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An undergraduate degree (also called first degree or simply degree) is a colloquial term for an academic degree earned by a person who has completed undergraduate courses. In the United States, it is usually offered at an institution of higher education, such as a college or university. The most common type of these undergraduate degrees are associate degree and bachelor's degree. Bachelor's degree typically takes at least three or four years to complete.^[1] In some other educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a master's degree; this is the case for some science courses in Britain and some long-cycle medicine courses in other European countries. These degrees can be categorised as basic or first professional degrees.^[2]

Europe

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, a bachelor's degree is the most common type of undergraduate degree. Some master's degrees, known as integrated master's degrees, can be undertaken immediately after finishing secondary education; these courses are usually extended versions of bachelor's degree programs, taking an additional year to complete. Most bachelor's degrees in England, Wales and Northern Ireland take three years to complete, with some notable exceptions, such as Medicine taking five years (these, like integrated master's degrees, are master's-level qualifications that include study at bachelor's level).^[3]

Italy

In Italy, the laurea^[4] (formerly laurea triennale, meaning "three-year laurea") is the most common type of "undergraduate degree". It is equivalent to a bachelor's degree and its normative time to completion is three years (note that in Italy scuola secondaria superiore or Lyceum [secondary or grammar school], takes five years, so it ends at 19 years of age). Not to be confused with the old laurea—now called laurea magistrale—which typically used to last five or six years.^[4] To earn a laurea, the student must complete a thesis, but a less demanding one than required for the old laurea (typically, a non-research thesis). There is not necessarily a laurea course for every discipline. For instance, for disciplines as Medicine or Jurisprudence only laurea magistrale courses are provided.

North America

First professional degrees sometimes contain the word Doctor, but are still considered undergraduate degrees in most countries, including Canada.^[5]^[6] For example, the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) program in Canada is considered an "undergraduate degree". However, in the United States, most first professional degrees are considered graduate programs by the U.S. Department of Education and require students to already possess an "undergraduate degree" before admission.^[7] These degrees are not research doctorates and are therefore not equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)^[8] Many countries offer bachelor's degrees that are equivalent to American graduate degrees. For example, the Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degrees offered in the U.S. are equivalent^[where?] to the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS or MBChB) degree.^[9]^{[failed verification]}

In the United States and sometimes in Canada, an associate degree is a two-year degree. It is occasionally undertaken as the beginning of a four-year degree. Some two-year college systems have articulation agreements with four-year institutions in their state, which specify which courses transfer without problems.^[10]

United States

Arizona

The Arizona General Education Curriculum certification (AGEC), awarded for the completion of an Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, or Associate of Business degree, indicates the completion of all bachelor's degree lower-level course work and permits the student to transfer to any of the three state universities and several private universities as a third-year student or "junior".^[11]

To obtain an AGEC certification, one must:

Complete all associate degree credits at regionally accredited colleges (no secondary school credits accepted);
Satisfy all their bachelor's degree Lower Division Credits and Courses;
Meet credit transfer restriction guidelines;
Maintain a minimum GPA of 2.0^[12]

Although an AGEC certification meets the requirements for the bachelor's degree Lower Level it may or may not meet any prerequisite requirements for any given degree program. Associate degrees with an AGEC certification are often custom tailored with electives to meet the prerequisite requirements for the program and university the student wishes to transfer to.

Virginia

Virginia's community college has signed system-wide agreements, allowing students who graduate from one of the 23 community colleges with a transfer associate degree and a minimum grade point average to obtain guaranteed admission to more than 20 of the Commonwealth's four-year colleges and universities.

South America

Argentina

Argentine higher education system is based on the Spanish higher education system, which is basically a Continental education system (in contrast to the model in the English-speaking world). During the University Reform of 1918, a series of reforms that took place in the Universidad de Córdoba that further changed the Argentine educational system.

Currently there are three levels:

Tertiary degree: 1 to 2 years degrees aimed at producing highly specialised and trained workforce.
Graduate degree: 4 to 6 years programs taught at universities offering licentiate, engineering and medical degrees.
Post-graduate: Specialised and research-oriented courses and programs. With masters or doctorate degrees being offer depending on the program.

Brazil

For a better understanding of education levels in Brazil, it is necessary to understand the structure of the higher education in the country. The present Brazilian system is organized according to the law that establishes the guidelines and bases for national education – Law n. 9.394 of 20 December 1996.

The classification of institutions of higher education happens according to their academic organization, and the following names are possible: Universities, University Centers, Colleges and Integrated Schools, Colleges and Institutes and Centers of Technological Education.

The higher education courses have two different academic levels, known as Undergraduate or Post Graduation. These degrees, have subdivisions in which are distributed programs of higher education in Brazil, and they may be bachelors, licentiates, and associates, for Undergraduate levels.

As for specializations, there are MBAs, Post-MBAs programs and for Post-graduation there are academic master's, professional master's degrees and doctorates. At the undergraduate level, there are still community colleges and further education courses.

Diplomas and certificates

At the undergraduate level, the bachelor's degrees, licentiates and technologist, provide undergraduation diplomas, while colleges and Extension courses provide certificates of completion. The law formalizes a B.A., B.S., Licentiate or Technologist degrees, according to the student's education, and is prerequisite to begin a Postgraduate degree course.

In the Postgrad, only students graduating from Stricto Sensu courses, that is, academic or professional master's and doctoral degrees and are given the titles of Master or Doctor, respectively. For students of the Lato Sensu – specializations, MBA programs and Post-MBA programs – is given certificates of completion and the title Specialist.

Graduate degrees in Brazil are called "postgraduate" degrees.

