition with the alliteration "Pūteketeke pandemonium prevails".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Bird of the Century winner announced: Pūteketeke pandemonium prevails|website=[[Forest & Bird]]|url=https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/resources/bird-century-winner-announced-puteketeke-pandemonium-prevails |access-date=2023-11-14 }}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 66: Line 70:
File:Great crested grebes (podiceps cristatus).jpg|Mating ritual, [[Otmoor]], [[Oxfordshire]]
File:Great crested grebes (podiceps cristatus).jpg|Mating ritual, [[Otmoor]], [[Oxfordshire]]
File:Great crested grebe (podiceps cristatus).jpg|Male displaying during mating ritual, [[Otmoor]], [[Oxfordshire]]
File:Great crested grebe (podiceps cristatus).jpg|Male displaying during mating ritual, [[Otmoor]], [[Oxfordshire]]
File:Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus courtship display by Raju Kasambe 21.JPG|Great Crested Grebe courtship display at [[Hyde Park, London]], UK
File:Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus courtship display by Raju Kasambe 21.JPG|Great crested grebe courtship display at [[Hyde Park, London]]
File:Podiceps cristatus 1 2013.jpg|Podiceps cristatus with nest and eggs, Sweden 2013
File:Podiceps cristatus 1 2013.jpg|''Podiceps cristatus'' with nest and eggs, Sweden 2013
File:Podiceps cristatus 2 2013.jpg|Podiceps cristatus family at nest, Sweden 2013
File:Podiceps cristatus 2 2013.jpg|''Podiceps cristatus'' family at nest, Sweden 2013
File:Podiceps Cristatus 2015-5786.jpg|Podiceps Cristatus, Sweden 2015
File:Podiceps Cristatus 2015-5786.jpg|''Podiceps cristatus'', Sweden 2015
Podiceps cristatus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.38.1.jpg |Museum specimen
Podiceps cristatus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.38.1.jpg |Museum specimen
</gallery>
</gallery>


== References ==
== References ==
<!-- Forktail15:87. -->
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=arkive>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/great-crested-grebe/podiceps-cristatus/#text=Facts |title=Great crested grebe videos, photos and facts – Podiceps cristatus |publisher=ARKive |access-date=27 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823145839/http://www.arkive.org/great-crested-grebe/podiceps-cristatus/#text=Facts#text=Facts |archive-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=arkive>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/great-crested-grebe/podiceps-cristatus/#text=Facts |title=Great crested grebe videos, photos and facts – ''Podiceps cristatus'' |publisher=[[ARKive]] |access-date=27 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823145839/http://www.arkive.org/great-crested-grebe/podiceps-cristatus/#text=Facts#text=Facts |archive-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=Burkhardt1992>{{Cite book |last=Burkhardt Jr |first=R.W. |year=1992 |title=Huxley and the rise of ethology. Julian Huxley. Biologist and statesman of science |publisher=Rice University Press |location=Houston, Texas |pages=127–149}}</ref>
<ref name=Burkhardt1992>{{Cite book |last=Burkhardt Jr |first=R.W. |year=1992 |chapter=Huxley and the Rise of Ethology |title=Julian Huxley: Biologist and Statesman of Science |publisher=[[Rice University Press]] |location=Houston, Texas |pages=127–149}}</ref>
<ref name=Burnie>{{cite book |editor-last1=Burnie |editor-first1=D. |editor-last2=Wilson |editor-first2=D.E. |title=Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife |publisher=DK Adult |year=2005 |isbn=0789477645}}</ref>
<ref name=Burnie>{{cite book |editor-last1=Burnie |editor-first1=D. |editor-last2=Wilson |editor-first2=D.E. |title=Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife |publisher=[[DK Adult]] |year=2005 |isbn=0789477645}}</ref>
<ref name=Huxley1914>{{cite journal |last=Huxley |first=J.S. |date=1914 |title=The courtship‐habits of the Great Crested Grebe (''Podiceps cristatus''); with an addition to the theory of sexual selection |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=84 |number=3 |pages=491–562 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1914.tb07052.x|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31855761 }}</ref>
<ref name=Huxley1914>{{cite journal |last=Huxley |first=J. S. |date=1914 |title=The courtship-habits of the Great Crested Grebe (''Podiceps cristatus''); with an addition to the theory of sexual selection |journal=[[Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]] |volume=84 |number=3 |pages=491–562 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1914.tb07052.x|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31855761 }}</ref>
}}
}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
{{ cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | year=1977 | chapter=''Podiceps cristatus'' Great Crested Grebe | title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume= I: Ostrich to Ducks | place=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-857358-6 | pages=78–89 }}
{{cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | year=1977 | chapter=''Podiceps cristatus'' Great Crested Grebe | title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume= I: Ostrich to Ducks | place=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | isbn=978-0-19-857358-6 | pages=78–89 }}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 89: Line 92:
{{Wikispecies|Podiceps cristatus}}
{{Wikispecies|Podiceps cristatus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202062008/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/06_GreatCrestedGrebePcristatus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202062008/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/06_GreatCrestedGrebePcristatus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* {{EBirdSpecies|grcgre1|Great Crested Grebe}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|great-crested-grebe-podiceps-cristatus}}
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/006.pdf Great Crested Grebe Species], ''The Atlas of Southern African Birds''
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/006.pdf Great Crested Grebe Species], ''The Atlas of Southern African Birds''
* {{field guide birds of the world|Podiceps cristatus}}
* {{field guide birds of the world|Podiceps cristatus}}
Line 99: Line 102:


{{Grebes}}
{{Grebes}}
{{portalbar|Birds|Animals|Biology}}
{{Portal bar|Birds|Animals|Biology}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25422}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25422}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 01:27, 14 October 2024

Great crested grebe
in Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
Call of a great crested grebe recorded in Surrey, England
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Podicipediformes
Family: Podicipedidae
Genus: Podiceps
Species:
P. cristatus
Binomial name
Podiceps cristatus
Range of P. cristatus
  Breeding
  Resident
  Non-breeding
Synonyms

Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus, 1758

Podiceps cristatus

The great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The bird is characterised by its distinctive appearance, featuring striking black and white plumage, and elaborate courtship display that involves synchronised dances and displays.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The great crested grebe was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Colymbus cristatus.[2] It is now the type species of the genus Podiceps that was erected by the English naturalist John Latham in 1787.[3][4][5] The type locality is Sweden.[6] The scientific name comes from Latin: the genus name Podiceps is from podicis, "vent" and pes, "foot", and is a reference to the placement of a grebe's legs towards the rear of its body; the specific name, cristatus, means "crested".[7]

Three subspecies are recognised:[4]

  • P. c. cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Eurasia
  • P. c. infuscatus Salvadori, 1884 – Africa
  • P. c. australis Gould, 1844 – Australia, Tasmania, South Island of New Zealand; known commonly as the Australasian crested grebe and, in the Māori language, pūteketeke

Description

[edit]
Young grebe, Moscow

The great crested grebe is the largest member of the grebe family found in the Old World, with some larger species residing in the Americas. They measure 46–51 cm (18–20 in) long with a 59–73 cm (23–29 in) wingspan and weigh 0.9 to 1.5 kg (2.0 to 3.3 lb).[8][9] It is an excellent swimmer and diver, and pursues its fish prey underwater. The adults are unmistakable in summer with head and neck decorations. In winter, this is whiter than most grebes, with white above the eye, and a pink bill.

The call is a loud barking rah-rah-rah. They can also produce a clicking kek call, and deep growls.[10]

Juveniles are recognisable by their plumage, with their heads featuring alternating black and white stripes. They lose these markings when they become adults.

Distribution

[edit]
Eggs from the collection of the Museum Wiesbaden, Germany

The great crested grebe breeds in vegetated areas of freshwater lakes. The subspecies P. c. cristatus is found across Europe and east across the Palearctic. It is resident in the milder west of its range, but migrates from the colder regions. It winters on freshwater lakes and reservoirs or the coast. The African subspecies P. c. infuscatus and the Australasian subspecies P. c. australis are mainly sedentary.

