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Protein toxicity

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-{{Distinguish|Protein toxicity}}
+#REDIRECT [[Protein toxicity]]
-{{More medical citations needed|date=July 2020}}{{short description|Form of malnutrition}}
-[[Image:Rabbit (13960707904).jpg|thumb|right|Lean [[rabbit meat]] ]]
+{{Rcat shell|
-'''Protein poisoning''' (also referred to colloquially as '''rabbit starvation''', '''''mal de caribou''''', or '''fat starvation''') refers to an acute form of [[malnutrition]] caused by a diet deficient in fat, where almost all calories consumed come from lean meat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cordain|first1=L.|last2=Miller|first2=J. B.|last3=Eaton|first3=S. B.|last4=Mann|first4=N.|last5=Holt|first5=S. H.|last6=Speth|first6=J. D.|date=March 2000|title=Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=71|issue=3|pages=682–692|doi=10.1093/ajcn/71.3.682|issn=0002-9165|pmid=10702160|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hosfield|first=Rob|date=2016-10-02|title=Walking in a Winter Wonderland? Strategies for Early and Middle Pleistocene Survival in Midlatitude Europe|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/688579|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=57|issue=5|pages=653–682|doi=10.1086/688579|s2cid=162879417|issn=0011-3204}}</ref> The concept is discussed in the context of [[Paleoanthropology|paleoanthropologial]] investigations into the diet of ancient humans, especially during the [[Last Glacial Maximum|last glacial maximum]] and at high latitudes.<ref name=cli>{{Cite journal|last=Hardy|first=Bruce L.|date=2010-03-01|title=Climatic variability and plant food distribution in Pleistocene Europe: Implications for Neanderthal diet and subsistence|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379109003898|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|language=en|volume=29|issue=5|pages=662–679|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.016|bibcode=2010QSRv...29..662H|issn=0277-3791|access-date=2021-01-09|archive-date=2022-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113144653/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379109003898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Fiorenza|first1=Luca|last2=Benazzi|first2=Stefano|last3=Henry|first3=Amanda G.|last4=Salazar‐García|first4=Domingo C.|last5=Blasco|first5=Ruth|last6=Picin|first6=Andrea|last7=Wroe|first7=Stephen|last8=Kullmer|first8=Ottmar|date=2015|title=To meat or not to meat? New perspectives on Neanderthal ecology|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.22659|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=156|issue=S59|pages=43–71|doi=10.1002/ajpa.22659|pmid=25407444|issn=1096-8644|hdl=10550/42057|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-01-09|archive-date=2021-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110173931/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.22659|url-status=live}}</ref>
+{{R to related topic}}
+}}
-The term rabbit starvation originates from the fact that [[rabbit]] meat is very lean, with almost all of its caloric content from [[protein (nutrient)|protein]] rather than [[fat]], and therefore a food which, if consumed exclusively, would cause protein poisoning.<ref name=":0" /> Animals in harsh, cold environments similarly become lean.<ref name=cli/>
-The reported symptoms include initial nausea and fatigue, followed by [[diarrhea]] and ultimately death.<ref name=":0" />
-==Observations==
-In Appian's Roman History, Volume I, Book VI: The Wars in Spain, Chapter IX, page 223 the author notes a multitude of Roman soldiers dying of severe diarrhea after eating mostly rabbits while besieging the city [[Villanueva_del_Campo|Intercatia]] in approx 150 B.C. Appian wrote:
-{{quote|... strange terror in the Roman camp. Their soldiers were sick from watching and want of sleep, and because of the unaccustomed food which the country afforded. They had no wine, no salt, no vinegar, no oil, but lived on wheat and barley, and quantities of venison and rabbits' flesh boiled without salt, which caused dysentery, from which many died. <ref>"Appian's Roman History, Vol. I-III.", Edited and translated by Brian McGing. Loeb Classical Library 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912.</ref>}}
-The explorer [[Vilhjalmur Stefansson]] is said to have lived for years exclusively on game meat and fish, with no ill effects.  The same is true for his fellow explorer Karsten Anderson.  As part of his promotion of meat-only diet modeled on [[Inuit cuisine]], and to demonstrate the effects, in New York City beginning in February 1928, Stefansson and Anderson "lived and ate in the metabolism ward of Russell Sage Institute of Pathology of [[Bellevue Hospital]], New York" for a year, with their metabolic performance closely observed, all this partly funded by the Institute of American Meat Packers.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jbc.org/content/87/3/651.full.pdf+html |format=PDF |date=February 13, 1930 |vauthors=McClellan WS, Du Bois EF |title=Clinical Calorimetry: XLV. Prolonged Meat Diets With A Study Of Kidney Function And Ketosis |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=87 |pages=651–668 |access-date=2020-07-25 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)76842-7 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2020-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725082420/https://www.jbc.org/content/87/3/651.full.pdf+html |url-status=live }}</ref>  Researchers hoping to replicate Stefansson's experience with rabbit starvation in the field urged him to cut the fat intake in his all-meat diet to zero.  He did, and experienced a much quicker onset of diarrhea than in the field.  With fat added back in, Stefansson recovered, although with a 10-day period of constipation afterwards.  The study reported finding no previous medical literature examining either the effects of meat-only diets, which appear to be sustainable, or on rabbit starvation, which is fatal.