Lato sensu graduate degrees: degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area, and take from 1 to 2 years to complete. Sometimes it can be used to describe a specialization level between a master's degree and an MBA. In that sense, the main difference is that the Lato Sensu courses tend to go deeper into the scientific aspects of the study field, while MBA programs tend to be more focused on the practical and professional aspects, being used more frequently to business, management and administration areas. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time.
Stricto sensu graduate degrees: degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career.
- Masters: 2 years for completion. Usually serves as additional qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market (and maybe later a PhD), or for those who want to pursue a PhD. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a master's degree (stricto sensu), meaning that a Lato Sensu Degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program.
- Doctors / PhD: 3–4 years for completion. Usually used as a stepping stone for academic life.

Uruguay

Education in Uruguay is compulsory for a total of nine years, beginning at the primary level, and is free from the pre-primary through the university level.^[13] In 1996, the gross primary enrollment rate was 111.7 percent, and the net primary enrollment rate was 92.9 percent.^[13] Primary school attendance rates were unavailable for Uruguay as of 2001.^[13]

There are three levels of postsecondary education:

Tertiary Education level: 1 to 4 years degrees related to technical professions like teachers, professorship (Instituto de Profesores Artigas (IPA)), Technicians and Technologists (CETP, ex-UTU).
University level: 4 to 7 years Professional education taught at universities such as the University of the Republic (Uruguay) (Spanish: Universidad de la República) and various private universities offering many different degrees like Licentiate, Engineering degree, Medicine degree, various Law degrees, etc.
Post-graduate level: This is a specialized and research-oriented education level. It is divided in three levels: Specialist degree for both tertiary and university graduates, meanwhile master's degrees (both professional and academic oriented) and doctorates are for graduated university students.

References

^ "Information for Applicants". www.ice.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "What is an Academic Degree?". Wise Geek. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
^ "The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. October 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Lauree e lauree magistrali". Miur. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "McGill Undergraduate Dental Program". mcgill.ca. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ The Undergraduate MD Program at the University of Alberta Archived 21 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels: Graduate Postsecondary Education". ed.gov. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels: First-Professional Studies". ed.gov. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "Wisconsin Medical Society: Practice, Organization and Interprofessional Issues" (PDF). wisconsinmedicalsociety.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "University of California - Admissions". universityofcalifornia.edu. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "Academic Catalog". catalog.asu.edu. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "AZTransfer - Arizona General Education Curriculum (AGEC)". www.aztransfer.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Uruguay" Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2001). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[1] "Information for Applicants". www.ice.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

[2] "What is an Academic Degree?". Wise Geek. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.

[3] "The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. October 2014.

[miur-4] "Lauree e lauree magistrali". Miur. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

[5] "McGill Undergraduate Dental Program". mcgill.ca. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

[6] The Undergraduate MD Program at the University of Alberta Archived 21 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine

[DOE2-7] "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels: Graduate Postsecondary Education". ed.gov. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

[DOE-8] "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels: First-Professional Studies". ed.gov. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

[9] "Wisconsin Medical Society: Practice, Organization and Interprofessional Issues" (PDF). wisconsinmedicalsociety.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

[10] "University of California - Admissions". universityofcalifornia.edu. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

[11] "Academic Catalog". catalog.asu.edu. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

[12] "AZTransfer - Arizona General Education Curriculum (AGEC)". www.aztransfer.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

