Łódź Ghetto mark: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Currency forced on the inmates of the |
{{Short description|Currency forced on the inmates of the Łódź Ghetto}} |
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'''Łódź Ghetto mark''' ({{Langx|de|Mark}}, {{Langx|pl|Marka getta łódzkiego}}) was a [[scrip|surrogate currency]] that circulated in the [[Łódź Ghetto]] in 1940—1944 until the Ghetto was liquidated in August 1944. It was divided into 100 pfennig ({{Langx|de|pfennig}}). The notes had no value outside the Ghetto, and could not be exchanged into other currencies. |
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== Special ghetto currency == |
== Special ghetto currency == |
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The initial design of the banknotes was proposed by Wincenty Brauner, a member of the pre-war art group <span lang="pl" style="font-style:italic;">Jung Jidysz</span>, and featured a man breaking apart his chains; this design was rejected by German authorities. The final design was developed by Ignacy Gutman, head of the Ghetto's construction department: it featured a [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]] and a [[Star of David]] in the corner. Printing forms for coins were engraved by Pinkus Szwarc. |
The initial design of the banknotes was proposed by Wincenty Brauner, a member of the pre-war art group <span lang="pl" style="font-style:italic;">Jung Jidysz</span>, and featured a man breaking apart his chains; this design was rejected by German authorities. The final design was developed by Ignacy Gutman, head of the Ghetto's construction department: it featured a [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]] and a [[Star of David]] in the corner. Printing forms for coins were engraved by Pinkus Szwarc. |
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Order # 70 of June 24, 1940, was issued by [[Chaim Rumkowski]], and urged Ghetto residents to exchange their money into the Ghetto marks.<ref name="Augustowska">{{Cite web|last=Anna Augustowska|date=2011-04-17|title=Monety z łódzkiego getta|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055423/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta|archive-date=2013-06-22|access-date=2014-11-28|publisher=Wirtualny Sztetl|language=pl}}</ref> The use of other money in the Ghetto was punishable by |
Order # 70 of June 24, 1940, was issued by [[Chaim Rumkowski]], and urged Ghetto residents to exchange their money into the Ghetto marks.<ref name="Augustowska">{{Cite web|last=Anna Augustowska|date=2011-04-17|title=Monety z łódzkiego getta|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055423/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta|archive-date=2013-06-22|access-date=2014-11-28|publisher=Wirtualny Sztetl|language=pl}}</ref> The use of other money in the Ghetto was punishable by death. |
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== Coins == |
== Coins == |
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* Coins were issued in the following denominations: 10 pfennig, 5, 10 and 20 mark.<ref name="К">{{cite book| author = Czesław Kamiński. | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Ilustrowany Katalog Monet Polskich 1916—1987 | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= Warszawa |date = 1988 |publisher= Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza |
* Coins were issued in the following denominations: 10 pfennig, 5, 10 and 20 mark.<ref name="К">{{cite book| author = Czesław Kamiński. | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Ilustrowany Katalog Monet Polskich 1916—1987 | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= Warszawa |date = 1988 |publisher= Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza |volume= | pages = 43–45| series = | isbn = 8303026410}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Łódź Ghetto coins<ref name="К" /> |
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!Year |
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!Nominal |
!Nominal |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Łódź Ghetto banknotes |
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!Emission date |
!Emission date |
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!Series |
!Series |
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* [https://www.holocaust.org.uk/lodz-ghetto-50-pfennig-note A brief history of the ghetto notes and further links] |
* [https://www.holocaust.org.uk/lodz-ghetto-50-pfennig-note A brief history of the ghetto notes and further links] |
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* {{Cite web|last=Anna Augustowska|date=2011-04-17|title=Monety z łódzkiego getta|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055423/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta|archive-date=2013-06-22|access-date=2014-11-28|publisher=Wirtualny Sztetl|language=pl}} |
* {{Cite web|last=Anna Augustowska|date=2011-04-17|title=Monety z łódzkiego getta|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055423/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta|archive-date=2013-06-22|access-date=2014-11-28|publisher=Wirtualny Sztetl|language=pl}} |
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* {{Cite web|last=Jerzy Chałupski|title=Monety łódzkiego getta|url=https://e-numizmatyka.pl/portal/strona-glowna/monety/lista-artykulow/Monety-lodzkiego-getta.html|access-date=2014-11-13|publisher=e-numizmatyka.pl|language=pl}} |
* {{Cite web|last=Jerzy Chałupski|title=Monety łódzkiego getta|url=https://e-numizmatyka.pl/portal/strona-glowna/monety/lista-artykulow/Monety-lodzkiego-getta.html|access-date=2014-11-13|publisher=e-numizmatyka.pl|language=pl|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021909/https://e-numizmatyka.pl/portal/strona-glowna/monety/lista-artykulow/Monety-lodzkiego-getta.html|url-status=dead}} |
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{{Mark}} |
{{Mark}} |
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Latest revision as of 15:31, 27 October 2024
Łódź Ghetto mark (German: Mark, Polish: Marka getta łódzkiego) was a surrogate currency that circulated in the Łódź Ghetto in 1940—1944 until the Ghetto was liquidated in August 1944. It was divided into 100 pfennig (German: pfennig). The notes had no value outside the Ghetto, and could not be exchanged into other currencies.