-Stefansson wrote:
-{{quote|The groups that depend on the [[blubber]] animals are the most fortunate in the hunting way of life, for they never suffer from fat-hunger. This trouble is worst, so far as North America is concerned, among those forest Indians who depend at times on rabbits, the leanest animal in the North, and who develop the extreme fat-hunger known as rabbit-starvation. Rabbit eaters, if they have no fat from another source—beaver, moose, fish—will develop diarrhea in about a week, with headache, lassitude and vague discomfort. If there are enough rabbits, the people eat till their stomachs are distended; but no matter how much they eat they feel unsatisfied. Some think a man will die sooner if he eats continually of fat-free meat than if he eats nothing, but this is a belief on which sufficient evidence for a decision has not been gathered in the North. Deaths from rabbit-starvation, or from the eating of other skinny meat, are rare; for everyone understands the principle, and any possible preventive steps are naturally taken.<ref>"Not by Bread Alone", Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Publisher, Macmillan, 1946</ref>}}
-A World War II-era Arctic survival booklet issued by the [[Flight Control Command]] of the [[United States Army Air Forces]] included this emphatic warning:  "Because of the importance of fats, under no conditions limit yourself to a meat diet of rabbit just because they happen to be plentiful in the region where you are forced down.  A continued diet of rabbit will produce ''rabbit starvation'' -- diarrhea will begin in about a week and if the diet is continued DEATH MAY RESULT."<ref>{{cite book |title=Jungle, Desert, and Arctic Emergencies Booklet |date=1 January 1941 |publisher=Flight Control Command Safety Education Division of the United States Army Air Forces |page=116,119 |url=https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/39771#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=124&xywh=-286%2C-1%2C2686%2C2758 |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727204051/https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/39771#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=124&xywh=-286%2C-1%2C2686%2C2758 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==Physiology==
-The U.S. and Canadian Dietary Reference Intake review for protein mentions "rabbit starvation", but concluded that there was not sufficient evidence by 2005 to establish a [[tolerable upper intake level]], i.e., an upper limit for how much protein can be safely consumed.<ref name="DRIProteinChpt">{{citation| title = Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids| publisher = Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press| year = 2005| doi = 10.17226/10490| isbn = 978-0-309-08525-0| url = https://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/12| access-date = 2021-01-09| archive-date = 2019-08-14| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190814213856/https://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/12| url-status = live}}</ref>
-According to Bilsborough and Mann in 2006, protein intake is mainly restricted by the [[urea cycle]], but deriving more than 35% of energy needs from protein leads to health problems.<ref name=Bilsborough2006>{{cite journal |last1=Bilsborough |first1=S |last2=Mann |first2=N |title=A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans. |journal=International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism |date=April 2006 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=129–52 |doi=10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.129 |pmid=16779921}}</ref> They suggested an upper limit of 25% or 250&nbsp;g/kg, but stated that humans can theoretically use much larger amounts than this for energy.<ref name=Bilsborough2006/> For arctic hunter-gatherers, the amount can seasonally increase to 45%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lahtinen |first1=Maria |last2=Clinnick |first2=David |last3=Mannermaa |first3=Kristiina |last4=Salonen |first4=J. Sakari |last5=Viranta |first5=Suvi |title=Excess protein enabled dog domestication during severe Ice Age winters |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=7 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-78214-4 |pmid=33414490 |pmc=7790815 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11....7L |doi-access=free}}</ref> Protein intakes above 35% of energy needs have also been shown to decrease testosterone and increase cortisol levels.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Whittaker |first=Joseph |last2=Harris |first2=Miranda |date=2022-03-07 |title=Low-carbohydrate diets and men's cortisol and testosterone: Systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02601060221083079 |journal=Nutrition and Health |language=en |pages=026010602210830 |doi=10.1177/02601060221083079|pmid=35254136  |issn=0260-1060}}</ref> This is thought to be part of the body's attempt to upregulate the urea cycle, and increase nitrogen excretion.<ref name=":1" />
-==See also==
-*[[Country food]]/[[Inuit diet]], the traditional diet of the Inuit and First Nations
-*[[Kwashiorkor]] – Disease resulting from sufficient caloric intake with very low protein content
-*[[Marasmus]] – Disease caused by inadequate caloric intake
-*[[No-carbohydrate diet]]
-*[[Protein toxicity]] – damage caused by buildup of protein metabolic waste products in the bloodstream
-*[[Proteopathy]] – damage caused by misfolded proteins
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-*{{Cite book |last=Speth |first=John D. |title=The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4419-6732-9 |series=Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology |pages=45–85 |chapter=The Other Side of Protein |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-6733-6_4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP37OEu7MJ0C&lpg=PA45}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Rabbit Starvation}}
-[[Category:Malnutrition]]
-[[Category:Carnivory]]
-[[Category:Survival skills]]
-[[Category:Proteins as nutrients]]