[ilab-13] "Uruguay" Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2001). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
-An '''undergraduate degree''' (also called '''first degree''' or simply '''degree''') is a colloquial term for an [[academic degree]] earned by a person who has completed [[undergraduate]] courses. In the United States, it is usually offered at an institution of [[higher education]], such as a [[college]] or [[university]]. The most common type of these undergraduate degrees are [[associate degree]] and [[bachelor's degree]]. [[Bachelor's degree]] typically takes at least three or four years to complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/faqs/3-credit-faqs/140-what-do-undergraduate-and-postgraduate-mean|title=Information for Applicants|website=www.ice.cam.ac.uk|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023140925/https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/faqs/3-credit-faqs/140-what-do-undergraduate-and-postgraduate-mean|archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> In some other educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a master's degree; this is the case for some science courses in Britain and some long-cycle medicine courses in Europe. These degrees can be categorised as basic or first professional degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-academic-degree.htm |title=What is an Academic Degree? |publisher=Wise Geek |access-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927070723/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-academic-degree.htm |archive-date=27 September 2016 }}</ref>
+An '''undergraduate degree''' (also called '''first degree''' or simply '''degree''') is a colloquial term for an [[academic degree]] earned by a person who has completed [[undergraduate]] courses. In the United States, it is usually offered at an institution of [[higher education]], such as a [[college]] or [[university]]. The most common type of these undergraduate degrees are [[associate degree]] and [[bachelor's degree]]. [[Bachelor's degree]] typically takes at least three or four years to complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/faqs/3-credit-faqs/140-what-do-undergraduate-and-postgraduate-mean|title=Information for Applicants|website=www.ice.cam.ac.uk|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023140925/https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/faqs/3-credit-faqs/140-what-do-undergraduate-and-postgraduate-mean|archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> In some other educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a master's degree; this is the case for some science courses in Britain and some long-cycle medicine courses in other European countries. These degrees can be categorised as basic or first professional degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-academic-degree.htm |title=What is an Academic Degree? |publisher=Wise Geek |access-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927070723/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-academic-degree.htm |archive-date=27 September 2016 }}</ref>
 {{TOClimit|3}}
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 == Europe ==
 ===United Kingdom===
-In the [[United Kingdom]], a bachelor's degree is the most common type of "undergraduate degree". Some [[master's degree]]s can be undertaken immediately after finishing [[secondary education]]; however, these courses are usually extended versions of bachelor's degree programs, taking an additional year to complete. Most bachelor's degrees take three years to complete, with some notable exceptions, such as [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Medicine]] taking five years. Often students can initially enroll in a 4-year program then leave after three years and be awarded a bachelor's degree. Lastly, the Undergraduate Advanced Diploma (UGAdvDip or UGAD) is a [[National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom|FHEQ]] Level 6 award and it is considered as equivalent to a ''second bachelor’s degree'' or a Graduate Diploma.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate-certificates-and-diplomas|title=Undergraduate Certificates, Diplomas and Advanced Diplomas|last=Davison|first=Tim|date=2016-05-19|website=www.ice.cam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwadminoxacuk/localsites/educationcommittee/documents/policyguidance/University_awards_framework.pdf|title=A to Zs}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Lectures and Talks|url=http://www.hughes.cam.ac.uk/about-us/lectures-and-talks/|website=Hughes Hall|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615155650/http://www.hughes.cam.ac.uk/about-us/lectures-and-talks/|archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ireland |first1=Paul |title=Qualifications and awards |url=https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/info/qualifications-and-awards |website=Institute of Continuing Education |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=19 July 2021 |language=en |date=5 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/graduate/diploma/|title=Advanced Diploma in Economics|publisher=University of Cambridge|website=Faculty of Economics|access-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218053829/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/graduate/diploma/|archive-date=18 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/apply/diploma|title = Advanced Diploma in Economics|date = 19 August 2016}}</ref>
+In the [[United Kingdom]], a bachelor's degree is the most common type of undergraduate degree. Some [[master's degree]]s, known as integrated master's degrees, can be undertaken immediately after finishing [[secondary education]]; these courses are usually extended versions of bachelor's degree programs, taking an additional year to complete. Most bachelor's degrees in England, Wales and Northern Ireland take three years to complete, with some notable exceptions, such as [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Medicine]] taking five years (these, like integrated master's degrees, are master's-level qualifications that include study at bachelor's level).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/quality-code/qualifications-frameworks.pdf|title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies|date= October 2014|website=[[Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education]]}}</ref>
 ===Italy===
-In [[Italy]], the ''[[laurea]]''<ref name="miur">{{cite web|url=https://www.miur.gov.it/lauree-e-lauree-magistrali|title=Lauree e lauree magistrali|publisher=[[Ministry of Education, University and Research (Italy)|Miur]]|accessdate=2021-11-11}}</ref> (formerly ''laurea triennale'', meaning "three-year ''laurea''") is the most common type of "undergraduate degree". It is equivalent to a bachelor's degree and its normative time to completion is three years (note that In Italy ''scuola secondaria superiore'' or ''Lyceum'', high school, takes five years, so it ends at 19 years of age). Not to be confused with the old ''laurea''—now called ''[[laurea magistrale]]''—which typically used to last five or six years.<ref name="miur"/> To earn a ''laurea'', the student must complete a thesis, but a less demanding one than required for the old ''laurea'' (typically, a non-research thesis). There is not necessarily a ''laurea'' course for every discipline. For instance, for disciplines as Medicine or Jurisprudence only ''laurea magistrale'' courses are provided.