Special ghetto currency
[edit]
When the ghetto was established, its residents were compelled to surrender their cash and valuable possessions in exchange for the ghetto mark. In contrast, other significant ghettos in Poland adopted a distinct approach, permitting the use of Polish zloty banknotes and small denominations of the German Reichsmark with unique stamps indicating their exclusive validity within the confines of the ghetto. This was an effective way to strip ghetto residents of their possessions while preventing them from fleeing. Outside of Poland, only the Terezin Ghetto is known to have used its own surrogate currency.
The earliest 10 pfennig coins' design strongly resembled the Reichspfennig of the Third Reich, and the occupation authorities demanded a new design. Further coins were designed by Morduch Glazer (1890–1950).
The initial design of the banknotes was proposed by Wincenty Brauner, a member of the pre-war art group Jung Jidysz, and featured a man breaking apart his chains; this design was rejected by German authorities. The final design was developed by Ignacy Gutman, head of the Ghetto's construction department: it featured a Menorah and a Star of David in the corner. Printing forms for coins were engraved by Pinkus Szwarc.
Order # 70 of June 24, 1940, was issued by Chaim Rumkowski, and urged Ghetto residents to exchange their money into the Ghetto marks.[1] The use of other money in the Ghetto was punishable by death.
Coins
[edit]- Coins were issued in the following denominations: 10 pfennig, 5, 10 and 20 mark.[2]
| Year | Nominal | Image | Metal | Diameter | Weight | Circulation | Edge | # in Parchimowicz catalog[3] |
Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1942 | 10 pfennig | 
|
AL-Mg | 19,1 | 0,76 | 100 000 | smooth | 13 | |
|
21 | 100 000 | smooth | ||||||
| 1943 | 5 mark | 
|
AL | 22,5 | 1,57 | 32 000 000 | 14a | includes 14b | |
|
AL-Mg | 22,7 | 1,03 | 32 000 000 | 14b
includes 14a | ||||
| 10 mark | 
|
AL | 28,3 | 2,6 | 100 000 | 15a | thickness 1.6-1.7 mm includes 15b and 15c | ||
| 3,4 | 100 000 | 15b | thickness 2.1—2.2 mm includes 15a and 15c | ||||||
 |
AL-Mg | 100 000 | 15c | thickness 2.1—2.2 mm includes 15a and 15b | |||||
| 20 mark |  |
AL | 33,45 | 6,98 | 600 | 16 |
Banknotes
[edit]- Notes were issued in the following denominations: 50 pfennig, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mark.
| Emission date | Series | Nominal | Obverse | Reverse | # in catalog of Parchimowicz/Borkowski |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 15, 1940 | 50 pfennig | 
|
|
156 | |
| 1 mark | 
|
|
157 | ||
| A | 
|
| |||
| 2 mark | 
|
|
158 | ||
| 5 mark | 
|
|
159 | ||
| 10 mark | 
|
|
160 | ||
| 20 mark | 
|
|
161 | ||
| 50 mark | 
|
|
162 |
References
[edit]- ^ Anna Augustowska (2011-04-17). "Monety z łódzkiego getta" (in Polish). Wirtualny Sztetl. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
- ^ a b Czesław Kamiński. (1988). Ilustrowany Katalog Monet Polskich 1916—1987. Warszawa: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. pp. 43–45. ISBN 8303026410.
- ^ Janusz Parchimowicz. (1997). Katalog monet polskich obiegowych i kolekcjonerskich od 1916. Szczecin: Wydawnictwo Nefryt. ISBN 8390570939.
External links
[edit]- A brief history of the ghetto notes and further links
- Anna Augustowska (2011-04-17). "Monety z łódzkiego getta" (in Polish). Wirtualny Sztetl. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
- Jerzy Chałupski. "Monety łódzkiego getta" (in Polish). e-numizmatyka.pl. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