Behaviour

[edit]

Breeding

[edit]

The great crested grebe has an elaborate mating display. Like all grebes, it nests on the water's edge. The nest is built by both sexes. The clutch averages four chalky-white eggs which average 54 mm × 37 mm (2.1 in × 1.5 in) in size and 42 g (1.5 oz) in weight. Incubation is by both parents and begins as soon as the first egg is laid. The eggs hatch asynchronously after 27 to 29 days. The precocial young are cared for and fed by both parents.[11]

Young grebes are capable of swimming and diving almost at hatching. The adults teach these skills to their young by carrying them on their back and diving, leaving the chicks to float on the surface; they then re-emerge a few feet away so that the chicks may swim back onto them.

Feeding

[edit]

The great crested grebe feeds mainly on fish, but also small crustaceans, insects, small frogs and newts.[12]

Relationship to humans

[edit]
A great crested grebe head in the coat of arms of Kauvatsa, Finland

This species was hunted almost to extinction in the United Kingdom in the 19th century for its head plumes, which were used to decorate ladies' hats and garments. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds was set up to help protect this species, which is again a common sight.[13]

The great crested grebe and its behaviour was the subject of one of the landmark publications in avian ethology: Julian Huxley's 1914 paper on "The Courtship‐habits of the Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus)".[14][15]

Conservation efforts have been taking place on New Zealand's Lake Wānaka since 2013.[16][17]

The bird gained international attention on 5 November 2023, after comedian John Oliver highlighted New Zealand's Bird of the Year campaign in a Last Week Tonight episode and declared himself the "campaign manager" for the bird, which is also known in New Zealand by its Māori name pūteketeke.[18][19] The bird was announced as the winner of the competition with the alliteration "Pūteketeke pandemonium prevails".[20]

[edit]
  • Juvenile with adult
    Juvenile with adult
  • Head of juvenile with characteristic stripes
    Head of juvenile with characteristic stripes
  • Adult ready to feed its young in Scotland
    Adult ready to feed its young in Scotland
  • Mating ritual, Otmoor, Oxfordshire
    Mating ritual, Otmoor, Oxfordshire
  • Male displaying during mating ritual, Otmoor, Oxfordshire
    Male displaying during mating ritual, Otmoor, Oxfordshire
  • Great crested grebe courtship display at Hyde Park, London
    Great crested grebe courtship display at Hyde Park, London
  • Podiceps cristatus with nest and eggs, Sweden 2013
    Podiceps cristatus with nest and eggs, Sweden 2013
  • Podiceps cristatus family at nest, Sweden 2013
    Podiceps cristatus family at nest, Sweden 2013
  • Podiceps cristatus, Sweden 2015
    Podiceps cristatus, Sweden 2015
  • Museum specimen
    Museum specimen

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Podiceps cristatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22696602A154250080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696602A154250080.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 135.
  3. ^ Latham, John (1787). Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 294.
  4. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Grebes, flamingos". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  5. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 148.
  6. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 151.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 122, 341. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ^ "Great crested grebe videos, photos and facts – Podiceps cristatus". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  9. ^ Burnie, D.; Wilson, D.E., eds. (2005). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult. ISBN 0789477645.
  10. ^ "Great-crested Grebe". Oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  11. ^ Cramp 1977, pp. 87–88.
  12. ^ Cramp 1977, p. 82.
  13. ^ Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-7011-6907-7.
  14. ^ Burkhardt Jr, R.W. (1992). "Huxley and the Rise of Ethology". Julian Huxley: Biologist and Statesman of Science. Houston, Texas: Rice University Press. pp. 127–149.
  15. ^ Huxley, J. S. (1914). "The courtship-habits of the Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus); with an addition to the theory of sexual selection". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 84 (3): 491–562. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1914.tb07052.x.
  16. ^ "Bird of the Century: What you need to know about pūteketeke". RNZ. 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  17. ^ "Lake Wanaka grebes thrive with a bit of help". Department of Conservation. New Zealand Government. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  18. ^ Solomon, Serena (2023-11-07). "John Oliver backs 'weird, puking' pūteketeke as he takes New Zealand's bird of century poll global". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  19. ^ "Pūteketeke wins Bird of the Century following John Oliver intervention". The New Zealand Herald. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  20. ^ "Bird of the Century winner announced: Pūteketeke pandemonium prevails". Forest & Bird. 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

Sources

[edit]

Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). "Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–89. ISBN 978-0-19-857358-6.

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Podiceps cristatus.
Wikispecies has information related to Podiceps cristatus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_crested_grebe&oldid=1251039365"