+In [[Italy]], the ''[[laurea]]''<ref name="miur">{{cite web|url=https://www.miur.gov.it/lauree-e-lauree-magistrali|title=Lauree e lauree magistrali|publisher=[[Ministry of Education, University and Research (Italy)|Miur]]|accessdate=2021-11-11}}</ref> (formerly ''laurea triennale'', meaning "three-year ''laurea''") is the most common type of "undergraduate degree". It is equivalent to a bachelor's degree and its normative time to completion is three years (note that in Italy ''scuola secondaria superiore'' or ''Lyceum'' [secondary or grammar school], takes five years, so it ends at 19 years of age). Not to be confused with the old ''laurea''—now called ''[[laurea magistrale]]''—which typically used to last five or six years.<ref name="miur"/> To earn a ''laurea'', the student must complete a thesis, but a less demanding one than required for the old ''laurea'' (typically, a non-research thesis). There is not necessarily a ''laurea'' course for every discipline. For instance, for disciplines as Medicine or Jurisprudence only ''laurea magistrale'' courses are provided.
 ==North America==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 To obtain an AGEC certification, one must:
-* Complete all associate degree credits at [[regionally accredited colleges]] (no secondary (high) school credits accepted);
+* Complete all associate degree credits at [[regional accreditation|regionally accredited colleges]] (no secondary school credits accepted);
 * Satisfy all their bachelor's degree Lower Division Credits and Courses;
 * Meet credit transfer restriction guidelines;
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 * '''Graduate degree''': 4 to 6 years programs taught at universities offering [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]], [[engineering degree|engineering]] and [[Title of Medic|medical degrees]].
 * '''Post-graduate''': Specialised and research-oriented courses and programs. With [[Master degree|masters]] or [[doctorate]] degrees being offer depending on the program.
-=== Bolivia ===
-{{see also|Education in Bolivia}}
-Education in Bolivia, as in many other areas of Bolivian life, has a divide between Bolivia's rural and urban areas. Rural illiteracy levels remain high, even as the rest of the country becomes increasingly literate. This disparity stems partly from the fact that many children living in rural area ation[dubious – discuss] are not necessarily attributable to lack of funding. Bolivia devotes 23% of its annual budget to educational expenditures, a higher percentage than in most other South American countries, albeit from a smaller national budget. A comprehensive, education reform has made some significant changes. Initiated in 1994, the reform decentralized educational funding in order to meet diverse local needs, improved teacher training and curricula, formalized and expanded intercultural bilingual education and changed the school grade system. Resistance from teachers’ unions, however, has slowed implementation of some of the intended reforms (Contreras and Talavera, 2003).
-*[http://www.ucbtja.edu.bo Universidad Católica Boliviana Tarija], Unidad Académica Regional Tarija;
-*[http://www.ucbcba.edu.bo Universidad Católica Boliviana Cochabamba], Unidad Académica Regional Cochabamba;
-*[http://www.ucbscz.edu.bo Universidad Católica Boliviana Santa Cruz], Unidad Académica Regional Santa Cruz;
-*[[Unidad Académica Campesina-Carmen Pampa]], Carmen Pampa; a satellite campus of the ''Catholic University of Bolivia''
 ===Brazil===
@@ Line 82: / Line 73: @@
 ** Masters: 2 years for completion. Usually serves as additional qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market (and maybe later a PhD), or for those who want to pursue a PhD. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a master's degree (stricto sensu), meaning that a Lato Sensu Degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program.
 ** Doctors / PhD: 3–4 years for completion. Usually used as a stepping stone for academic life.
-=== Ecuador ===
-{{see also|Education in Ecuador}}
-The [[National Polytechnic School]] ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: '''''Escuela Politécnica Nacional'''''), also known as '''EPN''', is a [[public university]] located in [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]].
-EPN is known for research and education in the [[applied science]], [[astronomy]], [[atmospheric physics]], [[engineering]] and [[physical sciences]]. The [[Geophysics]] Institute monitors over the countries [[volcanoes]] in the [[Andes Mountains]] of Ecuador and in the [[Galápagos Islands]]. EPN adopted the [[History of European research universities|polytechnic university model]] that stresses laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering.
-The Oldest Observatory in South America is the [[Quito Astronomical Observatory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oaq.epn.edu.ec/|title=Inicio - Observatorio Astronómico de Quito - OAQ|website=oaq.epn.edu.ec|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328112459/https://oaq.epn.edu.ec/|archive-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://astroguyz.com/2009/12/09/the-oldest-observatory-in-south-america/|title=The Oldest Observatory in South America.|website=astroguyz.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120114011756/http://astroguyz.com/2009/12/09/the-oldest-observatory-in-south-america/|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> and is located in [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]]. The Quito Astronomical Observatory, which gives the global community a Virtual Telescope System that is connected via the Internet and allows the world to watch by streaming, is managed by EPN.
-<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-creating-a-virtual-telescope-with-two-small-spacecraft/#.VGOS-nJ5Nl0|title=NASA Creating a Virtual Telescope with Two Small Spacecraft|first=Lynn|last=Jenner|date=21 July 2015|website=nasa.gov|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135535/https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-creating-a-virtual-telescope-with-two-small-spacecraft/#.VGOS-nJ5Nl0|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>
-National Polytechnic School houses an international team of [[seismology|seismologists]] and
-[[volcanologist]]s at the Geophysicics Institute <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igepn.edu.ec/|title=Home - Instituto Geofísico - EPN|website=igepn.edu.ec|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021105104935/http://www.igepn.edu.ec/|archive-date=5 November 2002}}</ref> with the task of monitoring all the [[seismic activity]] in the county. Earthquakes are measured using observations from [[seismometer]]s. The [[Moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the [[Richter magnitude scale]]. There are many [[geologist]]s who study the eruptive activity for the volcanoes in the country and observe [[volcanic eruption]]s, especially [[Tungurahua]] whose volcanic activity restarted on 19 August 1999,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/19/13366108-tungurahua-volcano-erupts-in-ecuador?lite|date=19 August 2012|title=Tungurahua volcano erupts in Ecuador|work=NBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105192209/http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/19/13366108-tungurahua-volcano-erupts-in-ecuador?lite|archive-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> and is ongoing {{As of|2013|lc=on}}, with several major eruptions since that period, the last starting on 1 February 2014.<ref name="February 1 eruption">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/t/story/ecuadors-tungurahua-volcano-shoots-ash-lava-22331271|title=Ecuador's Tungurahua Volcano shoots ash and lava|publisher=Associated Press|date=1 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203203145/https://abcnews.go.com/International/t/story/ecuadors-tungurahua-volcano-shoots-ash-lava-22331271|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>
-The Geophysics Institute at EPN monitors the [[Andean Volcanic Belt]] is a major [[volcanic belt]] along the [[Andes|Andean cordillera]] in [[Colombia]], [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], [[Ecuador]], [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]].
-[[Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador|Católica University]] was founded as a university football team for [[Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador]], a Catholic university in [[Quito]]. In 1962, they won the inter-university championship. Soon after, they became a football club on 26 June 1963, under ''Liga Deportiva de la Universidad Católica''.
-[[Universidad San Francisco de Quito]] is a [[liberal-arts]], [[non-profit]], [[private university]] located in [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]]. It was the first totally private self-financed university in Ecuador and the first liberal-arts institution in the [[Andes|Andean region]].<ref name="sobrelausfq">Sobre la USFQ {{cite web |url=http://www.usfq.edu.ec/Paginas/SobreUSFQ.aspx |title=Páginas - SobreUSFQ |access-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501123205/http://www.usfq.edu.ec/Paginas/SobreUSFQ.aspx |archive-date=1 May 2012 }}.</ref><ref name="qstopuniversities">Universidad San Francisco de Quito @QSTopUniversities {{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/institution/universidad-de-san-francisco-de-quito |title=Universidad de San Francisco de Quito - Topuniversities |access-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011160235/http://www.topuniversities.com/institution/universidad-de-san-francisco-de-quito |archive-date=11 October 2011 }}.</ref>
-Academically, USFQ ranks as one of the three-top universities (category A) in the ranking of Ecuadorian universities (being the only totally private university to qualify for the highest category), issued by the Ecuadorian Council of Evaluation and Accreditation of High Education ([[:es:Consejo Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación de la Educación Superior del Ecuador|Consejo Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación de la Educación Superior CONEA]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vistazo.com/webpages/pais/?id=7926 |title=Calificación de las universidades según el CONEA |publisher=Vistazo.com |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511085200/http://www.vistazo.com/webpages/pais/?id=7926 |archive-date=11 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>CONEA: sólo 11 Universidades tienen calificación "A" y 9 calificación "B" {{cite web |url=http://www.eldiario.com.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/136020-conea-solo-11-universidades-tienen-calificacion-a-y-9-calificacion-b/ |title=CONEA: Sólo 11 Universidades tienen calificación "A" y 9 calificación "B" &#124; 2009-11-11 &#124; el Diario - Ecuador |access-date=15 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060802/http://www.eldiario.com.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/136020-conea-solo-11-universidades-tienen-calificacion-a-y-9-calificacion-b |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref> In 2009, it was ranked first in Ecuador in relation to the number of [[peer-reviewed]] [[scientific publication]]s.<ref>Orbe, T. 2009. Ecuador produce pocas publicaciones científicas. Scidev.Net {{cite web |url=http://www.scidev.net/es/news/ecuador-produce-pocas-publicaciones-cient-ficas.html |title=Ecuador produce pocas publicaciones científicas - SciDev.Net |access-date=15 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615055348/http://www.scidev.net/es/news/ecuador-produce-pocas-publicaciones-cient-ficas.html |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}.</ref>
-The university now enrolls 5,500 students, 4,500 of whom are undergraduates. The university each year has about 100 indigenous students and 1000 international students participate in USFQ academic programs. USFQ has developed a scholarship program for indigenous students, offering full scholarships to the best students of public high schools throughout Ecuador.<ref>David E. Weaver. 2008. Transforming universities: The expediency of interculturality for indigenous superior education in Ecuador. MS Thesis, Tulane University. https://books.google.com/books?id=e6dkwYIabIYC</ref> Although USFQ receives no funding from the government of Ecuador, its faculty comprises one-half of all the people in that nation who hold a doctorate.<ref name="sobrelausfq" />
-USFQ main campus is located in Cumbayá, outside of [[Quito]] (capital city of [[Ecuador]]), where students use a library, education and research laboratories, classrooms, and seven restaurants. USFQ is the only university in the world that owns a campus in the [[Galapagos Islands]], and a campus in the [[Yasuni National Park|Yasuni]] [[Biosphere Reserve]] ([[Tiputini Biodiversity Station]]), one of Earth's most biodiverse area.<ref name="sobrelausfq" /><ref name="qstopuniversities" />
-=== Chile ===
-{{see also|Education in Chile}}
-Students can choose between 25 "[[Chilean Traditional Universities|traditional]]" universities (public or private) and 35 private ones. There is a single, transparent admission system used by 33 universities (all 25 "traditional" universities and eight private ones which joined in 2011). The test, called PSU, an acronym for University Selection Test (''Prueba de Selección Universitaria'') is designed and evaluated by the [[University of Chile]], while the system itself is managed by the Ministry of Education (''Ministerio de Educación'').
-The test consists of two mandatory exams, one in Mathematics and one in Language. There are also two additional specific exams, Sciences (including Chemistry, Physics and Biology fields) and History, depending on which undergraduate program the student wishes to apply to. The cumulative grade point average achieved during secondary school is also taken into account in the final admission score, as well as the student's relative position in his class and two previous promotions. Every university assigns different weightings to the results of the various exams for the various programs offered. Some universities may require additional (non-PSU) tests or personal interviews for admission to some programs. In 2010, a total of 250,752 persons took both mandatory PSU tests.<ref>[http://www.demre.cl/text/publicaciones2011/nacionales/rendicion.pdf Proceso de Admisión 2011 Etapa de Rendicióon de Pruebas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214022550/http://demre.cl/text/publicaciones2011/nacionales/rendicion.pdf |date=14 February 2013 }}, Universidad de Chile.</ref>
-The [[University of Chile]] ({{lang-es|Universidad de Chile}}) is the largest and oldest institution of higher education in [[Chile]] and one of the oldest in [[Latin America]]. Founded in 1842 as the replacement and continuation of the former colonial Royal University of San Felipe (1738)'' (Spanish: Real Universidad de San Felipe)'', the university is often called ''Casa de Bello'' (House of Bello) in honor of its first president, [[Andrés Bello]]. Notable alumni include two Nobel laureates ([[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Gabriela Mistral]]) and twenty [[Chilean president]]s among many others.
-The Universidad de Chile was formally opened on 17 September 1843. During this period, the university consisted of five [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] (''facultades''): [[Humanities]] & [[Philosophy]], [[Physics]] [[Science]]s & [[Mathematics]], [[Law]] & [[Political Science]]s, [[Medicine]], and [[Theology]]. By 1931, the number of colleges had increased to six: Philosophy & [[Education]] Sciences, [[Legal]] & [[Social Sciences]], [[Biology]] & Medical Sciences, Physical & Mathematical Sciences, [[Agronomy]] & [[Veterinary medicine|Veterinary]], and [[Fine Art]]s.
-Almost all of Chile's presidents graduated from the University of Chile, including all of those in the 20th century with the exception of [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] ([[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]]), General [[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]], and former military dictator General [[Augusto Pinochet Ugarte]].
-Higher education in Chile in colonial times dates to 19 August 1622, when the first university in Chile, ''Santo [[Thomas Aquinas|Tomás de Aquino]]'', was founded. On 28 July 1738, its name changed to ''Real Universidad de San Felipe'', in honor of King [[Philip V of Spain]].
-The [[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]] [http://www.uc.cl/] ('''UC''' or '''PUC''') ({{lang-es|Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile}}) is one of the six [[catholic university|Catholic Universities]] existing in the Chilean university system and one of the two [[Pontifical University|Pontifical Universities]] in the country, along with the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso]]. It is also one of [[Chile]]'s oldest universities and one of the most recognized educational institutions in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/node/2261/ranking-details/latin-american-university-rankings/2013 |title=Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Rankings |publisher=TopUniversities.com |access-date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925081657/http://www.topuniversities.com/node/2261/ranking-details/latin-american-university-rankings/2013 |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref> It ranks 1st in South America by QS ranking.<ref name="usnews.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/worlds-best-universities-rankings/best-universities-in-latin-america |title=World's Best Universities in Latin America; Top Latin American Universities &#124; US News |access-date=17 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008115630/http://www.usnews.com/education/worlds-best-universities-rankings/best-universities-in-latin-america |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref>
-UC was founded on 21 June 1888, by the [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] [[archbishop]], to offer training in traditional professions (law) and in technological and practical fields such as business, accounting, chemistry, and electricity. Its first chancellor was [[Monsignor]] [[Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas]], and at the very beginning, the university only taught two subjects, [[law]] and [[mathematics]]. Since it is a Pontifical University, it has always had a strong and very close relationship with the [[Holy See|Vatican]]. On 11 February 1930, [[Pope Pius XI]] declared it a [[pontifical university]], and in 1931 it was granted full academic autonomy by the Chilean government. UC is a private, urban, multi-campus university. It is one of the eleven Chilean Catholic universities, and one of the twenty-five institutions within the Rectors' Council (''Consejo de Rectores''), the Chilean state-sponsored university system. It is part of the [[Chilean Traditional Universities|Universities of the Rectors' Council of Chilean Universities]], and although it is not [[state-owned]], a substantial part of its budget is given by state transferences under different concepts.
-UC's 18 faculties are distributed through four campuses in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and one regional campus located in southern Chile. The technical training centers affiliated with the university are: DUOC, the Rural Life Foundations, the Baviera Foundation, the Catechetical Home and the San Fidel Seminary. These centers carry out technical-academic extension activities in rural and agricultural areas. Other UC activities are a Sports Club, a nationwide television network, and a Clinical Hospital dependent on the Faculty of Medicine.
-UC 's Graduates of the School of Architecture (one of the most prominent in Latin America) have also made important contributions to the country with such work as the Central Building ("Casa Central") of UC, and the National Library. Two of its most important alumni are the Jesuit [[Saint Alberto Hurtado]] and [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]], a [[Chilean president]]. Both of them studied in the School of Laws. [[Sebastián Piñera]], previous Chilean president, graduated from the university's School of Economics.
-Pontifical Catholic University of Chile ranks among the first 10 Latin-American Universities according to the Shanghai ranking,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/|title=ARWU World University Rankings 2017 - Academic Ranking of World Universities|website=www.shanghairanking.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922053412/http://www.shanghairanking.com/|archive-date=22 September 2017}}</ref> and is 1st according to the QS ranking.<ref name="usnews.com"/>
-UC has four campuses in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and one campus in [[Villarrica, Chile|Villarrica]]. The campuses in Santiago are:
-* Casa Central (in downtown [[Santiago]])
-* San Joaquín (in [[Macul]] Commune of Greater Santiago)
-* Oriente (in [[Providencia, Chile|Providencia]] Commune of Greater Santiago)
-* Lo Contador (also in Providencia Commune)
-These four campuses have a total of 223,326.06 m<sup>2</sup> constructed in a 614,569.92 m<sup>2</sup> area. The Villarrica campus has 1,664 m<sup>2</sup> constructed in a 2,362.5 m<sup>2</sup> area.
-UC was founded on 21 June 1888, by the [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] [[Archbishop]], to offer training in traditional professions (law) and in technological and practical fields such as business, accounting, chemistry, and electricity. Its first chancellor was [[Monsignor]] [[Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas]], and at the very beginning, the university only taught two subjects, [[law]] and [[mathematics]]. Since it is a Pontifical University, it has always had a strong and very close relationship with the [[Holy See|Vatican]]. On 11 February 1930, [[Pope Pius XI]] declared it a [[pontifical university]], and in 1931 it was granted full academic autonomy by the Chilean government.
-UC is a private, urban, multi-campus university. It is one of the eleven Chilean Catholic universities, and one of the twenty-five institutions within the Rectors' Council (''Consejo de Rectores''), the Chilean state-sponsored university system. It is part of the [[Chilean Traditional Universities|Universities of the Rectors' Council of Chilean Universities]], and although it is not [[state-owned]], a substantial part of its budget is given by state transferences under different concepts.
-UC's 18 faculties are distributed through four campuses in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and one regional campus located in southern Chile. The technical training centers affiliated with the university are: DUOC, the Rural Life Foundations, the Baviera Foundation, the Catechetical Home and the San Fidel Seminary. These centers carry out technical-academic extension activities in rural and agricultural areas. Other UC activities are a Sports Club, a nationwide television network, and a Clinical Hospital dependent on the Faculty of Medicine.
-UC 's Graduates of the School of Architecture (one of the most prominent in Latin America) have also made important contributions to the country with such work as the Central Building ("Casa Central") of UC, and the National Library.
-Two of its most important alumni are the Jesuit [[Saint Alberto Hurtado]] and [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]], a [[Chilean president]]. Both of them studied in the School of Laws. [[Sebastián Piñera]], previous Chilean president, graduated from the university's School of Economics.
-The Department of Industry and System Engineering is engaging Stanford Technology Venture Program of [[Stanford University]] on a collaboration on innovation and technology ventures.
-In December 2011, the schools of engineering of PUC and the [[University of Notre Dame]] signed an agreement to establish a dual graduate degree in civil engineering and the geological sciences,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://graduateschool.nd.edu/news/27694-notre-dame-signs-historic-agreement-with-pontificia-universidad-catolica-de-chile-for-graduate-civil-engineering-and-geological-sciences/|title=Notre Dame Signs Historic Agreement For Graduate Studies in Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences // News // Graduate School // University of Notre Dame|first=CJO // AgencyND // University of Notre|last=Dame|website=graduateschool.nd.edu|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109201941/http://graduateschool.nd.edu/news/27694-notre-dame-signs-historic-agreement-with-pontificia-universidad-catolica-de-chile-for-graduate-civil-engineering-and-geological-sciences//|archive-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> which now extends to other departments in both schools.
-In April 2013, PUC and the [[University of Notre Dame]] also signed a memorandum of understanding to strengthen scholarly engagement and expand their long-standing relationships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://international.nd.edu/news/39642-notre-dame-to-expand-exchange-with-chiles-pontifical-catholic-university/ |title=Notre Dame to expand exchange with Chile's Pontifical Catholic University // News // Notre Dame International // University of Notre Dame |website=international.nd.edu |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130718233545/http://international.nd.edu/news/39642-notre-dame-to-expand-exchange-with-chiles-pontifical-catholic-university/ |archive-date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The agreement establishes an exchange program in which faculty, doctoral students and university representatives from each institution will visit, work, study and collaborate with the other institution.
-=== Paraguay ===
-{{see also|Education in Paraguay}}
-The [[Universidad Católica "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción"]] is a private [[university]] of [[Catholic]] obedience in [[Paraguay]]. It has 8 teaching facility centers.
-The [[Universidad Nacional de Asunción]], abbreviated '''UNA''', is a public university in [[Paraguay]]. Founded in 1889, it is the oldest and most traditional university in the country. When the university just started it had only the Faculties of Law, Medicine and Mathematics, and schools of Clerk, Pharmacy and Obstetrics. Nowadays the UNA has 12 faculties and 2 institutes in 74 careers that take place in different areas of knowledge, offering students the most comprehensive range of vocational training opportunities. The academic community is made up of about 40,000 students and 6,200 teachers.
-It also has several institutes and technology centers and research facilities that provide the academic community, both for conducting scientific research, and for the development of postgraduate studies, resulting in contributions to society. The university campus is spread throughout Paraguay, with centers in Pedro Juan Caballero, Caacupé, San Juan Bautista, Santa Rosa Misiones, Caazapá, Villarrica, Coronel Oviedo, Caaguazú, Paraguarí, Villa Hayes, San Pedro, San Estanislao, Cruce Los Pioneros (Boquerón) and Benjamín Aceval.
-=== Peru ===
-{{see also|Education in Peru|List of universities in Peru}}
-[[Image:Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Peru.jpg|thumb|[[National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco]]]]
-[[Image:CuscoPiedra12angulo.jpg|thumb|12 sided stone in Cusco, [[Peru]]]]
-Education in Peru is under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of Education (Peru)|Ministry of Education]], which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national educational policy.<ref>Ministerio de Educación, [http://www.minedu.gob.pe/institucional/index.php ''Información General''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614195843/http://www.minedu.gob.pe/institucional/index.php |date=14 June 2007 }}. Retrieved on 15 June 2007.</ref> According to the [[Constitution of Peru|Constitution]], education is [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and [[free education|free]] in [[Public school (government funded)|public school]]s for the [[preschool education|initial]], primary and secondary levels.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article Nº 17.</ref> It is also free in [[public university|public universities]] for students who are unable to pay tuition and have an adequate academic performance.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> As of 2008, various institutions such as [[UNESCO]], [[World Bank]], and the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] have stated that Peru has the best education system in Latin America<ref name="anuies.mx">{{cite web |url=http://www.anuies.mx/servicios/p_anuies/publicaciones/revsup/res117/ftext15.htm |title=Las estadísticas educativas y las comparaciones internacionales |publisher=Anuies.mx |access-date=21 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211235959/http://www.anuies.mx/servicios/p_anuies/publicaciones/revsup/res117/ftext15.htm |archive-date=11 February 2012 }}</ref> and that primary, secondary, and superior education attendance rates were the highest in Latin America.<ref name="anuies.mx"/>
-The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] (PISA) has however placed Peru at the bottom of the ranking in all three categories (Math, science and reading) in 2012 compared to the 65 nations participating in the study of 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance.
-Higher education in the form of universities began in Peru with the establishment of the '''Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos''' by the Royal Decree issued by King Carlos V on 12 May 1551. The institute opened as the '''Sala Capitular del Convento de Santo Domingo''' in 1553. In 1571, it obtained Papal approval and in 1574 it received the name of '''Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos'''. The precursor to the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, the "Estudio General o Universidad", was established in Cusco by the Dominicans on 1 July 1548. This institution was responsible for teaching evangelists for the new lands, and taught scripture, theology, grammar, and the Quechuan language.
-The [[National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco]] [http://www.unsaac.edu.pe/] (UNSAAC) is a public university in [[Cusco, Peru]] and one of the oldest in the country. Its foundation was first proposed on 1 March 1692, at the urging and support of [[Pope Innocent XII]]. The document in which Pope Innocent XII sponsored the founding of the university was signed in [[Madrid, Spain]] by [[Charles II of Spain|King Charles II]] on 1 June 1692, thus becoming Cusco's principal and oldest university. The university was authorized to confer the bachelors, licentiate, masters, and doctorate degrees.
-[[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] [http://www.pucp.edu.pe/] ({{lang-es|'''Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú'''}}, '''PUCP''') is a [[private university]] in [[Lima]], [[Peru]]. It was founded in 1917 by [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Catholic priest]] Father Jorge Dintilhac [[Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary|SS.CC]] as Peru's first non-profit private institution of higher learning. Academically, PUCP ranks alternatively as first<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.4icu.org/pe/|title=2013 University Web Ranking: Universities in Peru|publisher=4 International Colleges & Universities|access-date=11 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122230808/http://www.4icu.org/pe/|archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webometrics.info/en/Latin_America/Peru|title=Ranking Web of Universities: Peru|publisher=Webometrics|access-date=11 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115223915/http://webometrics.info/en/Latin_America/Peru|archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2012?page=1|title=QS Latin American University Rankings|url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127232847/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2012?page=1|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref> or second<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cgci.udg.mx/boletines/biblioVirtual/pdf/rankinguniv-peru.pdf|title=Ranking universitario en el Perú|publisher=Asamblea Nacional de Rectores (ANR) and UNESCO|access-date=11 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104082709/http://www.cgci.udg.mx/boletines/biblioVirtual/pdf/rankinguniv-peru.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urapcenter.org/2010/country.php?ccode=PE|title=University Ranking by Academic Performance (2010): Top Perú|publisher=URAP Center|access-date=11 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311233824/http://www.urapcenter.org/2010/country.php?ccode=PE|archive-date=11 March 2013}}</ref> in Peru.
-In July 2012, after an Apostolic Visitation, begun earlier, in 2011, by [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Peter Erdo]], [[Archbishop]] of [[Esztergom]]-[[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], the [[Holy See]] withdrew from the university the right under [[canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]] to use the titles ''Catholic'' and ''Pontifical'' in its name, but it was not possible because the legitimate law was the Peruvian Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/elite-peruvian-university-stripped-of-catholic-credentials/|title=Elite Peruvian university stripped of Catholic credentials|website=catholicnewsagency.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131095628/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/elite-peruvian-university-stripped-of-catholic-credentials|archive-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> However, on Monday, 28 April 2014, the [[Rector (academia)|Rector]] of the university stated that,: "The [[Pope|Holy Father]], [[Pope Francis]], has formed a Commission of Cardinals with the mission of meeting to find a 'final, consensual solution,' in the framework of the [[Apostolic Constitution]] '[[Ex Corde Ecclesiae]],' ('From the Heart of the Church') to the outstanding issues" between the Vatican and the University." Besides Cardinal Erdo, the other two Cardinal Members of the Commission will be Cardinal Gerald Cyprien Lacroix, Archbishop of [[Quebec City]], [[Quebec]], Canada, and Cardinal [[Ricardo Ezzati Andrello]], Archbishop of [[Santiago de Chile]], [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20140430.htm#head5|archive-date=1 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140501175227/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20140430.htm%23head5|url-status=dead|title=Catholic News Service|website=www.catholicnews.com|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref>
-The University began activities in 1917 with two schools: Letters and Laws. In 1933, when the university had more than 500 students, the Schools of Engineering, and Political and Economical Sciences were established. In 1935, the School of Education was created. Later, in 1939, the Academy of Catholic Art was founded, with [[Adolf Winternitz]] as its director; the university is still one of only a small number to offer an arts major in Perú. During the 1960s, [[Gustavo Gutiérrez]] O.P., a Peruvian priest and an instructor at the university, developed the first principles of "[[Liberation Theology]]", promoting Marxist socialism and pan-Latin American solidarity.
-There are currently 16,000 undergraduate students pursuing 38 different specialties in 10 schools. Its main campus is located in the Lima district of [[San Miguel District, Lima|San Miguel]], with the newly built [[Felipe Mac Gregor|Mac Gregor]] complex. Outside the main campus there are other facilities such as the IC (Idiomas Católica), a language-learning center, the Confucius Institute PUCP, the cultural center (CCPUCP) located in the district of [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro]]. CENTRUM, a center for business studies featuring doctoral level and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] programs and located in the district of [[Santiago de Surco]], is also part of PUCP. Inside, there is a Pastoral Counseling Center (CAPU). The Student body is made up of 17,064 Undergraduates and 4,917 Postgraduates and 57 Doctoral students as of 2013, 1014 school year.
 === Uruguay ===
@@ Line 195: / Line 82: @@
 * '''Tertiary Education level''': 1 to 4 years degrees related to technical professions like teachers, professorship ([[:es:Instituto de Profesores Artigas|Instituto de Profesores Artigas]] (IPA)), Technicians and Technologists (CETP, ex-UTU).
-* '''University level''': 4 to 7 years Professional education taught at universities such as the [[University of the Republic (Uruguay)]] ({{lang-es|Universidad de la República}}) and various private universities offering many different degrees like Licentiate, Engineering degree, Medicine degree, various Law degrees, etc.
+* '''University level''': 4 to 7 years Professional education taught at universities such as the [[University of the Republic (Uruguay)]] ({{langx|es|Universidad de la República}}) and various private universities offering many different degrees like Licentiate, Engineering degree, Medicine degree, various Law degrees, etc.
 * '''Post-graduate level''': This is a specialized and research-oriented education level. It is divided in three levels: Specialist degree for both tertiary and university graduates, meanwhile master's degrees (both professional and academic oriented) and doctorates are for graduated university students.
-The University of the Republic (Uruguay), (abbreviated ''UdelaR'') is [[Uruguay]]'s only public, state-owned [[university]]. It is the most important, oldest, and largest university in the country, with a [[student]] body of more than 130,000 students.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2018|title=SÍNTESIS ESTADÍSTICA de la UNIVERSIDAD de la REPÚBLICA|url=http://gestion.udelar.edu.uy/planeamiento/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2019/01/S%C3%ADntesis-estad%C3%ADstica-2018-Web-20190123.pdf|journal=Dirección General de Planeamiento UdelaR}}</ref> It was founded on 18 July 1849, in [[Montevideo]], where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current [[Rector (academia)|Rector]] is Rodrigo Arim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universidad.edu.uy/prensa/renderItem/itemId/42701|title=Rodrigo Arim, nuevo rector de la Universidad de la República {{!}} Portal Universidad de la República|website=www.universidad.edu.uy|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>
-The process of founding the country's public university began on 11 June 1833, when a law proposed by then-Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga was passed. It called for the creation of nine academic departments; the president of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them were in operation. In 1836 the House of General Studies was formed, housing the departments of Latin, philosophy, mathematics, theology and jurisprudence.
-On 27 May 1838, [[Manuel Oribe]] passed a decree through which created the Greater University of the Republic. That decree had few practical effects, given the institutional instability of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay at that time.
-The [[Universidad Católica del Uruguay Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga]]<ref>[http://www.ucu.edu.uy/  [[Universidad Católica del Uruguay Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga]], Official Web Site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070351/http://www.ucu.edu.uy/ |date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> is one of the many private universities in the country, and has seven schools: Humanities, Management, Law, Engineering and Technologies, Nursing, Dental School and Psychology. Its main campus is located in [[Montevideo]] (alongside six others), and some lesser ones are located in [[Maldonado, Uruguay|Maldonado]] and [[Salto, Uruguay|Salto]].
 ==See also==